Neuro 1-3

Question 1

What are the two primary anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 1

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)​

Question 2

What are the two divisions of the nervous system based on function?

Answer 2

The Somatic Nervous System (conscious control) and the Visceral Nervous System (subconscious control)​

Question 3

What are the roles of the meninges surrounding the CNS?

Answer 3

Protect the CNS, contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and cushion the brain and spinal cord​

Question 4

Name the three types of neurons based on structure.

Answer 4

Multipolar neurons, bipolar neurons, and pseudounipolar neurons​

Question 5

What are the primary functions of astrocytes?

Answer 5

They provide mechanical support, mediate metabolite exchange, form the blood-brain barrier, and aid in CNS repair​

Question 6

What are the main components of the brain?

Answer 6

Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum​

Question 7

What are the functions of the thalamus?

Answer 7

It integrates sensory information, motor signals, and plays roles in cognition, mood, and consciousness​

Question 8

What are the four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 8

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital​

Question 9

Name the main components of the limbic system.

Answer 9

Hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and anterior thalamic nuclei​

Question 10

What are the three main types of sensory receptors in the skin?

Answer 10

Meissner’s corpuscle (light touch), Pacinian corpuscle (deep pressure), and Ruffini endings (sustained pressure)

Question 11

What sensory modalities are carried by the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway?

Answer 11

Fine touch, vibration, conscious proprioception, and pressure​

Question 12

Describe the path of the spinothalamic (anterolateral) system.

Answer 12

It carries pain and temperature sensations, decussates at the spinal cord, ascends to the thalamus, and projects to the sensory cortex​

Question 13

Where does the trigeminothalamic system carry sensory information from?

Answer 13

From the head and neck

Question 14

What are the three main sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 14

Principal sensory nucleus, spinal nucleus, and mesencephalic nucleus​

Question 15

What sensory information does the trigeminal spinal nucleus process?

Answer 15

Pain, crude touch, and temperature from the face and head​

Question 16

Which sensory pathway is involved in proprioception from the lower limbs?

Answer 16

The spinocerebellar tract​

Question 17

What are first, second, and third order sensory neurons?

Answer 17

First order: sensory receptors to CNS; second order: CNS to thalamus; third order: thalamus to sensory cortex​

Question 18

Where is the sensory homunculus located?

Answer 18

In the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe​

Question 19

What are the main sensory functions of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 19

Touch, temperature, pain, and proprioception of the face and oral cavity​

Question 20

What are the two main types of motor pathways?

Answer 20

The pyramidal (conscious, voluntary control) and extrapyramidal (posture and muscle tone) systems​

Question 21

Describe the path of the corticospinal tract.

Answer 21

It originates in the motor cortex, decussates at the medulla, and controls contralateral voluntary muscle movements​

Question 22

Which cranial nerves have a motor component?

Answer 22

CN III (Oculomotor), CN IV (Trochlear), CN V (Trigeminal), CN VI (Abducens), CN VII (Facial), CN IX (Glossopharyngeal), CN X (Vagus), CN XI (Accessory), and CN XII (Hypoglossal)​

Question 23

What is the difference between an UMN and LMN lesion in the facial nerve?

Answer 23

UMN lesions affect contralateral lower face only, while LMN lesions affect the entire ipsilateral face​

Question 24

Which cranial nerves have autonomic functions?

Answer 24

CN III, CN VII, CN IX, and CN X​

Question 25

What is the role of the rubrospinal tract?

Answer 25

Controls involuntary posture and tone adjustments, originating in the red nucleus​