Neurolocalisation

Question 1

what are the segments of the spins

Answer 1

C1-5, C6-T2, T3-L3, L4-S3

Question 2

UMN weakness

Answer 2

weakness: paresis or plegia, normal to increased spinal reflexes

Question 3

LMN weakness

Answer 3

paresis or plegia and decreased to absent spinal reflexes. + decreased muscle tone, atrophy.

Question 4

Lesion C1-T2

Answer 4

neck pain, abnormal gait/postural reaction deficits all limbs, ipsilateral horners syndrome.

Question 5

Lesion T3-S3

Answer 5

back pain, abnormal hindlimb gait/postural reaction deficits.

Question 6

C6-T2 lesion

Answer 6

LMN forelimb - damage = reduced spinal reflexes, tone, muscle atrophy

Question 7

L4-S3 lesion

Answer 7

LMN hindlimb - damage = reduced spinal reflexes, tone, muscle atrophy
±urinary & faecal incontinence

Question 8

Shiff-Sherrington posture

Answer 8

altered ascending inhibitory pathways - thoracic limb extension - forelimbs normal, just increased extensor tone.

Question 9

What are tetraplegic animals at risk of?

Answer 9

Resp. failure sue to resp. muscle paresis.
Atelectasis due to recumbency
aspiration pneumonia

Question 10

What do withdrawal reflexes test

Answer 10

Thoracic & lumbar intumescences & their nerves

Question 11

What does the patellar reflex test?

Answer 11

femoral nerve & L4-L6

Question 12

What does the perineal reflex test?

Answer 12

pudenal nerve & S1-3

Question 13

How do you test pain perception?

Answer 13

Superficial - pinch toe with fingers
Deep - artery forceps on the bone of digits
Different from withdrawal - should actually look round and express discomfort

Question 14

Circling with forebrain lesions

Answer 14

May circle to the side of the lesion - wide pacing

Question 15

Postural reaction deficits with a forebrain lesion

Answer 15

Contralateral side

Question 16

Postural reaction deficits with a brainstem lesion

Answer 16

mild-severe ipsilateral;

Question 17

Where will you see deficits with a unilateral forebrain lesion?

Answer 17

On the contralateral side of the body

Question 18

forebrain disorders can cause

Answer 18

abnormal mental status, behaviour changes (aimless wandering, circling, head pressing), abnormal contralateral postural reactions, contralateral blindness

Question 19

Diencephalon lesions can lead to

Answer 19

endocrine dysfunction

Question 20

Cerebellar disorders can cause

Answer 20

ataxia - hypermetria, dysmetria, board-base stance
intention tremors of the head
paradoxical vestibular syndrome
ipsilateral menace deficits w/ normal vision
peduncular nystagmus

Question 21

Brainstem disorders can cause

Answer 21

abnormal consciousness, gait abnormalities & ipsilateral abnormal postural reactions, CN deficits (III-XII)
resp + cardiac abnormalities

Question 22

Nerve & pre-synaptic disorders cause

Answer 22

Abnormal gait: paresis/plegia
Abnormal postural reactions
Depressed spinal + CN deficits

Question 23

Muscle + post-synaptic disorders cause

Answer 23

Abnormal gait - stiff, stilted
exercise intolerance
Get normal postural reactions & deficits