Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology > Neurohistology 2 (vision, Autonomic, Etc.) > Flashcards

Neurohistology 2 (vision, Autonomic, Etc.) Flashcards

1
Q

What part(s) of the eye is responsible for the shape of the lens?

A

Cilliary muscles and suspensory ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Parasympathetic pupil response

A

Constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sympathetic pupil response

A

Dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Muscle involved in pupil dilation

A

Radial muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Muscles involved in pupil constriction

A

Circular muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Structure of retina (from front to back)

A 
Ganglion cells(which axons form optic nerve)
Amacrine cells,
Bipolar cells,
Horizontal cells,
Cones,
Rods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Structure of photoreceptors

A

Outer segment, inner segment, synaptic terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Outer segment of photoreceptor

A

Where signal transduction occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Inner segment of photoreceptor

A

Contains nucleus and metabolic machinery of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Photo pigment

A

Called “Rhodopsin” in rods

Made of: (1) Retina - aldehyde of vitamin A and (2) opsin- a type of protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Light sensitive step in vision

A

11-cis retinal to all trans retinal using light as a catalyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dominant Hemisphere functions

A

language, mathematical ability, problem solving, visual sign language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Non-dominant hemisphere

A 
simple spatial relations,
face recognition,
some elements of music,
artistic ability,
many aspects of emotion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Limbic Association Area

A

behavior, emotion, and motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Primary Language Area involve in COMPREHENSION

A

wernicke’s area

sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prefrontal Association Area

A

sequential thoughts,
planning,
working memory,
motor movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Primary Language area of EXPRESSION

A

Broca’s area

motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Habituation

A

repetitious indifferent stimulus, leads to closing of Ca channels in presynaptic neuron, decreased Ca influx, decreased output of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron, decreased postsynaptic potential in efferent neuron, reduced behavioral response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sensitization

A

strong or noxious stimulus, release of serotonin from facilitating interneuron, increased cAMP in presynaptic neuron, blockage of K channels, increased Ca channels, enhanced response to mild stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Parieto-occipito-temporal association area

A 
attention and perceptual awareness,
area for language comprehension
area for initial processing of language,
area for naming objects
face recognition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

location of declarative memory

A

hippocampus and frontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

location of procedural memory

A

cerebellum, basal ganglia, and supplemental motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

primary motor cortex

A

execution of movement through activation of upper motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

upper motor neurons

A

cell body in primary motor cortex,
axons descend to spinal cord and brainstem via the corticospinal tract,
terminate in the spinal cord ventral horn,
synapse with alpha-motoneurons that innervate musculature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Premotor cortex
responsible for PLANNING a complex motor response
26
Supplementary motor area
responsible for programming motor sequences, | involved in mental REHEARSAL of movement
27
Parietal motor area
correlates information about external world with information about the positions of the limbs and body
28
Prefrontal Cortex
plans, goals, intentions
29
Cerebellum
functions at an unconscious level
30
Spinocerebellum
recieves alpha-motoneuron plan from motor cortex and somatotopically organized proprioceptive information from spinal cord
31
Cerebrocerebellum
recieves input from cerebral cortex, projects to premotor cortex, allows for cerebellar involvement in programming or planning of movements
32
vestibulocerebellum
receives input from vestibular system, | controls balance and some eye movement.
33
Basal ganglia
fine motor skills
34
lower motor neurons
activated to produce contraction of appropriate skeletal muscles
35
alpha motor neurons
lower motor neurons located in ventral horn innervate extrafusal muscle fibers (generate tension)
36
gamma motor neurons
co-activated with corresponding alpha motoneurons innervate intrafusal muscle fibers components of muscle spindles
37
muscle spindles
measures length (stretch receptors)
38
Golgi Tendon Organ
sense tension within muscle
39
stretch (myotatic) reflex
activation of the alpha motor neuron that innervates the same stretched muscle simultaneous relaxation of antagonistic muscles
40
golgi tendon (inverse myotatic) reflex
contraction of extrafusal muscle fibers increases tension in the attached golgi tendon organ prevents build up of too much tension in the muscle
41
flexor withdrawal reflex
initiated by noxious stimulation ipsilateral side: alpha motorneuron to the extensor is inhibited, alpha motorneuron to flexor muscle is stimulated contralateral: (opposite)
42
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
TSH, ACTH, FSH/LH, GH, and Prolactin
43
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
ADH and oxytocin
44
what causes fevers
endogenous pyrogens
45
Endogenous pyrogens
secreted from macrophages and to to the hypotalamus and changes temperature set point
46
Vasopressin
anti-diuretic hormone (increase in urine excretion) acts on smooth muscles of blood vessels
47
neuropeptide y
most common peptide hormone in the brain | potent appetite stimulator (also anxiety, circadian rhythym, etc)
48
Ghrelin
hormone release by stomach in response to weight loss (stimulates appetite)
49
Orexins
increase appetite (and promote wakefulness)
50
Leptin
produced by fat cells | inhibits appetite
51
Insulin
inhibits appetite
52
cholecystokinin (CKK)
rapidly released by the gut in response to nutrients in the gut, especially protein and fat
53
peptide YY
released in response to ingestion of fats but acts slower than CKK
54
hypothalamus
sex, autonomic, emotions
55
limbic system
olfaction, feeding, sex and maternal, autonomic, learning, pleasure, emotions
56
Reward system
band of tissues from frontal cortex to midbrain | especially nucleus accumbens
57
Punishment system
includes hypothalamus, hippocampus, thalamus, amygdala, midbrain
58
sympathetic preganglionic/postganglionic size relationship
short preganglionic long postganglionic "thoracolumbar"
59
parasympathetic | preganglionic/postganglionic size relationship
long preganglionic short postganglionic ganglion near or embedded in target organ
60
Acetylcholine
works on cholinergic nerves all preganglionic nerves release ACh parasympathetic all postganglionic nerves release ACH only sympathetic postganglionic nerves innervating sweat glands in skin release ACh
61
Norepinephrine
work on adrenergic nerves
62
Epinephrine
released from adrenal medulla released in the sympathetic system no hormones in parasympathetic system
63
Tyrosine Hydroxylase
changes tyrosine into L-Dopa
64
L-Dopa Decarboxylase
changes L-Dopa into Dopamine
65
Dopamine-B-Hydroxylase
changes dopamine into Norepinephrine
66
Phenylethanolamine-n-methyl transferase
changes Norepinephrine to epinephrine
67
Adrenergic receptors
alpha-adrenergic, beta-adrenergic, dopaminergic | receive catecholamines
68
Cholinergic receptors
muscarinic, nicotinic-muscle, nicotinic-neural | receive acetylcholine

Human Physiology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions