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Human Physiology > Neurohistology 2 (vision, Autonomic, Etc.) > Flashcards

Neurohistology 2 (vision, Autonomic, Etc.) Flashcards

1
Q

What part(s) of the eye is responsible for the shape of the lens?

A

Cilliary muscles and suspensory ligaments

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2
Q

Parasympathetic pupil response

A

Constriction

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3
Q

Sympathetic pupil response

A

Dilation

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4
Q

Muscle involved in pupil dilation

A

Radial muscles

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5
Q

Muscles involved in pupil constriction

A

Circular muscle

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6
Q

Structure of retina (from front to back)

A 
Ganglion cells(which axons form optic nerve)
Amacrine cells,
Bipolar cells,
Horizontal cells,
Cones,
Rods
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7
Q

Structure of photoreceptors

A

Outer segment, inner segment, synaptic terminal

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8
Q

Outer segment of photoreceptor

A

Where signal transduction occurs

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9
Q

Inner segment of photoreceptor

A

Contains nucleus and metabolic machinery of cell

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10
Q

Photo pigment

A

Called “Rhodopsin” in rods

Made of: (1) Retina - aldehyde of vitamin A and (2) opsin- a type of protein

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11
Q

Light sensitive step in vision

A

11-cis retinal to all trans retinal using light as a catalyst

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12
Q

Dominant Hemisphere functions

A

language, mathematical ability, problem solving, visual sign language

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13
Q

Non-dominant hemisphere

A 
simple spatial relations,
face recognition,
some elements of music,
artistic ability,
many aspects of emotion
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14
Q

Limbic Association Area

A

behavior, emotion, and motivation

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15
Q

Primary Language Area involve in COMPREHENSION

A

wernicke’s area

sensory

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16
Q

Prefrontal Association Area

A

sequential thoughts,
planning,
working memory,
motor movements

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17
Q

Primary Language area of EXPRESSION

A

Broca’s area

motor

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18
Q

Habituation

A

repetitious indifferent stimulus, leads to closing of Ca channels in presynaptic neuron, decreased Ca influx, decreased output of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron, decreased postsynaptic potential in efferent neuron, reduced behavioral response.

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19
Q

Sensitization

A

strong or noxious stimulus, release of serotonin from facilitating interneuron, increased cAMP in presynaptic neuron, blockage of K channels, increased Ca channels, enhanced response to mild stimuli

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20
Q

Parieto-occipito-temporal association area

A 
attention and perceptual awareness,
area for language comprehension
area for initial processing of language,
area for naming objects
face recognition
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21
Q

location of declarative memory

A

hippocampus and frontal cortex

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22
Q

location of procedural memory

A

cerebellum, basal ganglia, and supplemental motor cortex

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23
Q

primary motor cortex

A

execution of movement through activation of upper motor neurons

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24
Q

upper motor neurons

A

cell body in primary motor cortex,
axons descend to spinal cord and brainstem via the corticospinal tract,
terminate in the spinal cord ventral horn,
synapse with alpha-motoneurons that innervate musculature

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25
Q

Premotor cortex

A

responsible for PLANNING a complex motor response

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26
Q

Supplementary motor area

A

responsible for programming motor sequences,

involved in mental REHEARSAL of movement

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27
Q

Parietal motor area

A

correlates information about external world with information about the positions of the limbs and body

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28
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

plans, goals, intentions

29
Q

Cerebellum

A

functions at an unconscious level

30
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

recieves alpha-motoneuron plan from motor cortex and somatotopically organized proprioceptive information from spinal cord

31
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

recieves input from cerebral cortex, projects to premotor cortex, allows for cerebellar involvement in programming or planning of movements

32
Q

vestibulocerebellum

A

receives input from vestibular system,

controls balance and some eye movement.

33
Q

Basal ganglia

A

fine motor skills

34
Q

lower motor neurons

A

activated to produce contraction of appropriate skeletal muscles

35
Q

alpha motor neurons

A

lower motor neurons
located in ventral horn
innervate extrafusal muscle fibers (generate tension)

36
Q

gamma motor neurons

A

co-activated with corresponding alpha motoneurons
innervate intrafusal muscle fibers
components of muscle spindles

37
Q

muscle spindles

A

measures length (stretch receptors)

38
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ

A

sense tension within muscle

39
Q

stretch (myotatic) reflex

A

activation of the alpha motor neuron that innervates the same stretched muscle
simultaneous relaxation of antagonistic muscles

40
Q

golgi tendon (inverse myotatic) reflex

A

contraction of extrafusal muscle fibers increases tension in the attached golgi tendon organ
prevents build up of too much tension in the muscle

41
Q

flexor withdrawal reflex

A

initiated by noxious stimulation
ipsilateral side: alpha motorneuron to the extensor is inhibited, alpha motorneuron to flexor muscle is stimulated
contralateral: (opposite)

42
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH/LH, GH, and Prolactin

43
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A

ADH and oxytocin

44
Q

what causes fevers

A

endogenous pyrogens

45
Q

Endogenous pyrogens

A

secreted from macrophages and to to the hypotalamus and changes temperature set point

46
Q

Vasopressin

A

anti-diuretic hormone
(increase in urine excretion)
acts on smooth muscles of blood vessels

47
Q

neuropeptide y

A

most common peptide hormone in the brain

potent appetite stimulator (also anxiety, circadian rhythym, etc)

48
Q

Ghrelin

A

hormone release by stomach in response to weight loss (stimulates appetite)

49
Q

Orexins

A

increase appetite (and promote wakefulness)

50
Q

Leptin

A

produced by fat cells

inhibits appetite

51
Q

Insulin

A

inhibits appetite

52
Q

cholecystokinin (CKK)

A

rapidly released by the gut in response to nutrients in the gut,
especially protein and fat

53
Q

peptide YY

A

released in response to ingestion of fats but acts slower than CKK

54
Q

hypothalamus

A

sex, autonomic, emotions

55
Q

limbic system

A

olfaction, feeding, sex and maternal, autonomic, learning, pleasure, emotions

56
Q

Reward system

A

band of tissues from frontal cortex to midbrain

especially nucleus accumbens

57
Q

Punishment system

A

includes hypothalamus, hippocampus, thalamus, amygdala, midbrain

58
Q

sympathetic preganglionic/postganglionic size relationship

A

short preganglionic
long postganglionic
“thoracolumbar”

59
Q

parasympathetic

preganglionic/postganglionic size relationship

A

long preganglionic
short postganglionic
ganglion near or embedded in target organ

60
Q

Acetylcholine

A

works on cholinergic nerves
all preganglionic nerves release ACh
parasympathetic all postganglionic nerves release ACH
only sympathetic postganglionic nerves innervating sweat glands in skin release ACh

61
Q

Norepinephrine

A

work on adrenergic nerves

62
Q

Epinephrine

A

released from adrenal medulla
released in the sympathetic system
no hormones in parasympathetic system

63
Q

Tyrosine Hydroxylase

A

changes tyrosine into L-Dopa

64
Q

L-Dopa Decarboxylase

A

changes L-Dopa into Dopamine

65
Q

Dopamine-B-Hydroxylase

A

changes dopamine into Norepinephrine

66
Q

Phenylethanolamine-n-methyl transferase

A

changes Norepinephrine to epinephrine

67
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

alpha-adrenergic, beta-adrenergic, dopaminergic

receive catecholamines

68
Q

Cholinergic receptors

A

muscarinic, nicotinic-muscle, nicotinic-neural

receive acetylcholine

Human Physiology (10 decks)

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