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Human Physiology > Neurohistology > Flashcards

Neurohistology Flashcards

1
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers released from presynaptic terminals and cause post synaptic potentials.

effects are rapid and transient under physiological conditions

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2
Q

criteria for a classic neurotransmitter

A
  1. synthesized in neuron
  2. present in synaptic terminal and released in sufficient amounts
  3. Exogenous administration mimics effect
  4. Mechanisms present to remove transmitter
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3
Q

neuromodulators

A

chemical messengers that cause more complex and slower postsynaptic responses and/or alters the postsynaptic responses to neurotransmitters

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4
Q

cotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that are packed together with a primary neurotransmitter in the same vesicle and released together with the primary neurotransmitter

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5
Q

major classes of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators

A
  1. Acetylcholine, 2. biogenic amines, 3. amino acids, 4. peptides, 5. purinergic, 6. gases
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6
Q

Cholinergic Terminal

A

a synapse where the creation, release, and use of Acetyl choline synthesized by choline

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7
Q

ACh synthesis

A

choline enters the synapse by a Na+dependent channel,

Choline binds with AcetylCoA to create ACh

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8
Q

Excitatory Amino Acids

A

glutamate and aspartate

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9
Q

Glutamate

A

the primary excitatory amino acid in the CNS

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10
Q

Aspartate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter used by cortical pyramidal cells and cells in the visual cortex

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11
Q

Indolamines

A

Serotonin and Histamine

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12
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

synthesized from tryptophan, important in controlling mood

primarily found in the brain and retina

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13
Q

histamine

A

synthesized from histidine, involved in many hypothalmic functions (homeostasis)

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14
Q

Main products of synthesis of Catecholamines

A

2 main products Dopamine and Norepinephrine

study this slide

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15
Q

Tyrosine hydroxylase

A

transforms tyrosine into L-Dopa

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16
Q

Enzyme 1

A

Transforms L-Dopa into Dopamine

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17
Q

Enzyme 2

A

Transforms Dopamine into Norepinephrine

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18
Q

Enzyme 3

A

Transforms Norepinephrine into Epinephrine

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19
Q

Adrenergic Terminal

A

the cycle for norepinephrine, similar to choline terminal

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20
Q

ionotropic glutamate receptors

A

ion channel that binds and responds to glutamate

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21
Q

Kainate

A

ionotropic glutamate receptor that only requires glutamate

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22
Q

AMPA

A

ionotropic glutamate receptor that uses zinc and magnesium.

Binds to

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23
Q

NMDA

A

ionotropic glutamate receptor that moves Na, K, and Ca BUT REQUIRES glycine bonding. glutamate, glycine, zinc, magnesium bind

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24
Q

mechanisms of neurotransmitters

A

ion channel, directly coupled to the channel by a G-protein, indirectly coupled to the channel by a second messenger which indirectly alters channel activity, receptor is indirectly coupled to the channel by a second messenger that directly alters channel activity, and the receptor is indirectly coupled to the channel by a secondary messenger that alters the expression of genes

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25
Q

purinergic transmitters

A

adenosine and ATP

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26
Q

gases (neurotransmitters)

A

NO and CO

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27
Q

neuropeptides

A

two or more amino acids linked by a peptide bond

most often cotransmitters or neuromodulators

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28
Q

opiods

A

pentapeptides, pain inhibitor

29
Q

substance P

A

a polypeptide of 11 amino acids that is the neurotransmitter for sensory neurons involved in slow pain perception

30
Q

inhibitory amino acids

A

GABA and glycine

31
Q

GABA

A

Gama-aminobutyric acid
major inhibitory neuron in CNS
synthesized from the exitatory amino acid glutamate

32
Q

Ionotropic GABA

A

Cl- channels

33
Q

Metabotropic GABA

A

coupled to K+ channels vis G-proteins and second messengers

34
Q

Afferent

A

Input to Central Nervous System
Can be sensory or vesceral
“SENSORY”

35
Q

Efferent

A

From CNS to PNS
can be somatic (conscience) or autonomic (automatic)
“MOTOR”

36
Q

Ipsilateral

A

stays on the same side of the medial line

37
Q

Contralateral

A

crosses the midline

38
Q

Bilateral

A

present on both sides of the midline

39
Q

Nucleus

A

group of cell bodies in CNS

40
Q

Ganglia

A

group of cell bodies in PNS

41
Q

Pathway/Tract

A

group of nerve fibers in CNS

42
Q

Nerve

A

group of nerve fibers in PNS

43
Q

Internerons

A

do not leave CNS

44
Q

white matter

A

highly myelinated

includes: fiber tract, dorsal root,…

45
Q

gray matter

A

in spinal cord includes: dorsal root ganglia, dorsal horn, ventral horn

46
Q

number of spinal nerves

A

31

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 saccral, and 1 coxxygeal

47
Q

limbic system

A

in the forebrain

emotional responses

48
Q

Acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter involved primarily in skeletal muscle contraction

49
Q

ACh release

A

voltage-snesitive Ca+ channels open allowing Ca+ to come in and bind to the ACh vesicles surface resulting in exocytotic expulsion of ACh and cotransmitters

50
Q

Botulin toxin

A

inhibits Ca channels and Ca binding to ACh vesicles

51
Q

ACh termination

A

metabolism of ACh by enzyme acetylcholinesterase into byproducts choline and acetate

52
Q

ACh termination

A

metabolism of ACh by enzyme acetylcholinesterase into byproducts choline and acetate

53
Q

Catecholamines

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine and dopamine

type of amine

54
Q

Norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter and neuromodulator
1. primarily a neuromodulator in CNS related to different behavioral states 2. neurotransmitter of the autonomic system in the PNS

55
Q

Epinephrine

A
  1. neurotransmitter in CNS 2. primarily a hormone in the PNS that stimulates adrenergic receptors
56
Q

Dopamine

A

major neurotransmitter in CNS important in fine-tuning of motor activity

57
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

destruction of dopamine secreting cells

58
Q

tyrosine

A

terminal where all catecholamines are synthesized

59
Q

MAO

A

monoamine oxidase

degrades catecholamines, and the indolamine serotonin

60
Q

COMT

A

catechol-O-methyltransferase

degrades all catecholamines but unlike MAO not serotonin

61
Q

L-Dopa

A

precursor of dopamine

traditional treatment for Parkinson’s disease

62
Q

PCP

A

drug that enhances the response of NMDA receptors to glutamate

63
Q

sensory receptor

A

changes sensory energy into chemical message in the body

64
Q

coding

A

the conversion of stimulus energy into a signal that conveys relevant sensory information:
-location, type, and intensity

65
Q

receptive field

A

location of stimulus

66
Q

thermoreceptors

A

senses heat and cold

NOTE: over stimulation does not cause pain

67
Q

chemoreceptors

A

binding of particular chemicals, external and internal

68
Q

Nociceptors

A

respond to pain

69
Q

sensation

A

brain determines “sensation” envoked by a stimulus

Human Physiology (10 decks)

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