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Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology > Neurohistology > Flashcards

Neurohistology Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system can be divided into two sub-systems anatomically. What are these divisions?

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

The nervous system can be divided into two sub-systems functionally. What are these divisions?

A

SNS and ANS

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3
Q

The ANS can further be divided into two divisions. What are these divisions?

A

Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

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4
Q

The nervous system is composed by which two types of cells?

A

Neurons/ nerve cells

Glia/ Neuro glial cells

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5
Q

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

A

Neurons/ nerve cells

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6
Q

Neurons can be classified into which types, based on function?

A

Motor (efferent) neurons
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Interneurons/ intercalated neurons

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7
Q

Neurons can be classified into which types, based on number of processes extending from perikaryon?

A

Multipolar, bipolar, pseudopolar/unipolar

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8
Q

Neuroglia found in the CNS are called what?

A

Central neuroglia

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9
Q

Schwann cells and satellite cells are which type of neuroglia?

A

Peripheral neuroglia

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10
Q

Astrocytes, oligodenrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells are which type of neuroglia?

A

Central neuroglia

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11
Q

Type of neurons with one axon and two or more denrites [Identify]

A

Multipolar

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12
Q

Type of neurons with one axon, one dendrite [Identify]

A

Bipolar

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13
Q

Type of neurons with one axon that divides into two branches [Identify]

A

Pseudounipolar/ unipolar

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14
Q

Pseudounipolar neurons develop from multipolar neurons. True or false? If false, explain.

A

False.

They develop from bipolar.

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15
Q

Some bipolar cells have no axons. True or false? If false, explain.

A

True.

Amarine cells of the retina have no axons.

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16
Q

Multipolar neurons are mostly motor neurons and interneurons. True or false? If false, explain.

A

True

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17
Q

Most peudounipolar neurons are sensory neurons close to the CNS. True or false? If false, explain.

A

True

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18
Q

Type of neurons that sends impulse from CNS/ ganglia to effector cells [Identify]

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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19
Q

Type of neurons that sends impulse from receptors to CNS [Identify]

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

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20
Q

Type of neurons that serves as communicating and integrating network between sensory and motor neurons

A

Interneuron/ intercalated neurons

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21
Q

Types of central neuroglia

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

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22
Q

Which organs comprise the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

Which comprise the PNS?

A

Cranial, spinal, peripheral nerves

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24
Q

Nervous system for conscious control [Identify]

A

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

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25
Q

Nervous system for efferent involuntary motor innervation

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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26
Q

SNS supplies sensory and motor innervation to all parts of the body except which?

A

Viscera, cardiac and smooth muscles, glands

27
Q

Nervous system for afferent sensory innercation from viscera

A

ANS

28
Q

Processes of the neuron [Identify]

A

Dendrites, axon

29
Q

Receptor processes that receive stimuli from other neurons or from external environment

A

Dendrites

30
Q

The diameter of dendrites are greater than the diameter of axons. True or false? If false, explain.

A

True

31
Q

What are dendritic trees?

A

Extensive arborizations of the dendrites that increase receptor surface area

32
Q

Which organelle in the cell body is not in the dendritic cytoplasm?

A

Golgi apparatus

33
Q

The dilated region of the neuron that contains large euchromatic nucleus with prominent nucleus and surrounding perinucleas cytoplasm [Identify]

A

Cell body/ perikaryon

34
Q

Where are most of the proteins of the neuron produced?

A

Cell body/ perikaryon

35
Q

Neurons do not divide, but neural stem cells are available in some parts of the brain for damage repair. True or false? If false, explain.

A

True

36
Q

There are neural stem cells in the olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. True or false? If false, explain.

A

True

37
Q

Which part of the neuron lacks large cytoplasmic organelles?

A

Axon hillock

38
Q

How is the dendrite differentiated from the axon in light microscope and TEM specimens?

A

Through the axon hillock which is found in the axon but not in the dendrite

39
Q

What is the significance of the initial segment of the axon?

A

It is the site of action potential generation

40
Q

Region of axon between apex of hillock and beginning of myelin sheath [Identify]

A

Initial segment

41
Q

Effector processes that transmit stimuli to other neurons or effector cells [Identify]

A

Axon

42
Q

How many axons do neurons have?

A

One

43
Q

Which statement is TRUE regarding the 6 layers of the cerebral cortex

A. Different portions of the cerebral cortex will have the same cellularity of each layer
B. Giant pyramidal cells are found in layer 3
C. Granular elements are found in layers 2 and 4
D. The line of gennari is due to the appearance of the multiform layer

A

C

44
Q

Neurons in the cerebral cortex are predominantly

a) Pseudo-unipolar
b) Unipolar
c) Bipolar
d) Multipolar
e) AOTA

A

D

45
Q

The myelin sheet in the peripheral nervous system is derived from

a) Oligodendrocytes
b) Astorocytes
c) Microglia
d) Schwann cells
e) Ependymal cells

A

D

46
Q

What is responsible for pruning of the synapse?

A. Microglia
B. Astrocytes
C. Ependymal cells
D. Oligodendrocytes

A

A

47
Q

What is responsible for myelination in the CNS?

A. Ependymal cells
B. Astrocyte
C. Oligodendrocyte
D. Schwann Cell
E. Microglial cells
A

C

48
Q

What layer of the cerebral cortex is prominent in somatosensory and visual cortices?

A. Multiform layer
B. Internal granular
C. Internal pyramidal
D. External granular

A

B

49
Q

What stain is best for viewing astrocytes?

A. Golgi dye
B. Silver nitrate
C. Cresyl-violet
D. Glial fiber associated protein

A

D

50
Q

The glial cell that wraps itself to as many as 50 neurons is:

A. Fibrous astrocyte
B. Oligodendrocyte
C. Protoplasmic astrocyte
D. Microglia

A

B

51
Q

The layers of the cerebellum

A

Molecular, granular, pyramidal layers

52
Q

The layers of the cerebrum

A

Molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal, multiform layers

53
Q

True unipolar neurons are not seen in the adult human, only during embryonic development. T/F

A

T

54
Q

Each multipolar neuron has only one axon. T/F

A

T

55
Q

The pyramid cell and Purkinje cells are what type of neurons, based on structure?

A

Multipolar

56
Q

Type of multipolar neurons with one long axon

A

Golgi type I

57
Q

Type of multipolar neurons with axons that do not leave the the grey matter of the cerebral hemisphere

A

Golgi type II

58
Q

Star-shaped neuroglia

A

Astrocytes

59
Q

Two types of astrocytes

A

Fibrous and protoplasmic

60
Q

Astrocytes in white matter

A

Fibrous astrocytes

61
Q

Fibrous astrocytes attach to the wall of which structures?

A

Capillaries

62
Q

Astrocytes in grey matter

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

63
Q

Structure where pseudounipolar neurons will most likely be found

A. Posteroventrolateral nucleus
B. Dorsal horn
C. Dorsal root ganglion
D. Retina

A

C

Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology (16 decks)

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