Neurohistology

Question 1

The nervous system can be divided into two sub-systems anatomically. What are these divisions?

Answer 1

CNS and PNS

Question 2

The nervous system can be divided into two sub-systems functionally. What are these divisions?

Answer 2

SNS and ANS

Question 3

The ANS can further be divided into two divisions. What are these divisions?

Answer 3

Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

Question 4

The nervous system is composed by which two types of cells?

Answer 4

Neurons/ nerve cells

Glia/ Neuro glial cells

Question 5

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

Answer 5

Neurons/ nerve cells

Question 6

Neurons can be classified into which types, based on function?

Answer 6

Motor (efferent) neurons
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Interneurons/ intercalated neurons

Question 7

Neurons can be classified into which types, based on number of processes extending from perikaryon?

Answer 7

Multipolar, bipolar, pseudopolar/unipolar

Question 8

Neuroglia found in the CNS are called what?

Answer 8

Central neuroglia

Question 9

Schwann cells and satellite cells are which type of neuroglia?

Answer 9

Peripheral neuroglia

Question 10

Astrocytes, oligodenrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells are which type of neuroglia?

Answer 10

Central neuroglia

Question 11

Type of neurons with one axon and two or more denrites [Identify]

Answer 11

Multipolar

Question 12

Type of neurons with one axon, one dendrite [Identify]

Answer 12

Bipolar

Question 13

Type of neurons with one axon that divides into two branches [Identify]

Answer 13

Pseudounipolar/ unipolar

Question 14

Pseudounipolar neurons develop from multipolar neurons. True or false? If false, explain.

Answer 14

False.

They develop from bipolar.

Question 15

Some bipolar cells have no axons. True or false? If false, explain.

Answer 15

True.

Amarine cells of the retina have no axons.

Question 16

Multipolar neurons are mostly motor neurons and interneurons. True or false? If false, explain.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Most peudounipolar neurons are sensory neurons close to the CNS. True or false? If false, explain.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Type of neurons that sends impulse from CNS/ ganglia to effector cells [Identify]

Answer 18

Motor (efferent) neurons

Question 19

Type of neurons that sends impulse from receptors to CNS [Identify]

Answer 19

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Question 20

Type of neurons that serves as communicating and integrating network between sensory and motor neurons

Answer 20

Interneuron/ intercalated neurons

Question 21

Types of central neuroglia

Answer 21

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

Question 22

Which organs comprise the CNS?

Answer 22

Brain and spinal cord

Question 23

Which comprise the PNS?

Answer 23

Cranial, spinal, peripheral nerves

Question 24

Nervous system for conscious control [Identify]

Answer 24

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

Question 25

Nervous system for efferent involuntary motor innervation

Answer 25

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 26

SNS supplies sensory and motor innervation to all parts of the body except which?

Answer 26

Viscera, cardiac and smooth muscles, glands

Question 27

Nervous system for afferent sensory innercation from viscera

Answer 27

ANS

Question 28

Processes of the neuron [Identify]

Answer 28

Dendrites, axon

Question 29

Receptor processes that receive stimuli from other neurons or from external environment

Answer 29

Dendrites

Question 30

The diameter of dendrites are greater than the diameter of axons. True or false? If false, explain.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What are dendritic trees?

Answer 31

Extensive arborizations of the dendrites that increase receptor surface area

Question 32

Which organelle in the cell body is not in the dendritic cytoplasm?

Answer 32

Golgi apparatus

Question 33

The dilated region of the neuron that contains large euchromatic nucleus with prominent nucleus and surrounding perinucleas cytoplasm [Identify]

Answer 33

Cell body/ perikaryon

Question 34

Where are most of the proteins of the neuron produced?

Answer 34

Cell body/ perikaryon

Question 35

Neurons do not divide, but neural stem cells are available in some parts of the brain for damage repair. True or false? If false, explain.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

There are neural stem cells in the olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. True or false? If false, explain.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Which part of the neuron lacks large cytoplasmic organelles?

Answer 37

Axon hillock

Question 38

How is the dendrite differentiated from the axon in light microscope and TEM specimens?

Answer 38

Through the axon hillock which is found in the axon but not in the dendrite

Question 39

What is the significance of the initial segment of the axon?

Answer 39

It is the site of action potential generation

Question 40

Region of axon between apex of hillock and beginning of myelin sheath [Identify]

Answer 40

Initial segment

Question 41

Effector processes that transmit stimuli to other neurons or effector cells [Identify]

Answer 41

Axon

Question 42

How many axons do neurons have?

Answer 42

One

Question 43

Which statement is TRUE regarding the 6 layers of the cerebral cortex A. Different portions of the cerebral cortex will have the same cellularity of each layer B. Giant pyramidal cells are found in layer 3 C. Granular elements are found in layers 2 and 4 D. The line of gennari is due to the appearance of the multiform layer

Answer 43

C

Question 44

Neurons in the cerebral cortex are predominantly a) Pseudo-unipolar b) Unipolar c) Bipolar d) Multipolar e) AOTA

Answer 44

D

Question 45

The myelin sheet in the peripheral nervous system is derived from a) Oligodendrocytes b) Astorocytes c) Microglia d) Schwann cells e) Ependymal cells

Answer 45

D

Question 46

What is responsible for pruning of the synapse? A. Microglia B. Astrocytes C. Ependymal cells D. Oligodendrocytes

Answer 46

A

Question 47

What is responsible for myelination in the CNS? ``` A. Ependymal cells B. Astrocyte C. Oligodendrocyte D. Schwann Cell E. Microglial cells ```

Answer 47

C

Question 48

What layer of the cerebral cortex is prominent in somatosensory and visual cortices? A. Multiform layer B. Internal granular C. Internal pyramidal D. External granular

Answer 48

B

Question 49

What stain is best for viewing astrocytes? A. Golgi dye B. Silver nitrate C. Cresyl-violet D. Glial fiber associated protein

Answer 49

D

Question 50

The glial cell that wraps itself to as many as 50 neurons is: A. Fibrous astrocyte B. Oligodendrocyte C. Protoplasmic astrocyte D. Microglia

Answer 50

B

Question 51

The layers of the cerebellum

Answer 51

Molecular, granular, pyramidal layers

Question 52

The layers of the cerebrum

Answer 52

Molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal, multiform layers

Question 53

True unipolar neurons are not seen in the adult human, only during embryonic development. T/F

Answer 53

T

Question 54

Each multipolar neuron has only one axon. T/F

Answer 54

T

Question 55

The pyramid cell and Purkinje cells are what type of neurons, based on structure?

Answer 55

Multipolar

Question 56

Type of multipolar neurons with one long axon

Answer 56

Golgi type I

Question 57

Type of multipolar neurons with axons that do not leave the the grey matter of the cerebral hemisphere

Answer 57

Golgi type II

Question 58

Star-shaped neuroglia

Answer 58

Astrocytes

Question 59

Two types of astrocytes

Answer 59

Fibrous and protoplasmic

Question 60

Astrocytes in white matter

Answer 60

Fibrous astrocytes

Question 61

Fibrous astrocytes attach to the wall of which structures?

Answer 61

Capillaries

Question 62

Astrocytes in grey matter

Answer 62

Protoplasmic astrocytes

Question 63

Structure where pseudounipolar neurons will most likely be found A. Posteroventrolateral nucleus B. Dorsal horn C. Dorsal root ganglion D. Retina

Answer 63

C