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Clinical Physiology 2 > Neuroendocrine 1 > Flashcards

Neuroendocrine 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Neurohormones?

A

Secreted into the blood by neurons

Examples - Growth hormone, thyroxine

All have receptors on many tissues

Stimulate pathways for growth

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2
Q

What forms the master endocrine controller?

A

Hypothalamus & Pituitary gland

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3
Q

The hypothalamus is a major link between what systems?

A

Nervous and endocrine

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4
Q

Pituitary attached to hypothalamus by what?

A

infundibulum

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5
Q

What are the regions of the hypothalamus?

A

Links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

Divided into regions:
Anterior (preoptic)

Anterior (supraoptic)

Central (tuberal)

Posterior (mammillary)

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6
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Appetite/Metabolism
Blood pressure and heart rate
Childbirth
Circadian Rhythm
Digestion
Emotions
Hydration
Reproductive system
Thermoregulation

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7
Q

Neurohormones are secreted into the blood by what?

A

Neurons

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8
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Two-lobed organ that secretes nine major hormones: anterior and posterior

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9
Q

What is Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis) comprised of and what is its function?

A

Comprised of glandular tissue
Synthesis & secretion of hormones
Anterior lobe has a vascular connection to the hypothalamus - Hypophyseal portal system

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10
Q

What does the Hypophyseal portal system consists of?

A

Primary capillary plexus

Hypophyseal portal veins

Secondary capillary plexus

No direct neural contact with the hypothalamus

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11
Q

What is the posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis) comprised of and what is its function?

A

Neural tissue & the infundibulum
Functions
Receives, stores & releases hormones from the hypothalamus
Does not synthesise hormones

The posterior lobe is a down-growth of hypothalamic neural tissue
Connected to the hypothalamus

Nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize oxytocin & antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

These hormones are transported to the posterior pituitary

Hormones are transported along the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

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12
Q

What is Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin – synthesised by?

A

supraoptic nucleus

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13
Q

What is Oxytocin (OT) – synthesised by?

A

paraventricular nucleus

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14
Q

What is the order of release for ADH?

A

ADH (Production)
ADH (Release)
Kidneys, sweat glands, circulatory system
Water balance

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15
Q

What is the order of release for Oxytocin?

A

Oxytocin (Production)
Oxytocin (Release)
Female reproductive system
Uterine contractions during birth

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16
Q

How many hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland?

A

9

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17
Q

Hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary into what?

A

Posterior hypophyseal veins

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18
Q

The posterior pituitary lobe synthesises hormones. True or false

A

False

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19
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland do?

A

synthesises & releases hormones
Inhibiting hormones shut off the synthesis & release of hormones
Regulated by negative feedback
Hypothalamic hormones transported by hypophyseal portal system

Anterior pituitary secretes two types of hormones:
Trophic – Stimulate growth in target tissues
Tropic - Act upon another endocrine gland

20
Q

What are the two types of hormones the anterior pituitary gland secretes?

A

Trophic – Stimulate growth in target tissues
Tropic - Act upon another endocrine gland

21
Q

What is prolactin (PRL)?

A

Promotes milk secretion by mammary glands
Promotes ductal growth of breast
Inhibited by dopamine – Antagonist

22
Q

What is Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ?

A

Stimulates glucocorticoid secretion by adrenal cortex

23
Q

Where is cortisol released from?

A

Cortisol released from zona fasciculata

24
Q

What is cortisol?

A

Cortisol is the primary stress hormone

Increases:
Blood glucose

Blood flow

Blood pressure

25
Q

What is Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?

A

3 variants
α-MSH – Most researched
β-MSH
µ-MSH

MSH targets melanocytes
Stimulated by UV light

Responsible for change in pigmentation

26
Q

What is Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

Synthesis & secretion of thyroid hormones

Stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) of hypothalamus
Thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Thyroid hormones underpin metabolic rate

27
Q

What is Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

Stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
FSH cause ovaries to initiate development of oocytes (immature eggs)

FSH stimulates testicular growth

28
Q

What is Luteinizing hormone (LH) ?

A

Ovaries stimulate ovulation
Ovaries release oestrogen & progesterone
Underpin female maturation
Responsible for female characteristics

Testes stimulate testosterone production
Testes stimulates the release of androgens - Testosterone
Underpin maturation in males
Responsible for male characteristics

29
Q

What do ovaries release?

A

oestrogen & progesterone

30
Q

What is Human growth hormone (hGH)?

A

Stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHrH) of hypothalamus

Inhibited by somatostatin
hGH stimulates the secretion of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) from the liver

IGF promotes growth & protein synthesis

31
Q

What is the function of prolactin?

A

Milk secretion by mammary glands
Ductal growth of breast
Initiation & maintenance of lactation

32
Q

What is the primary function of thyroid-stimulating hormone?

A

Secretion of thyroid hormones

33
Q

What is Oxytocin?

A

Target breasts & uterus during & after childbirth
Stimulant for uterine contraction
Enhances smooth muscle contraction in wall of uterus

Regulated by a positive feedback mechanism to oxytocin in the blood
Mechanical stimulus provided from suckling infant

Triggers milk ejection (‘letdown’ reflex)

34
Q

What is Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – Also known as vasopressin (AVP)?

A

Prevents dehydration or water overload
3 major targets - the kidneys, sweat glands, blood vessels
Low blood osmotic pressure inhibits hypothalamic osmoreceptors

Inhibition of osmoreceptors reduces or stops ADH secretion

35
Q

How do Antidiuretic hormone & the kidneys work?

A

Prevents dehydration or water overload

Prevents urine formation through increased uptake of water to blood
Inserts aquaporin-2 in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of nephron

36
Q

How do Antidiuretic hormone & the sweat glands work?

A

Decreased secretion from sweat glands

Promotes water retention

37
Q

How do Antidiuretic hormone & blood vessels?

A

Vasoconstriction of arterioles

Increases blood pressure

Cardiac atrial stretch receptor & baroreceptors feedback to hypothalamus

38
Q

What is the ADH feedback mechanism?

A

Osmoreceptors monitor the solute concentration of the blood
High solutes
ADH synthesised & released | Preserves water
Low solutes
ADH not released | Increased water loss

39
Q

What is ‘Broken the seal’ ?

A

Frequent urination following consumption of alcohol

Direct response to decreased ADH secretion

40
Q

Explain Excessive water loss and alcohol?

A

Cause of dehydration associated with a hangover

41
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone is synthesised by what?

A

Supraoptic nucleus

42
Q

What are neurosecretory cells of the posterior pituitary stimulated in response to?

A

High blood osmotic pressure

43
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

A condition where one or both kidneys become stretched & swollen as the result of a build-up of urine inside them

44
Q

What are the different grades are hydronephrosis?

A

Grade 1 (mild) – Mild renal pelvis dilation (anteroposterior diameter less than 10 mm in without dilation of the calyces nor parenchymal atrophy

Grade 2 (mild) – Moderate renal pelvis dilation (between 10 and 15 mm in fetuses, including a few calyces

Grade 3 (moderate) – Renal pelvis dilation with all calyces uniformly dilated. Normal renal parenchyma

Grade 4 (severe) – As grade 3 but with thinning of the renal parenchyma

45
Q

What is Diabetes insipidus?

A

Causes polydipsia (extreme thirst) & polyuria (excess urine output)

2 major causes

Neurogenic - Tumour/damage to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary
Decreased synthesis & release of ADH

Nephrogenic - Renal receptor pathology
Synthesis & release of ADH normal

Excessively dilute urine – Up to 20 litres per day

Clinical Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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