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Clinical Physiology 2 > Hormones, Transport and Control > Flashcards

Hormones, Transport and Control Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main types of hormones?

A

Amino acid base
Steroids
Eicosanoids

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical substances secreted by cells into extracellular fluids

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3
Q

What is the function of hormones?

A

Regulate the metabolic function of other cells

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4
Q

What do hormones do?

A

Target specific tissues with specific receptors known as target cells and induce cellular changes

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5
Q

What cellular changes do hormones produce?

A

One or more of the following:

Alter plasma membrane permeability
Stimulate protein synthesis
Activate or deactivate enzyme systems
Induce secretory activity
Stimulate mitosis

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6
Q

Name some amino based hormones?

A

Amines, peptide & protein hormones

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7
Q

Name some steroid hormones?

A

Gonadal & adrenocortical hormones

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8
Q

Name some Eicosanoids (lipid based) hormones?

A

Leukotrienes & prostaglandins

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9
Q

Hormones circulate the blood in what 2 forms?

A

Water - soluble - Free form
Lipid soluble - Bound to transport proteins

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10
Q

What do the concentration of hormones in our blood reflect?

A

Rate of release
Speed of inactivation and removal from the body

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11
Q

How are hormones removed from the blood?

A

Degrading enzymes
The kidneys
Liver enzyme systems

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12
Q

What are second messengers?

A

Intracellular molecules released by the cell after exposure to extracellular signalling molecules

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13
Q

What are the types of second messenger?

A

Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Gases

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14
Q

Name examples of Hydrophobic hormones?

A

Diacylglycerol | Phosphatidylinositols

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15
Q

Name examples of Hydrophilic hormones?

A

cAMP | cGMP | IP3 | Ca2+

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16
Q

Name examples of Gases - hormones?

A

Nitric oxide | Hydrogen sulphide | Carbon monoxide

17
Q

What is Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) ?

A

Second messenger for regulation of metabolism

18
Q

cAMP activates protein kinases. true or false?

A

True

19
Q

What is Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) used for?

A

Used for cell signalling

20
Q

What does IP3 trigger release of?

A

Ca2+ stores

21
Q

Hormones circulate around all tissues but only activate target cells. True or false?

A

True

22
Q

Target cells have specific receptors for the hormone to bind with. True or false?

A

True

23
Q

Where is Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) receptor found?

A

Only found on certain cells of the adrenal cortex

24
Q

Where are Thyroxine receptors found?

A

Found on nearly all cells of the body
Associated with the regulation of metabolism

25
Q

Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors on .. where?

A

the plasma membrane

26
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors .. where?

A

inside target cells

27
Q

Target cell activation depends on what factors?

A

Concentration of hormone in blood
Influence exerted by other hormones
Number of receptors on the target cell
The affinity of those receptors for the hormone
Permissive, synergistic & antagonistic effects

28
Q

What are the 3 types of hormone interaction?

A

Permissive
Synergistic
Antagonists

29
Q

What are permissive hormone interactions?

A

One hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present |Oestrogen & progesterone

30
Q

What are synergistic hormone interactions?

A

More than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell | Adrenaline & noradrenaline

31
Q

What are Antagonists hormone interactions?

A

One or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone |Insulin & glucagon

32
Q

Concentration of hormones in blood are controlled by…

A

negative feedback systems

33
Q

Hormones are synthesized and released in response to what stimuli?

A

humoral, neural, hormonal

34
Q

What is Humoral stimuli?

A

Secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of ions & nutrients

35
Q

What is Hormonal stimuli?

A

Release of hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs

36
Q

What is Neural stimuli?

A

Nerve fibres stimulate hormone release

37
Q

Does hormone release adhere to negative feedback?

A

Yes

Clinical Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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