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Clinical Physiology 2 > Applied Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Applied Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main fates of food from the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Supply energy
Serve as building blocks
Storage – Future use

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2
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

1 of 6 basic life processes | Sum of chemical processes in the body
results from the balance of anabolic & catabolic reactions

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3
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

Breakdown of complex chemical substances
into smaller components
Eating food causes breakdown of proteins into amino acids

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4
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
Amino acids are used to anabolise (build) new proteins used to form muscle & bone

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5
Q

What the energy molecule that couples the two types of anabolic & catabolic reactions?

A

ATP

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6
Q

What is oxidation in regards to oxidation-reduction reactions?

A

The removal of electrons from an atom or molecule

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7
Q

What is reduction in regards to oxidation-reduction reactions?

A

The addition of electrons to a molecule

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8
Q

What is Glycogenesis?

A

Creation of glycogen

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9
Q

Glucose not needed immediately is stored as glycogen. True or false?

A

True

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10
Q

What is Glycogenolysis?

A

Stored glycogen broken down when ATP is needed for body activities

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11
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucose formed from proteins or glycerol portion of triglycerides, lactic acid & certain amino acids

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12
Q

What is carbohydrate loading?

A

Precise dietary regimen that involves consuming large amounts of complex carbohydrates to maximise the amount of glycogen available for ATP production

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13
Q

What are Lipoproteins?

A

Proteins produced by the liver and intestines are used of transporters

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14
Q

What are the 4 classes of lipoproteins?

A

Chylomicrons
Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

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15
Q

What are the function of fatty acids?

A

Used to synthesise triglycerides & phospholipids or catalysed to generate ATP

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16
Q

What are the function of Triglycerides? (fats and oils)

A

Protection, insulation, energy storage

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17
Q

What are the function of Phospholipids?

A

Major lipid component of cell membranes

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18
Q

What is the function of cholesterol?

A

Minor component of all animal cell membranes, precursor of bile salts, vitamin D, & steroid hormones

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19
Q

What is the function of bile salts?

A

Digestion & absorption of dietary lipids

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20
Q

What is the function of Vitamin D?

A

Helps regulate calcium in the body; needed for bone growth and repair

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21
Q

What is the function of Adrenocortical hormones?

A

Help regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, & salt and water balance

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22
Q

What is the function of sex hormones?

A

Stimulate reproductive functions & sexual characteristics

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23
Q

What is the function of Eicosanoids? (prostaglandins & Leukotrienes)

A

Have diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, & smooth muscle contraction.

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24
Q

What is the function of Carotenes?

A

Needed for synthesis of vitamin A, function as antioxidants

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25
Q

What is the function of Vitamin E?

A

Promote wound healing, prevent tissue scarring, contributes to normal structure & function of nervous system, & functions as antioxidant

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26
Q

What is the function of Vitamin K?

A

Required for synthesis of blood clotting proteins

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27
Q

What is the function of Lipoproteins?

A

Transport lipids in blood, carry triglycerides &cholesterol two tissues, & remove excess cholesterol from blood

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28
Q

Triglycerides constitute what percentage of all body energy reserves?

A

98%

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29
Q

Adipose tissue is used to remove
triglycerides from chylomicrons & VLDLs. True or False

A

True

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30
Q

What is Lipid catabolism (lipolysis)?

A

Splitting triglycerides into fatty acids & glycerol

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30
Q

What is Lipid anabolism (lipogenesis)?

A

Synthesising lipids from glucose or amino acids

31
Q

What is Ketosis?

A

Metabolic state characterised by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood or urine

32
Q

What is a Ketogenic diet (KD) ?

A

Person reaches a ratio of 4 portions of fat to 1 portion of protein with carbohydrate (4:1).
KD ratio increases weekly from 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 to 4:1

33
Q

Discuss standard diet and epilepsy

A

Glucose diffuses through blood
brain barrier quickly (GLUT 1/4)

Glucose metabolism produces rapid energy necessary for seizure activity

34
Q

Discuss ketogenic diet and epilepsy

A

KD & epilepsy

KD promotes low blood glucose

Brain uses ketone bodies as primary energy source – Anaerobic metabolism

Reduction in energy availability -
Reduces seizures

35
Q

What is the function of structural proteins?

A

Form structural framework of various parts of the body e.g. collagen in bone

36
Q

What is the function Regulatory protein?

A

Function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes; control growth & development; as neurotransmitters, mediate response of nervous system (e.g. the hormone insulin regulates blood glucose level)

37
Q

What is the function of a contractile protein?

A

Help shortening of muscle cells to produce movement (e.g. actin & myosin)

38
Q

What is the function of immunological proteins?

A

Aid responses that protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens (e.g. antibodies).

39
Q

What is the function of transport proteins?

A

Carry vital substances throughout the body (e.g. haemoglobin)

40
Q

What is the function of catalytic proteins?

A

Act as enzymes that regulate biochemical reactions (e.g. salivary amylase)

41
Q

What does Protein anabolism (synthesis) do?

A

Creates new proteins by bonding together amino acids on ribosomes

42
Q

What is sarcopenia?

A

The involuntary loss of muscle mass, strength, & function

43
Q

What is Protein supplementation?

A

Proposed as an effective dietary strategy to augment the skeletal muscle adaptive response to prolonged resistance-type exercise training in elderly people

44
Q

What is the minimum protein intake?

A

Minimum protein intake required to prevent muscle mass loss in persons with sarcopenia: 1.0 - 1.5g of protein/kg/d

45
Q

Which chemicals are extremely important in metabolism?

A

glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvic acid & acetyl coenzyme A

46
Q

What does Glucose 6-phosphate do?

A

Synthesis of glycogen

Release of glucose into the bloodstream

Synthesis of nucleic acids

Enables glycolysis

47
Q

What does Pyruvic acid do?

A

Production of lactic acid

Production of alanine –
source of energy for muscles

Gluconeogenesis

48
Q

What does Acetyl coenzyme A do?

A

Facilitates 2-carbon acetyl groups
to enter the Krebs cycle

Synthesis of lipids

49
Q

How many hours after the last meal, the absorption of nutrients is nearly complete?

A

approx 4 hours

50
Q

What is fasting?

A

Going without food for several hours or a few days

51
Q

What is starvation?

A

Going without food or inadequate food intake for weeks or months

52
Q

Fasting & starvation increase the production of ketone
bodies as catabolism of fatty acids increases. True or false

A

True

53
Q

What is the Basal metabolic rate? (BMR)

A

Metabolic rate the body in a quiet, resting & fasting state

54
Q

What factors affect heat and energy balance?

A

Exercise
Hormones
Body Temperature
Ingestion of food
Nervous system
age
other - i.e sleep, gender, climate, malnutrition

55
Q

What area is the body’s thermostat?

A

hypothalamus

56
Q

Paraventricular nucleus controls hunger. True or false

A

True

57
Q

Leptin (hormone) helps to decrease adiposity . True or false

A

True

58
Q

What is total energy expenditure based on?

A

Total energy expenditure is based on:

Basal metabolic rate (60%)

Physical activity (30–35%)

Food-induced thermogenesis (5–10%)

59
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic elements that play
important roles in maintaining a healthy body

60
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Nutrients required in small amounts to maintain growth and normal metabolism

Most cannot be synthesized by the
body & must be consumed in foods

61
Q

What is emotional eating?

A

Eating in response to stress, boredom, or tiredness

Common to most people – Considered normal behaviour (within limits)

Can lead to eating disorders – Obesity, hypertension, anorexia, bulimia
Eating provides a biochemical ‘fix’

Excessive carbohydrate intake
raises brain serotonin concentration

Provides feelings of relaxation

62
Q

In adults, body fluids make up what percentage of the total body mass?

A

55-65%

63
Q

What allows continuous exchange of water & solutes among body fluid compartments?

A

Filtration, reabsorption, diffusion & osmosis

64
Q

What do Ions do?

A

Control osmosis of water
between fluid compartments

Help maintain the acid-base balance

Carry electrical current

Are expressed in units of
milliequivalents per liter (mEq/liter)

65
Q

The pH of arterial blood ranges from 7.35 to 7.45 | Regulated by?

A

Buffer systems - Protein buffer system, Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
Haemoglobin

Exhalation of CO2
Kidney excretion of H+

66
Q

What is the function of the Hypothalamus with regards to fluid?

A

Stimulate desire to drink fluids | Water gained to quench thirst

67
Q

What is the function of the Angiotensin II with regards to fluid?

A

Stimulates secretion of aldosterone | Reduces loss of water in urine

68
Q

What is the function of Aldosterone with regards to fluid?

A

Increases reabsorption of sodium & chloride via osmosis | Reduces loss of water in urine

69
Q

What is the function of Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) with regards to fluid?

A

Promote elevated urinary excretion of sodium & chloride | Increases loss of water in urine

70
Q

What is the function of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) with regards to fluid?

A

Promote insertion of water channel proteins in collecting ducks of kidneys | Increased water reabsorption

71
Q

What is the correct sequence of events associated with the oxidation of glucose?

A

Glycolysis, formation of acetyl co-enzyme A, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

72
Q

The ketogenic diet aims for a person to reach what ratio of fat to protein portions?

A

4:1

73
Q

What are common risk factors for sarcopenia?

A

-Genetics
- Old age
- Chronic conditions
- Inflammation
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- Abdominal obesity
- Physical inability/disability
- Poor diet

74
Q

During the absorptive state, hepatocytes perform what?

A
  • Converted glucose to glycogen
  • Package fatty acids and triglycerides into very low density lipoproteins (VLDL’s)
75
Q

What are the major classes of nutrients essential for growth, maintenance & repair?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Fats
  • Water
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
76
Q

Emotional eating may give rise to a biochemical ‘fix’ of which neurochemical?

A

Seratonin

Clinical Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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