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Psychology and the Brain > Neurodevelopmental Disorders- Week Nine > Flashcards

Neurodevelopmental Disorders- Week Nine Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 syndromes are caused “purely” by genetics

A

Fragile X Syndrome- hereditary

Williams Syndrome
Downs Syndrome

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2
Q

What causes fragile X syndrome?

A

Is is hereditary
X- linked recessive disorder- meaning males are more likely to get it than females
Inhibits the FMR1 gene- which prevents receptor signalling

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3
Q

Physical symptoms of Fragile X Syndrome

A

Prominent ears
Hyper-extendable finger joints
Flat feet

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4
Q

Behavioural symptoms of Fragile X Syndrome

A

Poor eye contact
Hand- flapping
Defensiveness

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5
Q

Psychological symptoms of Fragile X Syndrome

A

Language delay
Motor delay
Intellectual deficits

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6
Q

What causes Williams syndrome

A

Is genetic, not heredity
Caused by a deletion of genes on chromosome 7
Essential for neuro development of connective tissue and synaptic plasticity

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7
Q

What are the physical symptoms of Williams syndrome

A

Elfin face: wide mouth, flattened nose, bulgy cheeks
Slow growth
Joint problems

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8
Q

What are the neuropathological issue of Williams syndrome

A

Thickening of the cortex- associated with psychological problems face by William’s syndrome
Reduced cortical volume and white matter- effects myelin sheath and speed of neurons
Reduced grey matter density

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9
Q

What are the neuropsychological characteristics of Williams syndrome

A 
Emotionally immature
Impaired visual-spatial skills
Short concentration
Hyperactivity- excessive talking and language skills
Unusual response to sound
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10
Q

What causes Down’s Syndrome?

A

Genetic not hereditary
Extra chromosome 21
Leads to atypical brain development through biochemical changes

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11
Q

What are the physical symptoms of Down’s Syndromes

A

Round heads, low set ears, stubby hands
Eyes sight and oral problems
Heart and respiratory problems

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12
Q

What are the psychological symptoms of Down’s Syndromes

A

Cognitive and learning problems; information processing, attention, integration, STM
Slower language development

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13
Q

What is the neuropathology of Down’s Syndrome

A

Brain is 10% lighter
Frontal lobes are smaller
Reduced synaptic density
Reduced No of connections between neurons

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14
Q

What are the disorders caused by the environment

A

Foetal alcohol syndrome

Attachment disorders

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15
Q

How is foetal alcohol syndrome caused

A

Alcohol can cross the placenta during pregnancy
Safe level not known
Severity depends on how much and when the alcohol was consumed

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16
Q

What are the physical symptoms of foetal alcohol syndrome

A

Distinctive facial features, small head, low nose bridge, flat mid face, thin upper lip
Grow slowly, lower height and weight

17
Q

What are the neuropathological and neuropsychological symptoms of F.A.S

A

Reduced brain volume
Reduced corpus callousness- hyperactivity
Reduced cerebellum- poor motor skills
Abnormal dendrites of hippocampus- learning difficulties

18
Q

What are the differences between alcohol in the 1st trimester and the 3rd in F.A.S

A

1st trimester- abnormal migration and cortical organisation

3rd trimester- damages to the hippocampus

19
Q

Reasons for insecure attachments

A 
Seperation/changes in primary care-giver
Trauma: neglect/abuse
Maternal depression
Maternal addiction
Illness of child
20
Q

Symptoms of insecure attachments

A

Low self esteem
Needy/clingy behaviour
Inability to deal with stress
Lack of self control, can lead to aggressive and anti-social behaviours

21
Q

Implications for brain development from insecure attachments

A

Neural pathways for emotions are still developing
Brain is persistently hyper aroused and dissociative
The limbic system and hypothalamic formation are most effected

22
Q

Name 2 disorders cause by both genetic and environmental factors

A

ADHD

Autism Spectrum Disorder

23
Q

What are the symptoms of hyper-impulsive type ADHD

A

Restlessness
Inappropriate behaviour
Impulse control problem

24
Q

What are the symptoms of inattentive type ADHD

A 
Distractibility
Failure in attention, careless mistakes
Failure to follow instructions
Lack of persistence
Disorganisation
25
Q

What is the incidence rate and when is ADHD usually diagnosed by?

A

2-12% and aged 7

26
Q

ADHD neuropathology

A

Varied and inconsistent evidence for:
Reduced brain volume, smaller cerebellar and callosal regions
Differences in dopamine function and frontal lobe functioning differences

27
Q

Considering the cause of ADHD

A

The genetic causes are not fully understood, but there is evidence for heritability and genetic causes
There is also a lack of unique causal factors within the brain
The role of toxins, diet, pre-natal influences and parenting styles are not conclusive

28
Q

When are defects most detrimental?

A

Those defects that occur early on in pre-natal development cause the most issues and some foetus will no be carried full term

29
Q

what is the ratio male to females of autism spectrum disorder

A

4:1

Meaning it may have hereditary causes ( X chromosomes)

30
Q

what IQ can autism be associated with?

A

Both low and high IQ

Most are low Iq, but there is about 10% who have savant skills

31
Q

What are the key symptoms of those autism

A

poor social interactions,violence and self injury

have specific niche interests that they excel at

32
Q

What are ehe psychological theories surrounding autism

A

wek central coherence
executive function
extreme male brains

33
Q

What is the neuropathology for autism?

A

abnormally rapid head size increase which normalises

structural and functional differences

34
Q

What are the genetic propositions for autism

A

high heritability in twin studies

not only shared among 1st degree relatives but much wider

35
Q

What are the environmental propositions for autism

A 
Maternal stress
Paternal age
Pesticides
Antibody attack
MMR vaccine

Psychology and the Brain (11 decks)

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