Neurodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards
what are the disorders classified under Neurodevelopmental Disorders?
- Intellectual Disabilities
- Communication Disorders
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Specific Learning Disorder
- Motor Disorders
what is adaptive functioning?
How well an individual meets the standards of personal independence and social responsibility expected for someone of a similar age, sociocultural background, and community setting in one or more aspects of daily life activities, such as communication, social participation, functioning at school/work, or personal independence at home or in community settings
what are the 3 domains of adaptive functioning?
conceptual, practical, social
what is included in the conceptual (academic) domain?
memory, language, reading, writing, math reasoning, acquisition of practical knowledge, problem-solving, and judgment in novel situations, among others
what is included in the social domain?
awareness of others’ thoughts, feelings, and experiences; empathy; interpersonal communication skills; friendship abilities; and social judgment
what is included in the practical domain?
learning & self-management across life settings, including personal care, job responsibilities, money management, recreation, self-management of behavior, and school and work task organization
what is the criteria for intellectual disability?
Criterion A: Deficits in general mental abilities (low IQ).
Criterion B: Impairment in everyday adaptive functioning in comparison to the individual’s age, gender, and socioculturally matched peers.
Criterion C: With onset in the developmental period
what is the criteria for Global Development Delay?
Under the age of 5
Individual fails to meet expected developmental milestones in several areas of Intellectual Functioning
Individuals who are unable to undergo systematic assessments of intellectual functioning, including children who are too young to participate in standardized testing
Requires reassessment
When you cannot asses IQ and adaptive functioning, but you can clearly see delays
what are the disorders under communication disorders?
Language Disorder: Expressive and mixed receptive-expressive language disorders
Speech Sound Disorder: Phonological Disorder
Childhood-onset Fluency: Stuttering
Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder
what is the criteria for Language Disorder?
Criterion A:
Persistent disturbance in the acquisition and use of spoken language, written language, or sign language that is due to deficits in comprehension or production.
- Reduced vocabulary
- Limited sentence structure
- Impairments in discourse
Criterion B: Language abilities are substantially and quantifiably below those expected for age, significantly interfering with socialization, effective communication, academic achievement, or occupational performance
Criterion C: Symptom onset is in the early developmental period
Criterion D: Other disorders (e.g. intellectual disability [intellectual developmental disorder], hearing impairment, motor dysfunction) must be ruled out as a cause of the language difficulties
what is childhood-onset fluency disorder?
Disturbance in speech fluency that includes a number of problems with speech, such as repeating syllables or words, prolonging certain sounds, making obvious pauses, or substituting words to replace ones that are difficult to articulate
what is social (pragmatic) communication disorder?
Deficits in using communication for social purposes, such as greeting and sharing information, in a manner that is appropriate for social context
Impairment of the ability to change communication to match context or the needs of the listener, such as speaking differently in a classroom than on a playground, talking differently to a child than to an adult, and avoiding use of overly formal language
Difficulties following rules for conversation and storytelling, such as taking turns in conversation, rephrasing when misunderstood, and knowing how to use verbal and nonverbal signals to regulate interaction
Difficulties understanding what is not explicitly stated (eg. making inferences) and nonliteral or ambiguous meanings of language (eg. idioms, humor, metaphors, multiple meanings that depend on the context of interpretation)
what is verbosity? (under social pragmatic communication disorder)
using more words than needed
what is prosody? (under social pragmatic communication disorder)
use of stress, intonation, and rhythm
what is speech sound disorder?
Persistent difficulties in speech production that are developmentally inappropriate and involve articulation, fluency, and voice production in its various aspects
Causes limitations in effective communication that interfere with social participation, academic achievement, or occupational performance, individually or in any combination
The difficulties are not attributable to congenital or acquired conditions, such as cerebral palsy, cleft palate, deafness or hearing loss, traumatic brain injury, or other medical or neurological conditions
what is the criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Criterion A: Persistent deficits in reciprocal social communication, in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, and in developing, managing, and understanding relationships
Criterion B: Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities
what are the two categories for the symptoms of AD/HD?
- inattention
- hyperactivity and impulsivity
what is inattention? (under AD/HD)
Inattention may be manifested as wandering off task, lacking persistence, having difficulty sustaining focus, and being disorganized and is not due to defiance or lack of comprehension
what is hyperactivity? (under AD/HD)
Hyperactivity refers to excess motor activity (such as a child running about) when it is not appropriate, or excessive fidgeting, tapping, or talkativeness. In adults, hyperactivity may manifest as extreme restlessness or wearing others out with their activity
what is impulsivity? (under AD/HD)
Impulsivity refers to hasty actions that occur in the moment without forethought and that have high potential for harm to the individual. Impulsivity may reflect a desire for immediate rewards or an inability to delay gratification. Impulsive behaviors may also manifest as social intrusiveness
what is specific learning disorder?
Characterized primarily by a pattern of inattention, such as being disorganized or forgetful about school or work-related tasks, or of hyperactivity and impulsivity. These symptoms disrupt academic efforts and even social relationships
Persistent difficulties in learning and using academic skills, with onset during the developmental period.
this impairment (under specific learning disorder) may include word reading accuracy, reading rate or fluency, and reading with comprehension
dyslexia
this impairment (under specific learning disorder) may include spelling accuracy, grammar and punctuation accuracy, and clarity or organization of written expression
impairment with written expression
this impairment (under specific learning disorder) may include number sense, memorization of arithmetic facts, accurate or fluent calculation, and accurate math reasoning
dyscalculia
what are the disorders under motor disorders?
- Developmental Coordination Disorder
- Stereotypic Movement Disorder
- Tic Disorders (Vocal and Motor)
what is developmental coordination disorder?
clumsy lol
this disorder is diagnosed when an individual has repetitive, seemingly driven, and apparently purposeless motor behaviors (hand flapping, body rocking, head banging, self biting, or hitting)
stereotypic movement disorder
these disorders are characterized by presence of motor or vocal tics, which are sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, stereotyped movements or vocalizations
tic disorders
this disorder is diagnosed when the individual has multiple motor and vocal tics that have been present for at least 1 year and that have a waxing-waning symptom course
tourette’s disorder
these tics involve bodily movements or vocalizations (eye blinking, facial twitches, shoulder shrinking)
motor tics
these tics include coughing, grunting, snorting, uttering obscenities (coprolalia), and tongue clicking
vocal tics
