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NRSC 2000 > Neurodevelopment > Flashcards

Neurodevelopment Flashcards

1
Q

What are the prenatal stages?

A

zygote, embryo, fetus

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2
Q

Which organs/features have the longest sensitivity period?

A

central nervous system

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3
Q

Which organs/features have the shortest sensitivity period?

A

palate, then arms/legs

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4
Q

What are teratogens? Examples?

A

agent that can cause birth defects/abnormalities if fetus is exposed to it

drugs, alcohol, rubella, herpes

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5
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

ectoderm (outer), mesoderm (middle), endoderm (inner)

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6
Q

What do germ cells give rise to?

A

sperm and egg

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7
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

outer layer of body (skin, hair, nails, lense of eye, cornea)

central nervous system and peripheral nerves

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8
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, blood vessels, blood, connective tissue, bone

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9
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, as well as their associated vital organs such as the thyroid, liver, pancreas, prostate and bladder

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10
Q

What is the first differentiation that happens?

A

ectoderm develops the neural plate along the primitive streak

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11
Q

What does the neural plate turn into?

A

becomes the neural crest/groove, floorplate develops (bottom of groove, turns into NS)

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12
Q

What does the neural crest and neural groove turn into?

A

neural tube

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13
Q

When does the sensory ganglion start developing? What do they develop from?

A

24 days, neural crest cells

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14
Q

When does the neural tube start to close?

A

24 days

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15
Q

What happens if the neural crest does not close properly?

A

neural tube will be open and condition called spina bifida happens

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of apparent spina bifida?

A

Myelocele (protrusion of the spinal cord), Myelomeningocele (with or without cysts), Myeloschisis (most severe form)

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17
Q

What does the anterior part of the neural tube turn into?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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18
Q

What does the interior of the neural tube turn into?

A

central ventricles, central canal of spine

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19
Q

What is the prosencephalon?

A

forebrain

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20
Q

What is the mesencephalon?

A

midbrain

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21
Q

What is the rhombencephalon?

A

hindbrain

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22
Q

What does the telencephalon turn into?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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23
Q

What does the myelencephalon turn into?

A

medulla oblangata

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24
Q

What does the optic vesicles turn into?

A

eyes

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25
Q

What does the metencephalon turn into?

A

cerebellum and pons

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26
Q

What does sequential gene expression do?

A

divides embryo into regions and segments

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27
Q

What are HOX genes?

A

regulatory genes that encode transcription factors and are essential during embryonic development

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28
Q

What are rhombomeres?

A

transverse section along the longitudinal axis of the neural tube with a bulge-like appearance, unique pattern of gene expression, and strict boundaries that prevent cells from migrating between adjacent compartments

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29
Q

What is neural induction?

A

he process by which embryonic cells in the ectoderm make a decision to form the neural plate rather than give rise to other structures such as epidermis or mesoderm

30
Q

How does the retinoic acid signalling pathway work?

What type of pathway is it?

A

crosses membrane and diffuses across crest, will bind to RA binding protein, which enters the nucleus to bind to RA receptor

soluble and direct

31
Q

What are receptor kinase pathways? What are some examples?

A

use receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) to communicate between cells

fibroblast growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein

32
Q

What is an example of a multiple signalling pathway?

A

noncanonical Wnt

wnt is released and interacts with receptors, this activates a pathway that activates a genetic program

33
Q

Retinioic acid is an example fo what?

A

teratogen and inductive signal

needs RA to make seperation between hemispheres but too much can cause birth defects

34
Q

What has an impact on motor neurons differentiation?

A

FOX A2

35
Q

What are the critical steps for primary neuralation?

A

induction, shape change, folding, patterning

36
Q

What is induction?

A

primary neuralation occurs in response to soluble growth factors secreted by the notochord

37
Q

What is shape change?

A

cells of neural plate are signalled to become high-columnar, mover away from central axis

38
Q

What is folding in primary neuralation?

A

flat neural plate folding into the cylinderical neural tube (called primary neuralation), notochord plays integral role

39
Q

What is patterning?

A

transverse section of neural tube showing the floor plate and roof plate

40
Q

Neural precursor cells undergo mitosis in what zone?

A

ventricular zone

41
Q

What are progenitor cells?

A

descendents of stem cells that differentiate further to make specialized cells

42
Q

How can notch and numb be distributed?

A

can be cleaved vertically (both new cells have notch and numb) or horizatonally (one has notch other has numb)

43
Q

If notch and numb are cleaved vertically what cells will they become? What about horizaontal?

A

progenitor cells

will differentiate

44
Q

What is corticogenesis? How does it happen?

A

development of cortex

inside out (inside develops first) (first to generate is 6, last is 1)

45
Q

What does reelin mutation cause?

A

improper folding at surface, reduced myelination, large ventricles, no clear separation of white/grey matter

46
Q

What is holoprosencephaly?

A

failure of prosencephalon to divide into two hemispheres (cyclops)

47
Q

Where do neurons migrate after they first develop?

A

toward marginal zone follwoing radial glial cells

48
Q

What is a neurite?

A

precursor of cell extension (axon or dendrite)

49
Q

What are growth cones?

A

at tip of neurite, help developing axon grow and find its final location (actin supported)

50
Q

What is a chemoattractant vs chemorepellant?

A

netrin vs semaphorin

51
Q

What is the structure and action of growth cones dependent on?

A

calcium regulates growth cone behaviour

52
Q

What are some examples of families of ligands and receptors that make up the major axon guidance classes?

A

ephrins, CAMs, extracellular matrix molecules, cadherins

53
Q

What are two developmental stages where soluble factors dictate neurodevelopment?

A

primary neuralation and formation of the cortex

54
Q

What helps regulate the formation of spinal cord?

A

netrins, play role in outgrowth of axons (chemoattractin)

55
Q

What are some examples of things that have a topographic map?

A

dermatomes, visual system, hearing system, taste, pain

56
Q

What are some examples of synaptic adhesion factors?

A

cadherins, protocadherins

57
Q

What do synaptic adhesion factors do?

A

participate in formation, maturation, function, and plasticity of synaptic connections

58
Q

What are some examples of synaptic inductive factors?

A

synCAM, ephrinB, neurexin, neuroligin, neuregulin

59
Q

Are motor neurons over or udnerproduced before a limb is supplied with neurons?

A

overproduced

60
Q

After a limb is removed what happens to motor neurons in spinal cord after its innervated?

A

reduced on the side missing a limb

61
Q

A limb is added, what happens to the motor neurons in the spinal cord after its innervated?

A

overproduced on side with extra limb

62
Q

What is synpatic pruning?

A

synapses that are not used are removed in CNS and PNS

63
Q

What is the number of innervaating axons directly proportional to?

A

number of primary dendrites

64
Q

What is the effects of NGF on neurites and survival of neurons?

A

causing more outgrowths

increases survival rate until it platueas (fully saturated)

65
Q

What is BDNF?

A

brain dervied neurotrophic factor

role in neuronal survival and growth, neurotransmitter modulator, participates in neuronal plasticity

66
Q

Which neurotrophin receptor will bind to many different things?

A

p75

67
Q

Of the TrK receptors which is the least specific?

A

TrKB

68
Q

What does the p75 receptor control?

A

cell death, cell survival, neurite growth

69
Q

What do the TrK receptors control?

A

activity dependent plasticity, neurite outgrowth and neuronal differentiation, cell survival

70
Q

What are the three classes of factors that effect neuronal development?

A

non soluble (lipid soluble, can diffuse through membrane, nonpolar, receptors are in cell/nucleus)

soluble (cannot diffuse through membrane, polar, receptors on outside of membrane)

cell-cell communciation (two cells attach via proteins and communciate, ie. delta notch signalling)

NRSC 2000 (6 decks)

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