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NRSC 2000 > Neurodevelopment > Flashcards

Neurodevelopment Flashcards

1
Q

What are the prenatal stages?

A

zygote, embryo, fetus

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2
Q

Which organs/features have the longest sensitivity period?

A

central nervous system

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3
Q

Which organs/features have the shortest sensitivity period?

A

palate, then arms/legs

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4
Q

What are teratogens? Examples?

A

agent that can cause birth defects/abnormalities if fetus is exposed to it

drugs, alcohol, rubella, herpes

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5
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

ectoderm (outer), mesoderm (middle), endoderm (inner)

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6
Q

What do germ cells give rise to?

A

sperm and egg

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7
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

outer layer of body (skin, hair, nails, lense of eye, cornea)

central nervous system and peripheral nerves

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8
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, blood vessels, blood, connective tissue, bone

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9
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, as well as their associated vital organs such as the thyroid, liver, pancreas, prostate and bladder

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10
Q

What is the first differentiation that happens?

A

ectoderm develops the neural plate along the primitive streak

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11
Q

What does the neural plate turn into?

A

becomes the neural crest/groove, floorplate develops (bottom of groove, turns into NS)

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12
Q

What does the neural crest and neural groove turn into?

A

neural tube

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13
Q

When does the sensory ganglion start developing? What do they develop from?

A

24 days, neural crest cells

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14
Q

When does the neural tube start to close?

A

24 days

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15
Q

What happens if the neural crest does not close properly?

A

neural tube will be open and condition called spina bifida happens

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of apparent spina bifida?

A

Myelocele (protrusion of the spinal cord), Myelomeningocele (with or without cysts), Myeloschisis (most severe form)

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17
Q

What does the anterior part of the neural tube turn into?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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18
Q

What does the interior of the neural tube turn into?

A

central ventricles, central canal of spine

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19
Q

What is the prosencephalon?

A

forebrain

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20
Q

What is the mesencephalon?

A

midbrain

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21
Q

What is the rhombencephalon?

A

hindbrain

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22
Q

What does the telencephalon turn into?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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23
Q

What does the myelencephalon turn into?

A

medulla oblangata

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24
Q

What does the optic vesicles turn into?

A

eyes

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25
What does the metencephalon turn into?
cerebellum and pons
26
What does sequential gene expression do?
divides embryo into regions and segments
27
What are HOX genes?
regulatory genes that encode transcription factors and are essential during embryonic development
28
What are rhombomeres?
transverse section along the longitudinal axis of the neural tube with a bulge-like appearance, unique pattern of gene expression, and strict boundaries that prevent cells from migrating between adjacent compartments
29
What is neural induction?
he process by which embryonic cells in the ectoderm make a decision to form the neural plate rather than give rise to other structures such as epidermis or mesoderm
30
How does the retinoic acid signalling pathway work? What type of pathway is it?
crosses membrane and diffuses across crest, will bind to RA binding protein, which enters the nucleus to bind to RA receptor soluble and direct
31
What are receptor kinase pathways? What are some examples?
use receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) to communicate between cells fibroblast growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein
32
What is an example of a multiple signalling pathway?
noncanonical Wnt wnt is released and interacts with receptors, this activates a pathway that activates a genetic program
33
Retinioic acid is an example fo what?
teratogen and inductive signal needs RA to make seperation between hemispheres but too much can cause birth defects
34
What has an impact on motor neurons differentiation?
FOX A2
35
What are the critical steps for primary neuralation?
induction, shape change, folding, patterning
36
What is induction?
primary neuralation occurs in response to soluble growth factors secreted by the notochord
37
What is shape change?
cells of neural plate are signalled to become high-columnar, mover away from central axis
38
What is folding in primary neuralation?
flat neural plate folding into the cylinderical neural tube (called primary neuralation), notochord plays integral role
39
What is patterning?
transverse section of neural tube showing the floor plate and roof plate
40
Neural precursor cells undergo mitosis in what zone?
ventricular zone
41
What are progenitor cells?
descendents of stem cells that differentiate further to make specialized cells
42
How can notch and numb be distributed?
can be cleaved vertically (both new cells have notch and numb) or horizatonally (one has notch other has numb)
43
If notch and numb are cleaved vertically what cells will they become? What about horizaontal?
progenitor cells will differentiate
44
What is corticogenesis? How does it happen?
development of cortex inside out (inside develops first) (first to generate is 6, last is 1)
45
What does reelin mutation cause?
improper folding at surface, reduced myelination, large ventricles, no clear separation of white/grey matter
46
What is holoprosencephaly?
failure of prosencephalon to divide into two hemispheres (cyclops)
47
Where do neurons migrate after they first develop?
toward marginal zone follwoing radial glial cells
48
What is a neurite?
precursor of cell extension (axon or dendrite)
49
What are growth cones?
at tip of neurite, help developing axon grow and find its final location (actin supported)
50
What is a chemoattractant vs chemorepellant?
netrin vs semaphorin
51
What is the structure and action of growth cones dependent on?
calcium regulates growth cone behaviour
52
What are some examples of families of ligands and receptors that make up the major axon guidance classes?
ephrins, CAMs, extracellular matrix molecules, cadherins
53
What are two developmental stages where soluble factors dictate neurodevelopment?
primary neuralation and formation of the cortex
54
What helps regulate the formation of spinal cord?
netrins, play role in outgrowth of axons (chemoattractin)
55
What are some examples of things that have a topographic map?
dermatomes, visual system, hearing system, taste, pain
56
What are some examples of synaptic adhesion factors?
cadherins, protocadherins
57
What do synaptic adhesion factors do?
participate in formation, maturation, function, and plasticity of synaptic connections
58
What are some examples of synaptic inductive factors?
synCAM, ephrinB, neurexin, neuroligin, neuregulin
59
Are motor neurons over or udnerproduced before a limb is supplied with neurons?
overproduced
60
After a limb is removed what happens to motor neurons in spinal cord after its innervated?
reduced on the side missing a limb
61
A limb is added, what happens to the motor neurons in the spinal cord after its innervated?
overproduced on side with extra limb
62
What is synpatic pruning?
synapses that are not used are removed in CNS and PNS
63
What is the number of innervaating axons directly proportional to?
number of primary dendrites
64
What is the effects of NGF on neurites and survival of neurons?
causing more outgrowths increases survival rate until it platueas (fully saturated)
65
What is BDNF?
brain dervied neurotrophic factor role in neuronal survival and growth, neurotransmitter modulator, participates in neuronal plasticity
66
Which neurotrophin receptor will bind to many different things?
p75
67
Of the TrK receptors which is the least specific?
TrKB
68
What does the p75 receptor control?
cell death, cell survival, neurite growth
69
What do the TrK receptors control?
activity dependent plasticity, neurite outgrowth and neuronal differentiation, cell survival
70
What are the three classes of factors that effect neuronal development?
non soluble (lipid soluble, can diffuse through membrane, nonpolar, receptors are in cell/nucleus) soluble (cannot diffuse through membrane, polar, receptors on outside of membrane) cell-cell communciation (two cells attach via proteins and communciate, ie. delta notch signalling)

NRSC 2000 (6 decks)

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