Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NRSC 2000 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is radial symmetry?

A

tissues are developed in a radial fashion (body parts are arranged around a central axis), no front/back or left/right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is bilateral symmetry?

A

organisms can be divided into two almost symmetrical halves (distinguishable front/back and left/right)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Do sponges have a nervous system? What is found in sponges?

A

No

genes for synaptic proteins are found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When do nervous system that resemble those that we see today?

A

530 million years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What types of proteins help the nervous system function? How do they do this?

A

channel proteins (facilitate ion flow), receptors (detect changes and convert this into an electrical signal), structural proteins (give shape, help form the synapse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an example of the most primitive nervous system?

A

Hydra, called a nerve net, unorganized and all over the place like a net

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How did the nervous system change from a hydra to a starfish?

A

radial symmetry is found, more organized, has a nerve ring in the middle with nerves reaching out to the tips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the difference between the nervous system of a sea star to a flatworm?

A

gained bilateral symmetry, there is specialization for the head and tail region, there are transverse nerves that connect two parallel columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference between distributed nervous system and centralized nervous system?

A

centralized nervous system is organized with the main points at the center (brain, spinal cord) and nerves branching out to the rest of the body

distributed nervous system (like squid) is where the control center of the nervous system is distributed throughout the body (tentacles of squid are like brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Did brains evolve to get bigger? Why or why not?

A

No

they evolved to get more folded so we can fit more neurons into the same space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can you determine the reason for a certain part of the brain having evolved to be bigger/folded?

A

it might be bigger because they need it more

ie. fish have bigger optic regions b/c prey, reptiles have a longer olfactory bulb because they rely on sense of smell, more folded cerebellum might mean that they ar animals that move faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do most brain develop folds? What is the exception? How does it develop folds?

A

most develop folds inward (called evagination)

the exception is fish, they develop fold outward (called eversion, brain essentially pushes out and around til it folds back onto itself)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is brain size, gene expression, or gene complexity the reason we are smarter?

A

no, our brains are not the biggest, size does not equal smart

no, most of our genes are expressed throughout the body

no, we don’t have the most complex genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a connectome?

A

complete map of the neural connections in the nervous system of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is gyrus vs sulcus?

A

gyrus is the outer fold and sulcus is the inner groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is lissencephaly?

A

rare, gene-linked, brain malformation charaterized by the absence of folds

smooth brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why are some birds very intelligent?

A

the density of the neurons in the forebrain is very high (have smaller neurons so more can fit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the cervical enlargement and lumbosacral enlargement? What are there function?

A

around the cervical vertebrae and near the lumbar vertebrae the spinal cord is enlarged (wider)

because the arms and the legs are located there so wider spinal cord needer for the extra sensory/motor info (specialization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the names of all the vertebrae?

A

Cervical: C1-C8 (C8 is only spinal nerve)
Thoracic: T1-T12
Lumbar: L1-L5
Sacral: S1-S5
Coccygeal: Coc1 (tailbone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does the spinal cord end? What is there instead?

A

Around L1-L2, turns into nerve filaments and cerebral spinal fluid (where they poke for lumbar puncture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are examples of some external signals? What detects them?

A

hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, equilibrium (how we keep track of our body parts)

sensory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some examples of internal signals?

A

signals that are generated inside the body

internal temperature, blood pressure, oxygenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

part of the peripheral nervous system, regulates involuntary physiological processes (we can’t control it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the parts of the autonomic nervous system? Explain briefly their purpose?

A

sympathetic (activation): prepares body for fight/flight

parasympathetic (resting): calms body down after fight/flight

enteric: regulates the gut, digestion, absorption of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

nervous system consisting of muscles that you can use and control (skeletal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the sylvian fissure?

A

separates the temporal lobe from the frontal/parietal lobe

also called lateral fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

separates frontal and parietal lobes and the primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the lobes of the brain called?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure?

A

separates the left and right hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the main difference between MRI and CT scans?

A

CT uses a fast series of x rays and MRI uses magnetic field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is hemisphere rotation?

A

the brain rotated on an axis so that we look forward when standing up

(point it rotated around is midbrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

bridge connecting the two hemispheres, connects areas of similar function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

contains thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the fornix?

A

output region of the hippocampus, connects hippocampus to the rest of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the hippocampus? Where is it located?

A

helps form memories after info is processed

located deep in the temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the function of the thalamus? What is the location?

A

almost all info in the brain is processed through the thalamus

above brainstem, below lateral ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the parts of the basal ganglia? What is the function?

A

caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus

motor control, motor learning, also associated w/parkinsons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How can you determine if you are viewing the brainstem from ventral or dorsal view?

A

optic chiasm means ventral view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does the location of the cranial nerves on the brainstem tell you?

A

the nerves that are closer to the outside are purely sensory, the ones closer to the inside are purely motor, and the ones in the middle do both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the cranial nerves?

A
  1. olfactory
  2. optic
  3. oculomotor
  4. trochlear
  5. trigeminal
  6. abducens
  7. facial
  8. vestibulocochlear
  9. glossopharyngeal
  10. vagus
  11. accessory
  12. hypoglossal
42
Q

What is the function of the olfactory nerve? (CN I)

A

smell (sensory)

43
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve? (CN II)

A

vision (sensory)

44
Q

What is the function of the oculomotor nerve? (CN III)

A

eye movement/pupil reflex (motor)

45
Q

What is the function of the trochlear nerve? (CN IV)

A

eye movement (superior oblique muscle) (motor)

46
Q

What is the function of the trigeminal nerve? (CN V)

A

face sensation/chewing (mixed)

47
Q

What is the function of the abducens nerve? (CN VI)

A

lateral movement of eyes (motor)

48
Q

What is the function of the facial nerve? (CN VII)

A

face movement/taste (mixed)

49
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve? (CN VIII)

A

hearing/balance (sensory)

50
Q

What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve? (CN IX)

A

throat sensation/taste/swallowing (mixed)

51
Q

What is the function of the vagus nerve? (CN X)

A

digestion/heart rate/breathing rate (mixed)

52
Q

What is the function of the accessory nerve? (CN XI)

A

neck movement (motor)

53
Q

What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve? (CN XII)

A

tongue movement (motor)

54
Q

What is the internal organization of the brainstem like?

A

motor nerves are on the inside, sensory nerves on the outside, mixed in between

55
Q

Where is grey matter vs white matter in the spinal cord? Why?

A

grey matter is on the inside, because the axons are travelling out and the white matter is made up of axons and grey matter is cell bodies

56
Q

What are interneurons?

A

they are neurons that connect spinal motor nerves and sensory nerves, important for reflexes

57
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

areas of skin that rely on nerve connections on your spine

58
Q

Despite the brain making up 2% body mass it requires how much blood pumped by the heart?

A

15-20%

59
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

lack of oxygen, can damage the brain

60
Q

What is used for energy in the brain?

A

glucose is used only, in cases of starvation ketone bodies are also used

61
Q

What symptoms does hypoglycemia cause in terms of the brain?

A

confusion, dizziness

glucose is the energy source for the brain so when starved it causes confusion

62
Q

What arteries branch off of the aortic arch?

A

carotid and subclavian artery

63
Q

What is the difference between the external and internal carotid artery?

A

internal enters the brain, external brings blood to the face

64
Q

What is the anterior/posterior circulation done by?

A

anterior: internal carotid artery

posterior: vertebral artery

65
Q

What does the vertebral artery branch off of?

A

subclavian artery

66
Q

What veins are in the brain that allow blood to drain? Where are they located?

A

superior sagittal sinus (top of the middle of brain), cavernous sinus (lower middle of brain near the front), transverse sinus (runs along lower side of brain)

67
Q

What is the main vein that drains blood from the brain? What does it connect to?

A

internal jugular vein, subclavian vein which then connects to brachiocephalic vein

68
Q

What are the major arteries of the brain? How do they deliver blood to the brain?

A

anterior, middle, posterior

from the outside in

69
Q

What lobes of the brain do the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral artery supply blood to?

A

anterior does the front and middle top of the frontal lobe and the front of the parietal lobe, middle does the temporal lobes and the sides of frontal lobe, posterior does parietal and occipital

70
Q

What is the basilar artery?

A

main artery that supplies blood to the cerebellum, brainstem, occipital lobes

made of two fused vertebral arteries

71
Q

What is the circle of willis? What is the purpose?

A

where several arteries join to make a loop in the inferior side of the brain

helps maintain physiological range, if one area in circle is blocked blood can still flow around using different arteries involved in loop

72
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

are in blood vessel where wall is weakened and bulges, risk for popping

73
Q

What supplies blood to the thalamus?

A

the posterior cerebral artery

74
Q

What deep brain structure receives blood from the anterior and middle cerebral artery?

A

putamen

75
Q

What supplies the medulla with blood?

A

vertebral artery

76
Q

Why is an occlusion in the spinal cord not as bad as in the brain?

A

network of arteries cover the spinal cord so multiple ways to get blood places

77
Q

What are the differences between the ventral horn and dorsal horn?

A

ventral horn looks wider/less pointy and contains motor neurons

dorsal horn looks thinner/more pointy and contains sensory neurons

78
Q

What connects the anterior and posterior spinal artery?

A

vasocorona

79
Q

Why is the blood brain barrier important?

A

brain needs to be separated from rest of the body, maintains constant environment

80
Q

What is the effect of the blood-brain barrier on pharmacology?

A

prevents lots of drugs from effecting the brain

81
Q

What are the inner most cells of the blood brain barrier?

A

endothelial cells

82
Q

What is tight junctions?

A

in the BBB, look like s squiggly line, help keep unwanted things out

83
Q

What are fenestrae? Are they found in the CNS?

A

openings in the cell membrane, no because BBB

84
Q

Is the BBB found in the spine as well?

A

yes

85
Q

What are ventricles?

A

spaces in the brain filled with CSF that make the brain buoyant and cushioning

86
Q

Where is the occipital horn of the lateral ventricle located?

A

curves towards the back of the brain to a point that is found in the occipital lobe

87
Q

Why is the ventricular system in the brain helmet shaped?

A

cerebrum rotated forward so we can look forward (hemisphere rotation)

88
Q

Where is the temporal horn of lateral ventricle located?

A

extends below the thalamus towards the amygdala ending in temporal lobe

89
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

network of blood vessels in the ventricles, produces CSF

90
Q

How does cerebrospinal fluid circulate?

A

flows from the lateral ventricles to the foramen of monro where it enters the third ventricles, then it splits into two pathways

  1. covering outer surface of brain
  2. flows down spinal cord
91
Q

What is the concentration of Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+ in CSF compared to plasma?

A

Na is equal to plasma, K is 40% less, Cl is 15% more, Ca is less,

92
Q

What is the concentration of glucose, cells, and protein compared to plasma?

A

glucose is 30% less (64mg%), protein is 20-25mg% comapred to plasma 7500mg%, cells are very few

93
Q

How is CSF moved?

A

pulsations of the choroid plexus and ependymal cells

94
Q

If they find more cells than normal in CSF what might be the cause? What about more protein? Glucose?

A

infection, bleeding, infection/hyperglycemia

95
Q

Where does CSF flow in the spine?

A

subarachnoid cavity

96
Q

What brain structures are assocaited with the lateral ventricles?

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, basal forebrain

97
Q

What brain structures are associated with the third ventricle?

A

dorsal thalamus, hypothalamus

98
Q

What brain structure is associated with fourth ventricle?

A

cerebellum, pons, medulla

99
Q

What are the layers of the meninges?

A

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

100
Q

What are arachnoid granulations?

A

projections of the arachnoid membrane into the dural sinuses that allow CSF to pass from the subarachnoid space into the venous system

101
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

hold open subarachnoid space for CSF

102
Q

What are the types of hemorrhages?

A

epidural (bleeding btwn skull and dura), subdural (under dura above arachnoid), subarachnoid (under arachnoid layer), intracerebral (inside cerebrum)

NRSC 2000 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions