Neurodegenerative disorders- STEP 1 Flashcards
neurodegenerative disorders have a decrease in _ ability, _, or function with intact _
you must rule out _ as a cause of fementia called psuedodementia.
Other causes of dementia like hypothyroidism, vitamin _ def, neurosyphillis, and normal pressure _
cognitive
memory
LOC
depression
Alzheimers is the most common cause of dementia in older adults
_ is the strongest risk factor
_ _ patients have an increased risk of developing early onsent alzhimers dementia since the _ is on chromocome 23
there is decreased _ (neurotransmitter_
Age
down syndtome
APP
ACH
what are the altered proteins in alzheimers disease
ApoE-2
ApoE-4
APP (familial)
preseninlin 1 and 2 (familial)
what altered protein is protective in alzheimers and what protein gives you an increased risk of the sporacid form
ApoE-2 is protwoctive
ApoE-4 is FOUR alzheimers meaning there is an increased risk
in alzheimers there is widespread cortical atrophy especially in the _
hippocampus
what can be seen in the histology of alzheimers disease
AB amyloid plaques- hallmark of alzheimers disease
neurofibrillary tangles- correlates with severity of dementia
Hirano Bodies
symptoms of ALS
early: asymmetric weakness of hands (drops objects, cant do fine motor tasks, cramping or arms and legs
fasciculations (involuntary muscle contractions)
pneumonia
ALS can progress to _ _ _ which is when the LMN predominates
progressive muscular atrophy
ALS can progress to _ _ _ when the UMN predominates
primary lateral sclerosis
what is bulbar ALS
rapidly progressive speaking and swallowing difficulties
approximately a 50% chanve of survivial at years when bulbar involvement
motor nuerons innervating the _ _ muscle are amoung the last to. be involved in ALS
extra ocular
although ALs is considered a motor system disease a significant fraction of afffected individuals have evidence of more widespread cortical disease leading to
frontotemporal dementia
