Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NMSP > Introduction to Neuropathology- Martin (part 1; hydrocephalus) > Flashcards

Introduction to Neuropathology- Martin (part 1; hydrocephalus) Flashcards

1
Q

what are neurons

A

these are the signal transmitting cells of the nervous system

they are permant and do not divide

dendrites recive the input and axons send the input out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cell bodies and dendrites can be seen on _ staining

A

Nissel staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the neuron makers?

A

neurofilament protein and synaptophysin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

an astrocyte is derived from _ and what does it do?

A

it is derived from neuroectoderom

it is a supporting cell that aids in repair, a resivor of fuel, aids in removal of neurotransmitter, and is a component of the blood brain barrier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the astrocyte marker?

A

GFAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

astrocytes are _ in shape on nissel stain

A

oval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

oligodendrocytes are _ in shape on nissel stain

A

round

fried egg appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

these cells myelinate axons of neurons in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

oligodentrocytes are derived from _

they are injured in what type of disease pathways

A

neuroectoderm

multiple sclerosism, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopthy, leurkodystrophies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are schwann cells

A

cells that promote axonal regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

schwann cells are derived from?

A

neural crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

each schwann cells mylinates only _ PNS axon

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

schwann cells are incured in:

A

guillain barre syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

schwann cell marker

A

S100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

acute neruonal injury is _ hours and is associated with _ neurons

A

12-24 hours

red neurons

this is the earliest morphologic indicator of acute insult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the morphologic changes in acute neuronal injury

A

shrinkage of the cell body, pyknosis, loss of the nucleolus, loss of nissl substance, INTENSE EOSINOPHILIA of the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what causes acute inury to neurons

A

hypoxia, hypoglycemia, trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is pyknosis

A

condensation of the chromatin in a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the best indicator of neuronal injury

A

subacute/chronic degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happens in subacute/chronic neuronal injury

A

there is progressive degeneration of cells and reactive gliosis, apoptosis

gliosis is the fibrous proliferation of glial cells in an area of injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what causes subacute/chronic neuron damage

A

protein accumulation, ALS, alzheimers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when neurons are damaged what is the response of the axons?

A

increased protein synthesis with axonal sprouting

  1. enlarging of the cell body
  2. peripheral displacement of the nucelus
  3. enlarged nuclolus
  4. nissl shifted to the periphery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is central chromatolysis

A

shifting of nissl and nucleus from the center of the cell to the periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is nissl substance

A

a reticulum network in neurons that is involved in protein synthesis and cellular metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
in neuronal injury there are neuronal inclusions that occur, what are the intraCYTOPLASMIC inclusions
lipofuscin, proteins and carbohydrates
26
rabies has what cytoplasmic inclusions
negri bodies
27
alzheimers has what cytoplasmic inclusions
neurofibillary tangles
28
parkinsons has what cytoplasmic inclusions
lewy bodues
29
what cytoplasmic inclusions does CJD have?
vacuolization of perikaryon and neuronal processes
30
what are some intra NUCLEAR inclusions
herpes COWDRY bodies CMV inclusions ## Footnote cmv has inclusions in the nucleus and the cytoplasm
31
gliosis also known as _ is the most important histopathologic indicator of _ injry
astrogliosis CNS injury (acute or subacute)
32
what is gliosis
hypertrophy and hyperplasia of astrocytes
33
astrocytes act as _ buffers and _ in the brain (their foot processes contribute to the BBB)
metabolic buffers detoxifiers
34
what are gemistocytes
this is when astrocytes enlarge their nuceli, become vescular and develop a prominite nucleoli the cytoplasm will expand and become a bright pink color that will dislocate the nucleus to the side ## Footnote glial cell; a reactive astrocyte
35
what is a alz type 2 astrocyte
this is an astrocyte in wilsons disease, hyperammonimia etc. that is a gray matter cell, it has a large nucleus, pate stainng chromatin, glycogen droplets, and prominent nuclear stuctures
36
what pathologic processes have ALZ type 2 astrocytes
hyperammonemia, wilsons disrase, hereditary metbaolic disorders of the urea cycle
37
what are rosenthal fibers
thick pink irregular structures in astrocytic procsess
38
rosenthal fibers contains?
2 heat shock proteins B-crystalline and HSP27 and ubquitin
39
longstanding areas of gliosis is assocaited wtih _ fibers and is seen in what disease process
rosenthal fibers seen in pliocytic astroctyoma
40
alexzander disease characterisitcs (4)
leukodystrophy periventricular, perivascular, and subpial rosenthal fibers
41
what is the corpora amylacea
these are polygucosan bodies that stain postiviely for PAS+ round basophilic strictures that are adjacent to astrocytic endo processes variant of astrocytes -associated with aging and neurodegenerative disease
42
what is the corporea amyleacea comprised of
glycosaminoglycans, heat shock proteins, and ubiquitin
43
corpora amylacea is representative of _ change
degenerative ## Footnote the number of bodies increases as age increases
44
what are microglia
macrophages of the CNS
45
microglia are derived from
mesoderm of phagocytic cells
46
what are the surface markers of microglia
CD68 and CR3
47
microglia respond to injury by?
proliferating developing elongated nuceli (neurosyphillis) forms microglial nodules and neuronophagia
48
what are microglial nodules
these are microglia aggregates around areas of necrosis
49
what is neuronophagia
this is when microglia will aggregate around the cell bodies of dying neurons
50
oligodendrocytes are harmed in _ disorders and _
demylinating disorders and leukodystrophies
51
what is PML
this is a progressive multifocal leukoencepalopathy with intranuclear inclusions
52
what is MSA
multisystem atrophy that has glial cytoplasmic inclusions (a synuclein)
53
ependymal cells normally line _ and are _ _ cells. BUT in times of injury they form ?
ventricles ciliated columnar ependymal granulations
54
what are ependymal granulations
disruption of the ependymal lining and proliferation of subependymal astrocytes. (irregularities on ventricular surfaces)
55
_ damages ependymal cells ## Footnote viral process
CMV
56
cerebral edema is?
the accumulation of fluid in the brain parenchyma
57
what is vasogenic edema
an increased in extracellular fluid due to BBB disrutption and increased vascular permeability
58
in vasogenic edema there is a shift of fluid from a _ compartment to _ spaces
intravascular intercellular spaces
59
in vasogenic edema paucity of _ impairs resporption of excess extracellular fluid
lymphatics
60
vasogenic edema often follows what
ishemic injury
61
what is cytotoxic edema
an increase in intracellular fluid secondary to neuronal, glial, or endothelial injury ## Footnote generalized ischemic insult or metabolic derrangment
62
either cytotoxic or vasogenic edema can flatten the gyri, narrow the sulci, compress the ventricles, and lead to _
herniation
63
hydrocephalus is a response to?
increased CSF in the ventricles ## Footnote increase in ventricle size proportunate to fluid volume
64
what absorbs CSF in hydrocephalus
the transventricular and nerve root sleeves
65
what dilates in hydrocephalus
frontal and temporal horns * also ventricles
66
what elevates in hydrocephalus
corpus callosum
67
what thins in hydrocephalus
cerebral mantle
68
what stretches/perforates in hydrocephalus
septum pellucidum
69
what enlarges in hyrodcephalus
third venrtile and downwards
70
what is a result of intracranial pressure in hydrocephalus
papilledema
71
what is the pathogensis of hydrocephalus
increased production of the choriod plexus papilloma obstruction and decreased absorption
72
describe the obstruction pathogenesis of hydrocephalus
it can be congenital can be secondary to infections can be clots or tumors in the intraventriular foramina
73
describe the absoprtion pathogenesis in hydrocephalus
there is decreased absorption due to an outflow obstruction
74
what does the histololgy of a choroid plexus papilloma look like
thick fibrous core/stalk ## Footnote looks kinda like broccoli
75
what is pyogenic meningitis
this is when suupurative exudate cover the brainstem and cerebellum
76
what are some congenital causes of hydrocephalus
TORCH CAAAD Torch (intraunterine infections) C- cranial defects (achondroplasia, craniostenosis) A- ageneisi/atresia A- arnold chiari A- AV malformation D- dandy walker syndrome
77
what are some reasons for acquired hydrocephalus what vitamin?
infection- meningitis, meninigoencephalitis mass lesions- neoplasms inflammation- abcess post-hermorrhage sagital sinus thrombosis hypervitaminosis A idiopathic
78
_ hydrocephalus occurs when CSF is not absorbed properly at the dural sinus level thus the ventricles tend to be symmetrically dilated
communicating
79
in communicating hydrocephalus the ventricles are _
symmetrical
80
what is an example of a pathologcal process that has communicating hydrocephalus
neurosyphillis and arachnoid fibrosis meningitis
81
what is human cysticerosis
this is ingestionof T solium eggs from fecal contamination that causes calcified cysts in the brain along with hydrocephalus
82
_ stenosis can cause hydrocephalus
aqueductal
83
what is hydrocephalus ex- vacuo?
dilation of the ventricles shrinking og the brain substance atrophy (frontal)
84
what causes hydrocephelus ex-vacuo
atrophy stroke chronic neurodegenerative disorders (like huntingtons or alzhemiers)
85
CSF pressure in hydrocephalus ex-vacuo is?
normal
86
what is normal pressure hydrocephalus? (NPH)
this is a SYMMETRIC type of hydrocephalus that is in people older than 60. It develops slowly overtime and occurs when CSF drainage is blocked gradually there CSF pressures are not as elevated as like in other types
87
symptoms of NPH
dementia like manifestations gait distubrance urinary incontinence
88
dementia due to NPH can be similar to that of _ disease
alzheimer disease
89
gait abnormalities in NPH may suggest _ disease
Parkinsons
90
NPH is sometines misdiagnosed for what disorders?
parkinsons or alzhemeimers
91
the neurological manifestations of NPH can or cannot be reversed
can
92
two types of NPH
idiopathic and secondary
93
secondary NPH is caused by?
subarachnoid hemorrhage, head trauma, tumor, infection
94
NPH is the elderly is mostly of the _ type
idiopathic
95
what is the classic triad of clinical findings in NPH
urinary incontinence, gait disturbance, and dementia (wet, wacky, and wobbly_ ## Footnote gait distubrances (initial symptom)
96
parkinsonian gait is seen in NPH what is this
short, shuffling steps and forward leaning posture, they have a tendency to fall backwards and broad based gait magnetic gait
97
dementia in NPH is predominately in the _ lobe
frontal lobe ## Footnote has lead to the misdiagnosis of Alzheimer disease
98
in NPH there may be an obvious discrepancy between impaired _ and intact or much less impaired _
recall recognition
99
NPH dementia is though to result from traction on frontal and _ fibers that run in the _ region
limbic periventricular
100
urinary incontinence in NPH appears _ in the illness and is generally of spastic hyperreflexic, increased-urgency type associated with decreased _ of bladder contractions and _ instability
later inhibition detrusor

NMSP (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions