Neurocognitive Disorders Flashcards
Two classes of cognitive disorders:
Delirium
Mild or Major Neurocognitive disorder
An often temporary condition displayed as confusion or disorientation
Delirium
A progressive condition marked by gradual deterioration of a range of cognitive abilities
Mild or Major Neurocognitive disorder
It is an abnormal mental state involving hallucinations
Hallucinosis
Indicates that brain damage or dysfunction was believed to be involved
Organic
It was used in DSM IV to signify that their predominant feature is the impairment of cognitive abilities such as memory, attention, perception, and thinking
Cognitive disorders
It is characterized by impaired consciousness and cognition during the course of several hours or days. It is one of the earliest-recognized mental disorders.
Delirium
People with ____ appear confused, disoriented, and out of touch with their surroundings. They cannot focus and sustain their attention on even the simplest tasks. They are marked impairments in memory and language.
Delirium
previously labeled as dementia, is a gradual deterioration of brain functioning that affects memory , judgement, language, and other advanced cognitive processes
Major Neurocognitive disorder
Is a new DSM-5 disorder that was created to focus attention on the early stages of cognitive decline. The person has the modest impairments in cognitive abilities but can, with some accommodations, continue to function independently
Mild Neurocognitive disorder
The gradual progression of _____ may have somewhat different symptoms, although all aspects of cognitive functioning are eventually affected
neurocognitive disorder
It is the inability to recognize and name objects. It is one of the most familiar symptoms.
Agnosia
It is the inability to recognize even familiar faces
Facial agnosia
Common side effects of neurocognitive disorder: (5)
Delusions
Depression
Agitation
Aggression
Apathy
DSM-5 identifies classes of neurocognitive disorder based on etiology (causation): (11)
Alzheimer’s disease
Vascular injury
Frontotemporal degeneration
Traumatic brain injury
Lewy body disease
Parkinson’s disease
HIV infection
Substance abuse
Huntington’s disease
Prion disease
Another medical condition
The German physicist, ____, first described the disorder that bears his name. He called the disorder an “atypical form of senile dementia”
Alois Alzheimer
is characterized by the emergence or increment of neuropsychiatric symptoms such as agitation, confusion, anxiety, and aggressiveness in late afternoon, in the evening, or at night. And is highly prevalent among individuals with dementia.
Sundowner syndrome
People with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease also display one or more other cognitive disturbances including: (4)
Aphasia
Apraxia
Agnosia
Difficulty with activities
Is a condition characterized by disruptions in the brain’s blood supply that lead to impairment of one or more aspects of a person’s conscious brain functions. Declines in speed information processing and executive functioning (e.g. complex decision making)
Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder
Is a form of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). It is predominant among athletes and sportspeople who suffer concussion, e.g., wrestlers, boxers, etc., and present essentially with characteristics of dementia.
Dementia pugilistica
Is caused by repetitive head trauma that can provoke distinctive neurodegeneration.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
It is an overarching term used to categorize a variety of brain disorders that damage the frontal or temporal regions of the brain-areas that affect personality, language, and behavior.
Frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder
DSM-5 identifies two variants of frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder:
Through declines in appropriate behavior
Declines in language
It is one of the disorders in frontotemporal neurocognitive disorders. It is a condition that causes progressive damage and disruptions in a person’s brain at younger ages than expected for age-related brain disorders. It affects parts of the brain that control emotions, behavior, personality, and language.
Pick’s disease
It includes symptoms that persist for at least a week following the trauma including executive dysfunction and problems with learning and memory. Teens and young adults are at greatest risk especially accompanied by alcohol abuse or lower socio-economic class.
Neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury
Are microscopic deposits of a protein that damage brain cells over time
Lewy bodies
Is a disorder where round clumps of protein build up abnormally in the brain, causing the death of nerve cells.
These deposits affect chemicals in the brain whose changes, in turn, can lead to problems with thinking, movement, behavior, and mood.
Lewy body disease
Is a brain condition that causes problems with movement, mental health, sleep, pain and other health issues. It gets worse over time. There is no cure, but therapies and medicines can reduce symptoms. Common symptoms include tremors, painful muscle contractions and difficulty speaking.
Parkinson’s disease
Is a neurotransmitter involved in complex movement
Dopamine
The early symptoms of neurocognitive disorder resulting from HIV are: (3)
Cognitive slowness
Impaired attention
Forgetfulness
Neurocognitive disorder resulting from HIV is sometimes referred to as “____” because it affects primarily the inner areas of the brain.
subcortical dementia
Is a genetic disorder that initially affects motor movements typically in the form of chorea, involuntary limb movements.
Huntington’s Disease
is an inherited disorder that causes nerve cells (neurons) in parts of the brain to gradually break down and die. The disease attacks areas of the brain that help to control voluntary (intentional) movement, as well as other areas.
Huntington’s disease
It is a rare progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by prions
Neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease
Proteins that can reproduce themselves and cause damage to brain cells leading to neurocognitive decline
Prions
It is a type of prion disease. It is commonly referred to as “mad cow disease”. This disease might be transmitted from infected cattle to humans.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Is a language disorder caused by damage in a specific area of the brain that controls language expression and comprehension. It leaves a person unable to communicate effectively with others. Many people have it as a result of stroke.
Aphasia
Inability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function
Apraxia
is a disorder of the brain and nervous system in which a person is unable to perform tasks or movements when asked, even though the request or command is understood.
Apraxia
This impairment unfortunately lasts beyond the period involves in intoxication or withdrawal from these substances. The resulting brain damage can be permanent and can cause the same symptoms as seen in a neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s type.
Substance/Medication-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder
