Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Neurobiology & Behaviour > Flashcards

Neurobiology & Behaviour Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The Meninges

A
  1. Pia Mater
  2. Arachnoid Mater
  3. Dura Mater
Secrete fluid (Cerebrospinal Fluid) and protects the brain. 
CSF contains antibodies, Oxygen and nutrients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hindbrain

A

Medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Midbrain

A

Nerve fibres that link the hind and forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Forebrain

A 
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Cerebrum 
Limbic System 
Hippocampus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Controls heart rate, ventilation & blood pressure

Contains many automatic centres for the automatic nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Receives impulses about the body, it integrates them and brings about a response through the autonomic nervous system (Hormonal secretions).
Regulates body functions eg sleep, body temp, blood glucose etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Thalamus

A

Acts as a relay centre, sending and receiving info to and from the cerebral cortex
Works to correlate several processes
Sensory interpretation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hippocampus

A

Interacts with areas in the brain cortex
Involved with learning, reasoning and personality
It’s a limbic system & is associated with forming new memories & connecting emotions and senses.
Permanent store of memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cerebellum

A

Maintenance of posture and coordination of fine voluntary muscular movements eg writing
Receives sensory input and produces a motor output
Also involved in learning tasks which require carefully coordinated movements (eg Riding a bike)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cerebrum

A

Outer part of the cerebral cortex, composed of grey matter. Inner part is formed of white matter composed of myelinated axons.
Highly folded to increase Surface Area
Contains billions of neurons
Responsible for most conscious thoughts and actions
Controls higher mental actions including thinking, language, emotions, personality, planning & memory.
Divided into 4 lobes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Involved in vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Reasoning, planning and speech
Movement
Emotions & problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Language, learning and memory

Hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Somatosensory functions
Taste (integrates senses)
Spacial awareness & perception
Proprioception - awareness of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Brain stem

A

Unconscious thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pituitary gland

A

secretes hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pons

A

part of the brain which joins the hemispheres of the cerebellum & connects the cerebrum & cerebellum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Thick bundle of nerve fibres which run from the base of the brain to the hip area running through the spinal vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A large bundle of nerve fibres that connects the left & right hemispheres in the lateral section.

20
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

21
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic Nervous system

Autonomic Nervous system

22
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

23
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Controls skeletal muscle eg blinking & swallowing reflex

24
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controls automatic processes eg heart rate, ventilation, digestion, temp
Contains all motor neurons that take info to internal organs
Involved in pupil reflex

25
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Mobilizes body for action, energy output
Excitatory effects on the body
Most synapses release Noradrenaline asa the neurotransmitter
Fight or Flight

26
Q

Noradrenaline

A

Causes an increase in: Blood vessels dilate
Heart Rate Bronchioles dilate
Breathing Rate Reduced peristalsis
Blood pressure Pupil dilate
Sweating

27
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Inhibitory effect on the body
Most synapses release acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter
Nerve pathways begin in the brain & at both the top and bottom of the spinal cord
rest & digest

28
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Decreases heart rate and breathing rate
Increased peristalsis
Blood vessels and bronchi constrict

29
Q

Control of the heart rate

A

Regulated by the changed in blood pH which occurs during exercise when CO2 builds up in the blood (chemoreceptors)
Autonomic control in the cardiovascular centre of the medulla oblongata, requires no conscious thought

30
Q

Increasing Heart Rate

A

1) Chemoreceptors in the carotid artery detect falling blood pH & stimulates the cardioacceleratory centre.
2) This stimulates the SAN via the sympathetic nervous system to increase the rate of electrical excitation of the heart muscle.

31
Q

Decreasing Heart Rate

A

1) Chemoreceptors in the carotid artery detects a rising blood pH & stimulates the cardio- inhibitory centre.
2) This stimulates the SAN via the parasympathetic nervous system to decrease the rate of electrical excitation on the heart muscle

32
Q

The heart is controlled by:

A

3 Hormones:

  • Acetylcholine
  • Noradrenaline
  • Adrenaline
33
Q

Control of ventilation

A

1) Increase arterial PCO2 is detected by a decrease in blood pressure by chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid arteries
2) Ventilation centre in the medulla oblongata stimulates the intercostal muscles & diaphragm to contract and the volume in the thoracic cavity increases
3) CO2 is exhaled and pH increases

34
Q

Functional Areas:

A

Sensory
Motor
Association

35
Q

Sensory Area

A

Occipital lobe
Receives nerve impulses from receptors in the body via the thalamus
Receives impulses from different sense organs around the body.
Receives impulses from opposite side of the body eg left hemisphere receives info from the right side of the body.

36
Q

Association Area

A

Frontal Lobe
Receives impulse from sensory area
It associates that information with previously stored info, allowing the info to be processed, interpreted and given meaning
Provides memory, reasoning, judgement, emotions and verbalization.
Responsible for initiation of appropriate responses which are passed to the relevant motor area.

37
Q

Motor Area:

A

Receives impulses for the motor are and sends nerve impulses to effectors via the motor neurons to initiate responses.
Cross over the medulla oblongata so the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body .

38
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Left hemisphere - frontal lobe
Produces clear, fluent, articulate speech
Involved in the analysis of grammatical structure of sentences to extract meaning from language.
Motor neurons stimulate muscles of the mouth, larynx, intercostal muscles & diaphragm to produce vocal sounds.

39
Q

Effect of a stroke on Broca’s Area:

A

Difficulty of speaking

Knowing what to say, but unable to express themselves

40
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Left hemisphere - Temporal lobe
INvolved in interpreting both written and spoken language
Referred to as the language comprehension centre
vital for locating appropriate words from memory to express meaning.

41
Q

Effect of a stroke on Wernicke’s Area:

A

Can’t understand someone someone speaking to them, but can hear perfectly

42
Q

The Motor Homunculus

A

Some parts of the body contains more receptors than others & consequently have a larger part of the brain devoted to them.
Muscles in the hands & face produce intricate movements so, there are many motor neurons involved in the innervation of these muscles.

43
Q

The Homunculus

A

A drawing of the relationship between the complexity of innervation of different parts of the body and the areas & positions in the cerebral cortex that represent them.

44
Q

The Sensory Homunculus

A

Some parts of the body contain more receptors and consequently have a larger part of the brain devoted to them.
The tongue, fingertips and lips are very sensitive as they contain a large number of receptors and sensory neurons.
As a result, more of the sensory areas are involved in receiving impulses from this part of the body.

45
Q

Stroke types, causes and symptoms:

A

Ischemic stroke - blocked blood vessel
Haemorrhagic stroke - brain bleed

Causes:
High BP/Cholesterol Smoking
Obesity Age

Symptoms:
Muscle tone drops, face could fall
can cause paralysis
speech slurred

46
Q

How are strokes identified and treated?

A

Physical exam
Imaging (CT & MRI)

Treated using:
CLot dissolving medication (tPA)

Biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions