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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

plant/animal/fungal cells
DNA is in the nucleus which is membrane bound
DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones
DNA + Protein = Chromatin

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2
Q

What are plant cell walls made of?

A

Cellulose

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3
Q

What is a nuclear envelope?

A

2 membranes

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4
Q

What are fungal cell walls made of?

A

Chitin

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5
Q

What type of cells are Eukaryotic cells?

A

Plant, Animal and Fugal

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6
Q

Where is DNA found in a Eukaryotic cell?

A

In the nucleus

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7
Q

What type of DNA is in the nucleus of a Eukaryotic cell?

A

Linear

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8
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Bacterial cells
DNA is found in the cytoplasm
Doesn’t have organelles

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9
Q

What type of DNA does Prokaryotic cells have?

A

‘Naked’

Circular and plasmid

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10
Q

What type of cells are prokaryotic?

A

Bacterial

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11
Q

What is the cell wall of prokaryotic cells made of?

A

Peptidoglycan (proteins and carbohydrates)

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12
Q

Where is DNA found in a prokaryotic cell?

A

In the cytoplasm

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13
Q

Which type of cell has smaller ribosomes?

A

Prokaryotic (70s)

whilst Eukaryotic cells have 80 s ribosomes

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14
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

Cells living together which have been engulfed by each other.

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15
Q

What is the evidence for endosymbiosis?

A
  1. Mitochondria & Chloroplasts replicate themselves/independently as they would millions of years ago. But if taken away, the cells can’t make them.
  2. Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes
  3. Chloroplasts have the same outer membrane as those of ancient cells, but no the same inner membrane (showing that the cell engulfed it)
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16
Q

What does the capsule do?

A

Protects against dehydration and attacks from white blood cells
Only present in fungi

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17
Q

What is the function of the Cell Wall?

A

Provide strength and support
Bacteria - Peptidoglycan
Fungi - Chitin
Plant - Cellulose

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18
Q

What is the function of the Cytoplasm?

A

Selectively permeable & keeps toxic substances out of the cell (present in all types of cell)

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19
Q

What is the function of the Membrane bound nucleus?

A

Contains DNA which codes for protein synthesis

Absent in Bacteria

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20
Q

What is the function of Mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration to release energy (ATP)

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21
Q

What is the function of the RER?

A

Transports proteins made on the ribosomes

Absent in bacteria

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22
Q

What is the function of Ribosomes?

A

Protein Synthesis –> modified amino acids

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23
Q

What is the function of the SER?

A

Manufactures and transports lipids

Absent in Bacteria

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24
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Group/layers of cells working together to perform a specific function

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25
Q

What is an organ?

A

A collection of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.

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26
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissue?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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27
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelial tissues?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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28
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Lining tissue that cover the surface of cavities, organs and tubes
cells are closely packed together
it rests on a basement membrane

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29
Q

Where can you find squamous epithelium?

A

Alveoli/capillaries

diffusion of O2 & CO2 in and out of the the lungs and capillaries

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30
Q

What is the structure of Squamous Epithelium?

A

Cells are thin, smooth and flat

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31
Q

What is the function of Squamous Epithelium?

A

To allow rapid diffusion (thin to allow a short diffusion distance)

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32
Q

What is the structure of cuboidal epithelial cells?

A

Box shaped

Have more space than squamous so have more organelles

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33
Q

What is the function of cuboidal epithelial cells?

A

Absorption/secretion (cellular processes)

34
Q

Where can you find cuboidal epithelium?

A

Kidney tubule

35
Q

What is the structure of columnar epithelial cells?

A

Cells are column shaped
some can have microvilli/cilia (increase surface area)
some can have goblet cells which secrete mucus

36
Q

What is the function of columnar epithelial cells?

A

Absorption/movement of mucus

37
Q

Where can you find columnar epithelial cells?

A

Small intestines - lining of the villi

Lungs - bronchi

38
Q

What is the structure of connective tissue?

A

except for blood, all connective tissue contains the protein collagen in the extracellular material

39
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Connects other tissue together

40
Q

Where can you find connective tissue?

A

Areolar

Blood

41
Q

What types of muscle tissue are there?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

42
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Able to contract (shorten their length)

Inside the cells there are protein fibres made of actin & myosin which slide past each other to shorten the cell

43
Q

What is the structure of Skeletal Muscle?

A

Muscle cells are joined together to form fibres

The striations are caused by overlapping protein molecules in the cells

44
Q

What is the function of Skeletal muscle?

A

Used to move bones

Move whole organisms or parts of it

45
Q

Where can you find Skeletal Muscle?

A

Attached to bones in Humans

46
Q

What is the function of Smooth/Unstriated muscle?

A

Can change the diameter of its location

47
Q

What is the structure of smooth muscle?

A

Unstriated

Individual cells which can shorten in length

48
Q

Where can you find smooth muscle?

A

Blood vessels

Wall of intestine

49
Q

What is the structure of Cardiac Muscle?

A

The fibres are striated and branched

They are attached at their ends to adjoining fibres by thick plasma membranes called intercalated discs

50
Q

What attaches cardiac muscle fibres together?

A

Intercalated discs (thick plasma membrane)

51
Q

What is the function of Cardiac Muscle?

A

Causes heart contractions to pump blood

52
Q

Where can it be found?

A

The heart

53
Q

The structure of life

A 
Simple molecule
Complex molecule 
Cell 
Tissue
Organ 
System 
Organism
54
Q

The Nucleus

A

Carries DNA code for the amino acid sequence

Contains the nucleolus, nuclear pore and nuclear envelope

55
Q

The Nucleolus

A

Synthesises ribosomes and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

56
Q

The Nuclear pore

A

Allows transport of mRNA out of the nucleus

57
Q

The Nuclear Envelope

A

Separates genetic material from the cytoplasm

58
Q

The Cell Membrane

A

Keeps toxic substances out of the cells (selectively permeable)
Controls the substances that come in and out of the cell eg nutrients/ions/waste
Separates vital metabolic processes

59
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Place where most of the chemical processes occur

Controlled by enzymes

60
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration to release energy (ATP)

Cristae increase the surface area where part of the respiratory process takes place

61
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Transports proteins which are synthesised by the attached ribosomes

62
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

Transports and synthesises lipids (fat molecules)

63
Q

Golgi Body

A

Transports and stores lipids
Forming lysosomes
Modifying proteins by adding a carbohydrate to make glycoproteins

64
Q

Centrioles

A

Used in spindle formation (microtubules) in mitosis and meiosis

65
Q

Ribosomes (attached/free)

A

Location of Protein synthesis - joining of amino acids to form proteins
made of rRNA and Protein

66
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains and isolates digestive enzymes
Can release enzymes to destroy organelles
Digests material which has been taken into the cell eg White blood cells and enzymes which kill bacteria

67
Q

Vesicles

A

Transports proteins to the Golgi Body to be modified and packaged
Transports the modified proteins in and around the cell
Acts as a contractive vacuole (maintains osmotic pressure)

68
Q

Large Permanent Vacuole (Plants only)

A

Storage of ions and organic molecules

Maintains osmotic pressure

69
Q

Chloroplast (plants only)

A

Site of photosynthesis

The thylakoid contains chlorophyll which absorbs light for photosynthesis

70
Q

Cell Wall (Plants only)

A

Provides strength and support

Freely permeable to water

71
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Seen between 2 plant cells
Exchange of large organic materials via cytoplasmic streaming
Allows communication between adjacent cells

72
Q

Organelles only present in animal cells

A

Lysosomes

Centrioles

73
Q

Organelles only present in plant cells

A

Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Permanent Vacuole
Plasmodesmata

74
Q

What organelle produce glycoproteins?

A

Golgi Body

75
Q

What organelle buds off lysosomes?

A

Golgi Body

76
Q

Which organelle manufactures hormones and enzymes?

A

RER

77
Q

Which organelle is most abundant at sites of active transport? Why?

A

Mitochondria

Produces ATP which is needed in AT

78
Q

What organelle is abundant is cells secreting lipids?

A

SER

79
Q

Which organelle is closely associated with ribosomes?

A

RER

80
Q

Mitochondria

A 
Site of aerobic respiration 
Produces ATP 
Has a matrix 
Cristae - provides a large SA for enzyme attachment 
Double membrane 
Ribosomes
Self replicating 
Circular DNA 
Plasma Membrane
81
Q

Chloroplast

A 
Contains starch grains
Has grana (stacks of membrane)
Has a stoma 
Thylakoids
Chlorophyll
Self replicating
ribosomes
double membrane 
makes ATP
plasma membrane
Site of photosynthesis

Biology (10 decks)

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