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biology, component 3 - part 2 > neurobiology and behaviour > Flashcards

neurobiology and behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

what are the meninges

A

three membranes around the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

how many ventricles are in the brain and what are they filled with

A
  • four

- filled with cerebro-spinal fluid

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3
Q

outline the three main functions of the cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • supply neurones with glucose
  • supplies oxygen carried in solution
  • contains antibodies and WBC to resist infection
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4
Q

name the brain structures included in the forebrain

A
  • hypothalamus
  • thalamus
  • cerebrum
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5
Q

what structures are in the midbrain

A

nerve fibres connecting forebrain and hindbrain

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6
Q

name the brain structures in the hindbrain

A
  • cerebellum

- medulla oblongata

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7
Q

outline the functions of the frontal lobe

A
  • memory formation
  • emotions
  • reasoning
  • personality
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8
Q

outline the functions of the parietal lobe

A
  • spatial awareness

- senses and sensations (touch)

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9
Q

outline the functions of the occipital lobe

A
  • vision - interpretation

- visual stimuli

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10
Q

outline the functions of the temporal lobe

A
  • hearing
  • comprehension of language
  • information retrieval
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11
Q

outline the functions of the medulla

A
  • ventilation
  • maintaining blood pressure
  • regulation of heart rate
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12
Q

outline the functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • co-ordinating centre between nervous system and endocrine system
  • regulates: body temperature, blood solute potential, thirst, hunger, sleep
  • controls secretion of hormones from endocrine glands
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13
Q

outline the functions of the thalamus

A
  • sending and receiving info to and from cerebral cortex

- correlates consciousness, sleep and sensory interpretation

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14
Q

outline the functions of the hippocampus

A
  • involved in learning, reasoning, personality
  • forming new memories
  • connecting senses and emotions to memories
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15
Q

outline the functions of the cerebellum

A
  • maintenance of posture

- coordination of complex movement and voluntary movement

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16
Q

outline the functions of the cerebrum

A

higher mental activities:

  • thinking
  • language
  • emotions
  • personality
  • planning
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17
Q

what is the most common type of stroke and what causes it

A
  • ischaemic strokes

- caused by blocked blood vessel

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18
Q

what is the less common type of stroke and what is it caused by

A
  • haemorrhagic strokes

- caused by bleeding in or around the brain

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19
Q

what are the symptoms of a stroke

A
  • paralysis on one side of the body
  • loss of muscle tone
  • drooping face
20
Q

what are the main risk factors for experiencing a stroke

A
  • high blood pressure
  • tobacco smoking
  • obesity
  • high blood cholesterol
  • risk increases with age
21
Q

how is a stroke diagnosed

A
  • physical examination and imaging

- eg. CT or MRI scan

22
Q

outline how a stroke may be treated

A
  • clot-busting medication

- successful if started within 4.5 hours

23
Q

what are the four warning signs of a stroke

A

F - face drop
A - raise arms without one drifting?
S - slurred speech
T - time

24
Q

what is the cerebral cortex composed of

A

grey matter and many cell bodies

25
Q

what is the inner area of the cerebrum composed of

A

white matter and myelinated axons

26
Q

what is the job of the central nervous system and what is it made up of

A
  • processes, stores and interprets information

- includes brain and spinal cord

27
Q

what is the job of the peripheral nervous system and what is it made up of

A
  • transmit information to and from CNS

- includes somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

28
Q

what is the role of the somatic nervous system

A

controlling skeletal muscles with conscious effort

29
Q

what is the role of the autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary responses of intercostal muscles and glands

30
Q

which two systems make up the autonomic nervous system

A
  • sympathetic nervous system

- parasympathetic nervous system

31
Q

explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system

A
  • motor neurones go to all organs around the body
  • releases noradrenaline
  • increases; heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, pupil dilation
32
Q

explain the role of the parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • nerve pathways begin in the brain, top of spinal cord or base of spinal cord
  • releases acetylcholine
  • inhibitory effect on activities of organs
33
Q

explain how the heart rate is controlled

A
  • sympathetic system increases heart rate
  • parasympathetic system decreases heart rate
  • both systems controlled by cardiac control centre in medulla oblongata
  • CCC stimulated by CO2 levels and blood pressure changes
  • CCC sends impulse through one of the systems to the sino atrial node
  • heart also controlled by adrenaline, noradrenaline and acetylcholine
34
Q

describe how the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems control the ventilation rate

A
  • increases rate of respiration during exercise
  • causes the blood pH to decrease
  • detected by chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies
  • more nerve impulses sent to inspiratory centre in medulla
  • more nerve impulses sent along intercostal nerve and phrenic nerve
35
Q

what is the function of the sensory area

A
  • receive sensory information from receptors in the body
  • hemispheres receive information from opposite side of the body
  • primary sensory areas receive impulses first
36
Q

what is the function of the association areas

A
  • process and interpret information from the primary sensory areas
  • provide memory, reasoning, judgement, emotions and verbalisation
37
Q

what is the function of the motor areas

A
  • initiates responses
  • generates nerve impulses carried to appropriate effectors on opposite side of the body
  • motor neurones cross in the medulla
38
Q

where is the Broca’s area located

A

left hemisphere of the frontal lobe

39
Q

what is the function of the Broca’s area

A
  • producing vocal sounds

- analysing grammar and help extract meaning

40
Q

what is the effect of an injury/stroke on the Broca’s area

A
  • Broca’s aphasia
  • causes difficulty speaking
  • know what they want to say but cannot get it out
41
Q

where is the Wernicke’s area located

A

temporal lobe of the left hemisphere

42
Q

what is the function of Wernicke’s area

A
  • construct and understand written and spoken language
43
Q

what is the effect of an injury or stroke on Wernicke’s area

A
  • Wernicke’s aphasia
  • able to produce words, sounds or phrases but they do not make sense and there is no communication
  • cannot understand someone speaking to them although they perfectly hear them
44
Q

what does the sensory homunculus show

A

relative sensitivity of different parts of the body

45
Q

what does the motor homunculus show

A

motor control of different parts of the body

biology, component 3 - part 2 (5 decks)

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