behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

what is innate behaviour

A
  • present from birth

- genetically hard wired into the nervous system and produces responses for some basic survival function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are three innate behaviours

A
  • reflexes
  • kinesis
  • taxes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a reflex

A

rapid automatic response to a stimulus to help improve chances of survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are taxes

A

whole organism moves in response to a stimulus where it moves either towards or away from the stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is kinesis

A

whole organism moves but the response is non-directional

moves faster and changes direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a learned behaviour

A
  • animal develops response to a stimulus not present from birth
  • requires practice and is not always vital for survival
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the types of learned behaviour

A
  • habituation
  • imprinting
  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
  • latent learning
  • insight learning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is habituation

A

animal learns to ignore repetitive stimuli because it is not followed by a reward or punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is imprinting

A
  • young birds learn to follow first large moving object they see, since this is usually their mother, it protects them from harm and provides them with food
  • occurs during the critical period
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

association between natural and artificial stimulus to bring about the same response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

association between particular behaviour and a reward or punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is latent learning

A

animals observe other members of their species and remember to carry out those observed behaviours later in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is insight learning

A

apparent ability to imagine a solution to a problem without trial and error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is social learning

A
  • copying behaviours of other animals in the same species and social group
  • allows behaviour to be passed rapidly
  • can lead to cultural differences where behaviour may have originated with the innovation of an individual in the past
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is social behaviour

A
  • one individual will produce a sign stimulus which is detected by another and often triggers an innate response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is sexual dimorphism

A

males and females look very different to clarify differences between sexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is sexual selection

A

evolutionary processes that favours an increase in the frequency of genes that confer a reproductive advantage

18
Q

what is male-male combat

A
  • victory and mating rights go to the most powerful competitor
  • explains male weapons and large body size
19
Q

what is female choice

A
  • only males that appeal to females’ notions of attractiveness will successfully mate
  • females mate with attractive males so they will produce attractive sons who are ore likely to also reproduce
20
Q

why is setting up a territory an advantage

A

helps to avoid conflict, as competition for resources is reduced, but animals must be prepared to patrol and defend their territory, and this can lead to conflict

21
Q

explain what is meant by courtship behaviour

A

process performed by males to attract females

22
Q

suggest a reason why animals engage in courtship behaviour before mating

A

to ensure they select the best mate and that their partner is ready to mate

23
Q

explain why courtship behaviour is often ritualised and involves stereotyped displays

A

to identify the same species

24
Q

explain why a male would defend a particular breeding territory against other males

A

to protect their area for females and help to reduce actual conflict

25
describe a benefit of parental care
protection of offspring so offspring are more likely to survive and reproduce
26
suggest a reason that the most caring parent is usually the female
males are more focused on reproducing
27
what are the different groups called in a colony of social insects
castes
28
what are the different groups in a honeybee colony
single fertile queen several thousand sterile females few hundred fertile male drones
29
how does communication occur between individuals within a honeybee colony
- pheromones - touch - dances
30
when does a honeybee perform a round dance
when the food source is less than 70m from the hive but gives no indication of direction
31
name the environmental reference used by honeybees to orientate for navigation
sun compass
32
how does the bee communicate how close a food source is using the waggle dance
the speed of the waggle
33
name the three types of social groups
- egalitarian - despotic - linear - dominance hierarchies
34
what is the structure of an egalitarian social group
all individuals have an equal rank
35
what is the structure of a despotic social group
one member is dominant and all others are equally submissive
36
what is the structure of a dominance hierarchy
- linear | - higher ranking individuals are dominant over lower-ranking ones
37
what is the advantage of a dominance hierarchy
- decreases amount of individual aggression | - ensures resources are shared out so that the fittest survive
38
where do dominance hierarchies exist
where animals are able to recognise each other as individuals and possess some ability to learn
39
how is a dominance hierarchy maintained after being established
- aggression as fighting is a last resort | - prior to fighting there is a series of ritualised actions - each reflex stimulated by sign stimulus of the other
40
briefly describe the general conclusions of wolfgang kohler's work
- an example of insight learning - exploratory learning - banana on roof and boxes to help them reach