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Neurobiology > Neuroantamony 2 > Flashcards

Neuroantamony 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the function of the optic chiasma ?

A

2 optic nerve converge here
Hemidecussation of the optic fibres to project to the lateral geniculate nucleus

It is the nasal portions which decussate to the contralateral side
Temporal portions remain ipsilateral

Hypothalamus is above and pituitary gland is below

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1
Q

What is the function of the olfactory bulb ?

A

Main relay station in the olfactory pathways
Where the initial processing of olfactory info occurs
Contains many interneurons

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2
Q

What is the function of the mammillary bodies ?

A

Part of the lambic system

Receives afferents neurons from hippocampus and send projections to anterior nucleus of thalamus and brainstem

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3
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculus?

A

Input via tectospinal fibres is reflex in nature and causes closure of eyelids in response to intense light or rapid approaching object
Tectospinal fibres originate here

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4
Q

What is the function of the periaqueductal grey ?

A

Important in descending control of pain pathways
Involved in vocalisation, control of reproductive behaviour, modulation of medullary respiratory centres, aggressive behaviour and vertical gaze
Receives info from bladder filling and so is involved in process of micturition

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5
Q

What is the function of the inferior olive ?

A

Thought to be involved in motor coordination and motor learning due to its connections to the cerebellum

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6
Q

What is the function of the raphe nucleus ?

A

Many of the neurons are serotonergic
Many fibres distributed throughout CNS
- ascending fibres to forebrain are involved in sleep
- descending fibres to spinal cord involved in modulation of pain

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7
Q

What is the function of the red nucleus ?

A

Involved in motor control
Rubrospinal tract originates here and is involved in toning of limb flexor muscles
Receives motor info from cerebellum and motor cortex

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8
Q

What is the function of the substantia gelantinosa?

A

Also known as rexed laminae 1-111
Integrates sensory info to provide the feeling of pain

Receives collateral a of a-delta and c fibres involved in pain

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9
Q

What is the function of the spinothalamic tract ?

A

Also known as neospinothalamic system

Ascending fibre tract carrying info about pain, temperature and course touch and pressure

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10
Q

What is the function of the corticospinal tract ?

A

Descending fibre tract originating from neurones in the motor areas of the cerebral cortex
Control activity of motor neurons in spinal cord which innervate trunk and limb muscles
Involved in controlling skilled and voluntary movements

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11
Q

What is the function of the lissauers tract ?

A

Also known as posterolateral tract
Axons project from dorsal root ganglion carrying info about pain and temp
Axons enter into spinal cord and ascend/descend few spinal segments
Axons end up forming spinothalamic tract

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12
Q

What are the clinical consequences of a thoracic spinal cord hemilesion ?

A

Brown- Sequard syndrome

  • ipsilateral loss of proprioception and upper motor neuron signs
  • contralateral loss of pain and temperature
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13
Q

What are the clinical consequences of a unilateral brainstem lesion ?

A

Ipsilateral cranial nerve dysfunction
Contralateral spastic hemiparesis( paralysis of one side)
Contralateral hemisensory loss
Extensor plantar response/ babinski response
Ipsilateral in coordination

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14
Q

What are the clinical consequences of unilateral Cerebellar hemispheric lesion ?

A

Ipsilateral in coordination of arm and leg
Unsteady gait in the absence of weakness or sensory loss
Impairs coordination of eye movements causing nystagmus

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15
Q

What are the clinical consequences of cerebral hemispheric lesion ?

A 
Mental impairment (asphasias) 
Contralateral spastic hemiparesis 
Hyperreflexia - caused by spinal cord injury t5 or above
Extensor plantar reflex 
Contralateral hemisensory loss
16
Q

What causes hemiballismus ?

A

Lesion of subthalamopallidal pathways or the subthalamic nucleus

  • causes involuntary violent hyperkinesis of the contralateral upper and lower extremities
17
Q

What are the causes of subdural haemotoma ?

A

Caused by tearing of the veins stretching across the subdural space - chronic subdural haemotoma

Blow to the head causing blood vessels along surface of the brain to tear - acute subdural haemotoma

18
Q

What are the causes of hydrocephalus ?

A

Obstruction of CSF in the ventricular system - caused by tumour or obstruction of subarachnoid space
Damage to arachnoid villi
Brain can start to produce too much CSF

19
Q

What are the causes of multiple sclerosis ?

A

Immune system attacking the myelin sheath of axons

Caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors - smoking, lack of vitamin D or a virus

20
Q

What are the causes of upper motor neurone disease ?

A

Lesions to motor areas of the brain/spinal cord
Haven’t developed properly
Lesion of the corticospinal tract

21
Q

What are the causes of trigeminal neuralgia ?

A

Blood vessels compressing the trigeminal nerve
Caused by MS or a tumour
Aberrant sensory roots exist

22
Q

What are the causes of Bell’s palsy ?

A

Acute unilateral inflammatory lesion of the facial nerve on its course to the skull
Caused by herpes zoster virus, middle ear infection, Lyme disease and other virus’s

23
Q

What makes up the lentiform nucleus ?

A

Putamen

Globus pallidus

24
Q

What makes up the basal ganglia ?

A

Globus pallidus
Putamen
Caudate nucleus

25
Q

What happens to the dorsal column pathways at the medulla ?

A

The fibres converge at the junction between the closed and open medulla forming the gracilis and cuneatus tubercles

26
Q

What does the cingulate gurus form into ??

A

Parahippocampal gurus which turns back on itself forming the uncus

27
Q

What is the uncus ?

A

Houses the primary olfactory Cortex

28
Q

Which part of the medulla has the central canal running through it ?

A

Closed medulla

Opens up into the 4th ventricle at the obex

29
Q

What makes up the floor of the 4th ventricle ?

A

Medulla and pons

30
Q

What makes up the roof of the 4th ventricle ?

A

Cerebellum

31
Q

What are 2 prominent aspects on the dorsal surface of the midbrain ?

A

Superior and inferior colliculi

32
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles?

A

Also known as basis peduncles

  • white matter bundles
  • carry motor info from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem
33
Q

What is the interpeduncular fossa?

A

It’s inbetween the cerebral peduncles

Oculomotor nerve emerges from it

34
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve arise from ?

A

The junction between the pyramids and the olive

35
Q

What nerves arise from the Cerebellar pontine angle ?

A

7, 8, 9

36
Q

What nerve arises from the medullary/pontine junction ?

A

6

37
Q

What is the vermis ?

A

Runs in the midline of the cerebellum

Neurobiology (30 decks)

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