Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Dysphasia > Neuroanatomy review > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy review Flashcards

1
Q

How many neurons are there in the brain?

A

About 100 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many connections can each neuron have?

A

10,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many synapses are in the brain?

A

Several trillion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is neuroplasticity taking place in the brain?

A

Neurons rearrange their synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is gray matter found in the brain?

A

Outer cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, nuclei of cranial nerves (main areas doing the “tasks”, then white matter sends those to other parts of the brain quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

The myelin sheath around the dendrites, which allow for messages to travel through it faster (connects parts of the brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the pyramidal tract control?

A

Motor cranial nerves exiting brainstem and motor neurons of spinal cord. Voluntary (unlearned) motor patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the motor pathways in the pyramidal tract?

A

corticospinal, corticobulbar,…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What tract is responsible for sensation?

A

Somatosensory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

Tracts of motor and sensory pathways that “fan out” in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What areas are a part of the extrapyramidal system?

A

Basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus

WHY extrapyramidal?–Refine movement (coordination), feedback, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the extrapyramidal system responsible for?

A

Refining movement, learned motor patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is hypokinesia (hypokinetic syndromes)?

A

Slow, effortful movement, limited or absent automatic movement, rigidity of body and limbs (ex: Parkinson’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which system is malfunctioning in hypokinesia and hyperkinesia?

A

Extrapyramidal motor system (automatic movement impaired???(need to confirm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a hyperkinetic syndrome?

A

Present with a variety of involuntary, quick or slow movements ex: Tourette’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the cerebellum mostly responsible for?

A

Coordination of movements, balance ex: touching nose with finger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What would happen with a pathological cerebellum?

A

ex: drunk gait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which type of dysarthria results from a cerebellar legion?

A

Cerebellar (ataxic) dysarthria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How much does the brain weight?

A

3 pounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can cause increased intracranial pressure?

A

Hemorrhage, hydrocelphalus, tumor, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are interventions for increased ICP?

A

craniotomy, burr holes, shunts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the brainstem in relation to the foramen magnum?

A

Superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which part of the spinal cord carries sensory information?

A

Dorsal/posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which part of the spinal cord carries motor information?

A

Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are a few general things that can occur from a spinal cord injury?

A

Neurologic symptoms, hypotension (low blood pressure), (possibly temporary) dysarthria that can change (ex: start flaccid, can change to spastic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the name of the filaments that continue after the spinal cord has ended?

A

cauda equina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the spinal cord composed of?

A

Gray matter (central), white matter (peripheral), 31 pairs of spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What directly results from a spinal cord injury?

A

May cause permanent loss of motor and sensory functions activated below the lesion.

Below T1, paraplegia,

Above T1–quadriplegia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the 4 sections of the CNS (in the brain)?

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the brain composed of?

A

3/4 water, 1/4 (almost) glial cells (5-10x more than neurons), neurons, connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How much oxygen does the brain require?

A

25% of the bodies oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens after 10 seconds of no oxygen to the brain?

A

Pass out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens after 20 seconds of no oxygen to the brain?

A

Electric activity starts to stop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What happens at 2 minutes after no oxygen to the brain?

A

Permanent brain damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What divides the two hemispheres of the brain?

A

Superior longitudinal fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the types of myelinated fiber routes in the brain?

A

Transverse(comissural?), projection, association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the cerebral fissures?

A

Lateral fissure ( Fissure of sylvius) (b/w frontal/parietal lobe and temporal lobe

Central sulcus (fissure of rolando)–b/w precentral and post central sulcus

Calcarine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the left hemisphere superior for?

A

Processing language, speech, calculation, verbal memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the right hemisphere superior for?

A

Pragmatics, visual/spatial concepts, visual object recognition, designing objects, time/space orientation, perceiving/ expressing music/emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is in the frontal lobe?

A

precentral gyrus—primary motor cortex (BA 4)

Prefrontal cortex (personality, executive function, pragmatic behavior)

Premotor cortex( BA 6) (regulates responsiveness of primary motor cortex, complex/skilled movements, areas for speech, hand eye coordination

Superior frontal, middle frontal,

Inferior frontal (has Broca’s area (BA 44)

42
Q

What are the different broad types of connecting fibers in the brain?

A

Projection fibers–long, connect distant parts of brain. Ex: pyramidal tract

Commisural fibers–connect the hemispheres together (ex: corpus callosum, anterior commisure)

Association fibers–short, connect within same hemisphere

43
Q

What are the different aspects of the parietal lobe and what is it involved with?

A

Sensory perception, recognition and expression of emotion, memory, prosody .proprioception, reading, writing,

Postcentral gyrus–Primary sensory cortex

Superior parietal lobule–analysis and integration of sensory info, complex perceptual experiences

Inferior parietal lobule (angular gyrus)-reading and writing
(supramarginal gyrus)–phonological processing of speech, written language, identifying functional orientation of object

44
Q

What symptoms might we expect from a lesion in the Superior parietal lobule?

A

Perceptual disorders of construction skills, memory, proprioception

45
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Bodies sensation about spatial position

46
Q

What is sterognosis?

A

Percieving/recognizing an object by touch only

47
Q

What symptoms might we expect from a lesion in the inferior parietal lobule?

A

(dom) Disorders of reading, writing, calculation, language

(nondom) –impaired body schema, spatial attention, contralateral neglect

48
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for and what are its major parts?

A

(Auditory processing, speech recognition

Wernicke’s area, primary auditory cortex, language association cortex

Superior, middle, and inferior temporal

49
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for and what are its major parts?

A

Vision, visual recognition (pathways through all of brain)

Primary and secondary visual cortical areas

50
Q

Names for the Precentral gyrus

A

Primary motor cortex, BA 4

51
Q

Names for postcentral gyrus

A

Primary sensory cortex, BA 1, 2, 3

52
Q

What is in the inferior frontal lobule?

A

Broca’s area (BA 44),

53
Q

Names for calcarine cortex

A

primary visual cortex, BA 17

54
Q

What is the insular lobe?

A

Below lateral fissure, related to limbic system and sensorimotor functions

55
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Basal ganglia, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus,

Motivation, emotion, 4 F’s, memory, learning

56
Q

Which association fibers connect the Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas?

A

Arcuate fasciculus

57
Q

Primary motor projections cortices:

A

Precentral gyrus (4)(motor strip) premotor area (6)

58
Q

Primary sensory reception areas?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus), Primary visual cortex (17), primary olfactory receptor cortex(28, uncus)

59
Q

What are the cortical motor speech association areas?

A

44 (broca’s), 45, 46, 47

=opercular gyri

60
Q

What are the sensory reception(association) areas?

A

Parietal association cortex (5 & 7), temporal association cortex (42 & 22), parieto-occipital association cortex (18 & 19). Travel trhough thalamic radiations

61
Q

Layers of the meninges (extrinsic to intrinsic)

A

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

62
Q

What are the layers of the dura mater?

A

External periosteal (falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium), Internal meningeal

63
Q

Describe the arachnoid membrane

A

No bloodvessels. Between it and pia=subarachnoid space (filled with CSF) Arachnoid granulations project into dura mater, CSF drains through it

64
Q

What does CSF do for the brain?

A

Regulates intercranial pressure, brings metabolic compounds in, removes waste products, cushions brain(makes lighter)

65
Q

Describe the pia mater

A

Tightly conforming to cerebral cortex sulci and gyri. 2 layers, no space. Outer layer contains blood vessels, aneurism common here

66
Q

What is the direct motor pathway?

A

Pyramidal system. Direct connection from motor cortex to brainstem. Voluntary, skilled movements

67
Q

What is the indirect motor pathway?

A

Extrapyramidal system. Many different synapses. Involuntary motor. Ex: adjusting muscle tone, posture

68
Q

What are the three motor systems?

A

Pyramidal, extrapyramidal, vestibular-reticular (balance, body orientation)

69
Q

What are the motor tracts in the pyramidal system?

A

Corticospinal, corticobulbar(AKA corticonuclear), corticopontine

70
Q

Which motor tract is most significant to speech?

A

Corticobulbar (synapses with cranial nerves)

71
Q

What are the characteristics of an upper motor neuron syndrome?

A

Spastic or weakness, hypertonia, hyperreflexia little or no muscle atrophy, no fasciculations, multiple muscles or limbs

72
Q

What are the characteristics of an lower motor neuron syndrome?

A

Flaccid or weakness, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, atrophy, fasciculations, no abnormal reflexes, single limb or selected muscles

73
Q

What is the final common pathway?

A

Lower motor neurons

74
Q

What are lower motor neurons?

A

cell body, axon to muscle, neuromuscular junction, muscle itself. Ex: bells palsy

75
Q

What are upper motor neurons?

A

Brain, spinal cord to nerve nuclei

76
Q

What do fasciculations indicate?

A

a) lower motor neuron impairment b) nerve is dying

77
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Relay station for outgoing and incoming information

78
Q

Hypothalamus role

A

Autonomic system (appetite, emotional behavior, glands, smooth and cardiac muscles, some control over pituitary gland (hormonal)

79
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

Regulates motor function, muscle tone, drive/action “break system”

80
Q

Parts of basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus (functionally related to substantia nigra, red nucleus, subthalamus)

81
Q

What is the “striatum”?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

82
Q

What is the “lenticular nucleus”/ Pallidum?

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

83
Q

Cerebellum role

A

Helps carry out coordinated movement, integrates motor and sensory info “error control center”

84
Q

What results from damage to the cerebellum?

A

Clumsy movements (ataxia), similar to when drunk

85
Q

Brainstem function

A

Links motor fibers to spinal cord, lower sensory info to cerebellum

86
Q

What is in the midbrain?

A

CN 3, 4. Red nucleus (extrapyramidal), substantia nigra

87
Q

What CN are in the pons?

A

CN 5, 6

88
Q

What CN are in the medulla?

A

CN 9-12

89
Q

What CN are on the border of the pons and medulla?

A

CN 7, 8

90
Q

What is/ where is the reticular formation?

A

Where fibers decussate. Medulla

91
Q

What are nuclei?

A

Collection of nerve cells dedicated to certain function

92
Q

What two arteries bifurcate from the internal carotid artery?

A

Anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery

93
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply/ effects from issues?

A

Medial aspects of cortices. Impacts cognition, paralysis/motor impairment in lower body, incontinence

94
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply/ effects from issues?

A

Lateral aspect of each hemisphere. Areas for speech, swallowing, language (lateral precentral/postcentral gyrus, broca’s, wernickes, heschyl’s, angular gyrus.

Aphasia, dysphasia, numbness, Hearing impairment, anosmia

striata branches: affects internal capsule, basal ganglia. Vulnerable to hemorrages

95
Q

What is/are bruites?

A

sound doctors look for that hints at constrictions in blood flow

96
Q

What is the watershed area?

A

Get blood from all 3 cortical arteries? vulnerable to ischema and infarction if circulation is not good

97
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

“backup system” for vascular supply

98
Q

What is collateral circulation?

A

Related to circle of willis. If one area of blood flow is blocked, blood can flow through alternate route (if blockage occurs below circle of willis)

99
Q

What does the vertebrobasilar artery give rise to?

A

Basilar artery, posterior cerebral artery, cerebellar arteries

100
Q

What can a lesion of the middle cerebral artery cause?

A

Lateral areas (wernicke’s, broca’s, angular gyrus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus (visual integration deficit), anterior internal capsule and genu(dysarthria), insula (verbal apraxia, self awareness deficit)

Dysphasia (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions