Neuroanatomy of Telencephalon

Question 1

Subdivisions of the cerebral cortex

Answer 1

Neocortex, Paleocortex and Archicortex

Question 2

Layers of the neocortex

Answer 2

Molecular
External granular
External pyramidal
Internal granular
Internal pyramidal
Multiform

Question 3

Six lobes of the cerebral cortex

Answer 3

Frontal 
Parietal 
Occipital 
Temporal 
Insular
Limbic

Question 4

Subdivisons of the Paracentral lobule

Answer 4

Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Calcarine sulcus

Question 5

Three types of fibers in the white matter of the cerebrum

Answer 5

Projection fibers
Commissural fibers
Association fibers

Question 6

Largest band of commissural fibers

Answer 6

Corpus callosum

Question 7

The peripheral nervous system consists of..

Answer 7

Cranial and spinal nerves

Question 8

What are chromaffin cells

Answer 8

Neural crest cells which migrate into the adrenal medulla to form postganglionic sympathetic fibers

Question 9

The neural fold grows over the midline and fuse to form the neural tube at the end of which week?

Answer 9

Third week

Question 10

The alar plate and the basal

plate are separated by?

Answer 10

The sulcus limitans

Question 11

Function of the interventricular foramen

Answer 11

Connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

Question 12

Another name for the interventricular foramen

Answer 12

Foramen of Monro

Question 13

Function of the cerebral aqueduct

Answer 13

Connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle

Question 14

Another name for the cerebral aqueduct

Answer 14

Aqueduct of Sylvius

Question 15

What are the spaces in the subarachnoid that CSF can pass through?

Answer 15

3 openings of the fourth ventricle, 2 opening of the foramena of Lushka and an opening of the foramena of Magendie

Question 16

Which sinus surrounds the carotid artery and cranial nevers III, IV, V and VI?

Answer 16

Cavernous sinus

Question 17

Three types of hydrocephalus

Answer 17

Non-communicating/Obstructive
Communicating/ Non-obstructive
Ex vacuo

Question 18

Describe Non-communicating hydrocephalus

Answer 18

Due to obstruction to flow within ventricles. Occurs at narrow points such as foramen of Monro or cerebral aqueduct

Question 19

Describe communicating hydrocephalus

Answer 19

Due to impaired CSF reabsorption in the arachnoid granulations or obstruction in subarachnoid space

Question 20

Describe ex vacuo

Answer 20

Due to accumulation of CSF where brain tissue has been lost which results in dilated ventricles.

Question 21

Gyri found in the frontal lobe

Answer 21

Precentral gyrus
Superior frontal gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus

Question 22

Gyri found in the temporal lobe

Answer 22

Superior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus

Question 23

Gyri found in the parietal lobe

Answer 23

postcentral gyrus
superior parietal lobule
Inferior parietal lobule
Supramarginal gyrus
Angular gyrus

Question 24

List the functional areas of the Dominant cerebral hemisphere

Answer 24

Pre motor cortex
Primary motor cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex
Brocas area
Frontal eye field
Wernickes area
Angular gyrus
Primary visual cortex
Primary auditory cortex

Question 25

Function of the premotor complex and what happens if damage occurs

Answer 25

Planning of motor activity Damage causes Apraxia, where there is a disruption in the patterning and execution of learned motor movements

Question 26

Function of the prefrontal cortex and what happens if damage occurs

Answer 26

Organizing and planning emotional aspects of behavior, judgement and social interaction Damage causes a person to me dosile, lacking emotion and may express infantile reflexes

Question 27

Function of the frontal eye field and what happens if damage occurs

Answer 27

Responsible for contralateral horizontal gaze Damage results in a person not being able to voluntarily move their eye to the contralateral side. The eyes may deviate towards the side of the lesion because of the other unopposed frontal eye field.

Question 28

Function of the Broca's and what happens if damage occurs

Answer 28

Responsible for motor speech Damage results in non-fluent/ expressive aphasia. words are pieced together in short form and they become frustrated because they can comprehend

Question 29

Function of the primary motor area

Answer 29

Execution of movements

Question 30

Function of the Primary somatosensory cortex and what happens if damage occurs

Answer 30

Responsible for touch, temperature and pain sensations Damage results in loss of sensation on contralateral side

Question 31

Function of the Posterior parietal association cortex and what happens if damage occurs

Answer 31

Responsible for identifying objects with the help of touch Damages result in bilateral apraxia and asterognosia where you cannot identify objects by touch

Question 32

Function of the Angular gyrus and what happens if damage occurs

Answer 32

Responsible for identifying objects with the aid of vision Damage results in Alexia, where you cannot read and may also results in Alexia with Agraphia that also includes acalculia, finger agnosia and the inability to differentiate left from right

Question 33

What is Gertsmann Syndrome?

Answer 33

Alexia with Agraphia that also includes acalculia, finger agnosia and the inability to differentiate left from right

Question 34

Function of the Wernicke's area and what happens if damage occurs

Answer 34

Responsible for language comprehension. Damage results in fluent/Wernicke's aphasia, where the person has fluent verbalization that is not making any sense but they do not get frustrated because they cannot comprehend.

Question 35

Function of the Arcuate fasciculus and what happens if damage occurs

Answer 35

Responsible for connecting Broca's and Wernicke's area Damage results in Conductive aphasia where the verbal output is normal but there are many paraphrases and they cannot execute a verbal command, they get frustrated because they can comprehend.

Question 36

Function of the Corpus callosum and what happens if damage occurs

Answer 36

Connects Werncke's area to the right primary motor cortex Damage results Transcortical Apraxia where a person is able to comprehend a command but cannot execute it on the left side of the body

Question 37

Function of the Non-dominant angular gyrus and what happens if damage occurs

Answer 37

Integrates visual and somatosensory information to form the body image and awareness of the body in space Damage results in Asomatognosia (Hemineglect)

Question 38

Function of the Temporal lobe and what happens if damage occurs

Answer 38

Aids in forming associations between faces and identities Damage results in Visual Agnosia, where a person cannot recognize objects

Question 39

Function of the Meyer loop in the temporal lobe and what happens if damage occurs

Answer 39

Damage results in contralateral upper quadrantanopia

Question 40

Function of the Amygdala in the temporal lobe and what happens if damage occurs

Answer 40

Responsible for memory Damage results in Kluver-Bucy's Syndrome which leads to hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality and visual agnosia

Question 41

Function of the occipital lobe and what happens if damage occurs

Answer 41

Damage leads to Alexia without Agraphia, where the person cannot read but can write. The occipital lobe is not connecting with the frontal or parietal lobe

Question 42

Two types of disconnect

Answer 42

Alexia without Agraphia and Transcortical Apraxia