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PMHNP License > Neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and behavior > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and behavior Flashcards

1
Q

components of the neuron

A

cell body (soma)

stem/axon: transmit signals away from body to connect with other neurons/cells

dendrites- collect incoming signals

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2
Q

2 separate divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

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3
Q

PNS is comprised of..

A

somatic nervous system: info from CNS to skeletal muscles. Control voluntary movement

autonomic nervous system: regulate internal body functions, homeostasis. info from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac, glands. Control involuntary movement. Divided into 2 parts

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4
Q

2 parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic: excitatory, prep for stress (fight flight), stimulates or increases activity of organs

Parasympathetic: maintains or restores energy, inhibits or decreases activity of organs

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5
Q

white matter and grey matter

A

White matter is the myelinated axons of neurons.

Gray matter is nerve cell bodies and dendrites; it is the working area of the brain and contains the synapses, the area of neuronal connection.

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6
Q

sulci and fissures and gyri

A

increase surface area of the brain for communication

Sulci: Small shallow grooves

Fissures: Deeper groves extending into the brain

Gyri: raised tissue areas

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7
Q

Distinct anatomical areas of the brain

A

cerebrum and brainstem

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8
Q

what connects to two sides of the brain and what is it

A

corpus callosum

an area of sensorimotor info exchange

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9
Q

Each hemisphere is divided into four

A

Frontal occipital parietal temporal

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10
Q

Frontal lobe size and development

A

Largest and most developed

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11
Q

Frontal lobe functions

A

Motor function: voluntary activity of specific muscles

Pre-motor area controls coordinated movement of multiple muscles

Association cortex: multimodal sensory input to trigger memory and lead to decision-making

Seat of executive function: memory reasoning, planning, prioritizing, sequencing, insight, flexibility, judgment, impulse control, behavioral queuing, intelligence, abstraction

Language (Broca) expressive speech

Personality variables: the most focal area of personality development

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12
Q

Problems in the frontal lobe can lead to

A

Personality changes, emotional, and intellectual change changes

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13
Q

Temporal lobe functions

A

Language (Warneke‘s area) : receptive speech or language comprehension

Primary auditory area

Emotion

Memory

Integration of vision with sensory information

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14
Q

Problems with temporal lobe

A

Visual or auditory hallucinations, aphasia, amnesia

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15
Q

Occipital lobe functions

A

Primary visual cortex

Integration area: integrates vision with other sensory information

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16
Q

Problems in the occipital lobe

A

Visual field defects

Blindness

Visual hallucinations

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17
Q

Parietal lobe functions

A

Primary sensory area

Taste

Reading and writing

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18
Q

Problems in the parietal lobe

A

Sensory perceptual disturbances and agnosia

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19
Q

Cerebrum parts

A

Cerebral cortex, limbic system, thalmus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia

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20
Q

Cerebral cortex function

A

Controls wide array of behaviors

Controls, contralateral, or opposite, side of the body

Sensory info from thalamus processed and integrated in the cortex

Responsible for what makes us human colon speech, cognition, judgment, perception, motor function

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21
Q

Limbic system function

A

Regulate and modulate emotions and memory

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22
Q

Limbic system parts

A

Hypothalamus, thalmus, hippocampus, amygdala

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23
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Regulates, appetite, hunger and thirst sensation, water, balance, circadian, rhythms, body temperature, libido, hormonal regulation

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24
Q

Thalamus function

A

Sensory relay, except smell

Modulate flow of sensory info to prevent overwhelming the cortex

Regulate emotions, memory, related affective behaviors

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25
Hippocampus function
Regulates memory Converts short-term memory into long-term
26
amygdala function
Mediates mood, fear, emotion, aggression Connecting sensory smell information with emotion
27
basal ganglia AKA
Corpus striatum
28
Basal ganglia function
Modulates and stabilizes somatic motor activity (CNS to skeletal muscles) Movement initiation, complex motor functions Functions in learning an automatic actions, like walking or driving a car Part of extrapyramidal, motor system or nerve tract Involuntary motor actions like muscle tone, posture, coordination of muscle movement, reflexes
29
What can many psychotropic medication's do to the basal ganglia?
He can affect the extra pyramidal motor, nerve track, causing involuntary movement side effects
30
parts of the basal ganglia
caudate and putamen
31
Problems in the basal ganglia lead to
Bradykinesia, hyperkinesias, dystonia
32
Brainstem is made up of cells that produce
neurotransmitters
33
Brainstem parts
Midbrain Pons Medulla Cerebellum Reticular Formation System
34
Midbrain
Home to the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra (DOPEAMINE SYNTHESIS)
35
Pons
home to the locus ceruleus (NE synthesis)
36
Medulla
With pons, contains autonomic control centers that regulate internal body functions
37
Cerebellum
Equilibrium gross movement control center (balance/posture) Each hemisphere has ipsolateral control (same side of the body
38
Problems with cerebellum lead to
ataxia (uncoordinated and inaccurate movements)
39
Test for cerebellar deficiency
romberg
40
Reticular formation system
primitive brain input from cortex to integrate postsensory pathways innervates thalmus, hypothalmus, cortex
41
Reticular formation system regulation functions
involuntary movement reflex muscle tone vital sign control blood pressure respiratory rate critical to consciousness and ability to mentally focus (alert/attention)
42
2 classes of cells in the nervous system
glia neurons
43
Glia cells
form the myelin sheath around axons and provide protection and support
44
2 phases of an action potential
depolarization repolarization
45
depolarization
initial phase of an action potential (excitatory response) when sodium and calcium ions flow into the cell
46
repolarization
restoration phase (inhibitory response) when potassium leaves the cell or chloride enters the cell
47
Synaptic problems in structure or chemistry lead to
interruption of normal flow which contribute to sx seen in psychiatric disorders
48
Categories of neurotransmitters
monoamines amino acids cholinergics neuropeptides
49
Criteria for classification for neurotransmitters
NT present in the nerve terminal Stimulate neuron causes release of NT enough to cause an action at postsynaptic membrane effect of exogenous transmitter on postsyn must be similar to those cause by stim of presyn mechanism of inactivation or metabolism of the NT must exist in the synapse exogenous drugs should alter the dose response curve of the NT similar to natural occuring
50
monoamines
AKA biogenic amines Ex: Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin
51
Catecholamines
dopamine, norepi, epi
52
dopamine produced in the
substantia nigra and the ventral termental area
53
dopamine precursor
tyrosine
54
dopamine removed from synaptic cleft by
monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymatic action
55
4 dopaminergic pathways
mesocortical mesolimbic nigrostriatal tuberoinfundibular
56
NE produced in the
locus ceruleus of the pons
57
NE precursor
tyrosine
58
NE removed from synaptic cleft by
and returns to storage by active reuptake process
59
NE is the NT implicated in
mood, anxiety, and concentration disorders
60
Epinephrine produced by
adrenal gland
61
epinephrine system AKA
adrenergic system
62
5HT is not a catecholamine it is an
indole
63
5ht produced in the
raphe nuclei of the brainstem
64
5ht precursor
tryptophan
65
5ht removed from synaptic cleft and returned to storage via
active reuptake process
66
5ht NT implicated in
mood and anxiety disorders
67
Amino acids examples
glutamate aspartate GABA glycine
68
Glutamate
universal excitatory NT
69
glutamate as major NT involved in process of
kindling: so seizure disorders and possibly Bipolar imbalance implicated in mood and schizophrenia
70
aspartate
another excitatory NT that works with glutamate
71
GABA
universal inhibitory NT
72
GABA is the site of action of
benzos, alcohol, barbituates, and other CNS depressants
73
glycine
another inhibitory NT that works with GABA
74
cholinergics
acetylcholine
75
acetylcholine location synthesized
basal nucleus of meynert
76
acetylcholine precursors
acetylcoenzyme A and choline
77
neuropeptides types
nonopioid type, opioid type
78
neuropeptides non opioid types
substance P, somatostatin
79
neuropeptides opioid types
endorphines, enkephalins, dynorphins
80
neuropeptides modulate
pain decreased amount thought to cause substance abuse
81
how does recovery and degradation of NTs work
after postsyn: destroyed by enzyme or transported back to presyn for reuse enzymatic destruction in either cytosol or synapse enzymes that destroy are MAO in the cytosol or COMT in synapse or intracellularly reuptake pumps remove NT from syn for reload into presyn and recycling
82
Imbalance ACH decrease leads to
Alzheimers, impaired memory
83
Imbalance ACH increase leads to
parkinsonian symptoms
84
Imbalance dopamine increase leads to
schizophrenia, psychosis
85
Imbalance dopamine decrease leads to
substance abuse anhedonia parkinsons disease
86
Imbalance NE decrease leads to
depression
87
Imbalance NE increase leads to
anxiety
88
Imbalance 5ht decrease leads to
depression, OCD, anxiety, schizophrenia
89
Imbalance GABA decrease leads to
anxiety disorders
90
Imbalance glutamate increase leads to
bipolar, psychosis from ischemic neurotoxicity or excessive pruning
91
Imbalance glutamate decrease leads to
memory and learning difficulty negative sx of schizophrenia
92
Imbalance opioid neuropeptides decrease leads to
substance abuse
93
2 dopamine receptors
D1 and D2
94
General function of dopamine
thinking decision-making reward seeking behavior fine muscle action integrated cognition
95
Sx of deficit of dopamine (Mild)
Poor impulse control Poor Spatiality Lack of abstract thought
96
Sx of deficit of dopamine (Severe)
Parkinsons disease Endocrine alterations movement disorders
97
Sx of excess of dopamine (Mild)
Improved creativity improved ability for abstract thinking improved executive functioning Improved Spatiality
98
Sx of excess of dopamine (Severe)
Disorganized thinking Loose association Tics Stereotypic behavior
99
2 NE receptors
@1 @2
100
General function of NE
Alterness focused attention orientation primes "fight or flight" learning memory
101
Sx of deficit of Norepinephrine
Dullness low energy depressive affect
102
Sx of excess of Norepinephrine
Anxiety hyperalterness increased startle Paranoia Decreased appetite
103
Serotonin receptors
5ht1a 5ht1d 5ht2 5ht2a 5ht3 5ht4
104
general function of serotinin
regulation of sleep pain perception mood states temperature regulation of aggression libido precursor of melatonin
105
Sx of deficit of serotonin
irritability hostility depression sleep dysregulation loss of appetite loss of libido
106
Sx of excess of serotonin
sedation increased aggression hallucination (rare)
107
ACH receptors
nicotinic muscarinic
108
general function of Ach
attention memory thirst mood regulation REM sleep Sexual behavior muscle tone
109
Sx of deficit of Ach
lack of inhibition decreased memory euphoria antisocial action speech decrease dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation
110
Sx of excess of Ach
over-inhibition anxiety depression somatic complaints self-consciousness drooling extrapyramidal movements
111
GABA receptors
GABAa GABAb
112
general function of GABA
reduces arousal reduces aggression reduces anxiety reduces excitation
113
Sx of deficit of GABA
irritability hostility tension and worry anxiety seizure activity
114
Sx of excess of GABA
reduced cellular excitability sedation impaired memory
115
general function of Glutamate
memory sustained autonomic functions
116
Glutamate receptors
AMPA MNDA
117
Sx of deficit of glutamate
poor memory low energy distractable
118
Sx of excess of Glutamate
kindling seizures anxiety or panic
119
Peptide: opioid type receptors
mu kappa epsilon delta sigma
120
general function of Peptide: opioid type
modulate emotions reward center function consolidation of memory modulate reactions to stress
121
Sx of deficit of peptide opioid type
hypersensitivity to pain and stress decreased pleasure sensation dysphoria
122
Sx of excess of peptide opioid type
insensitivity to pain catatonic like movement disturbance auditory hallucinations decreased memory
123
3 techniques to observe the brain
structural imaging functional imaging combined structural and functional
124
structural imaging of the brain
CT inexpensive and shows size/shape but lack sensitivity (white vs gray matter, cant view close to bone, bad with atrophy identification, no sagittal/coronal views MRI 2D, close to skull ok, separate white/gray/superior to CT but expensive, many contraindications, claustrophobia
125
functional imaging of the brain
bases results on blood flow, may use radioactive pharma to cross BBB, mainly used for research EEG: least expensive, focus on electrical functioning of the CNS MEG: similar but different electrical activities SPECT: cerebral blood flow, expensive PET: most expensive, needs a support team
126
combined structural and functional imaging of the brain
fMRI 3fEMRI fluorine magnetic spectroscopy dopamine receptor binding
127

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