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Praxis > Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is neurology?

A

Study of neurological disorders and diseases and their diagnosis and treatment

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2
Q

What is neuroanatomy?

A

Branch of neurology concerned with the study of structures of the nervous system

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3
Q

What is neurophysiology?

A

A branch of neurology concerned with the study of the function of the nervous system

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4
Q

Nervous system composed of ____

A

Billions of specialized cells that function interconnectedly; most important of these is neurons; nerves may be organized into systems

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5
Q

Glial cells aka ___

A

neuroglia

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6
Q

Glial cells include:

A

Schwann cells and oliodendroglia

Microglia

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7
Q

Schwann cells and oliodendroglia ____

A

related to myelin production

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8
Q

Microglia

A

Act as scavengers to remove dead cells and other waste

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9
Q

Most important type of nerve cell

A

Neurons

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10
Q

There are ____ of neurons that ____

A

Billions

Receive info from other neurons, process that info, transmit info to still other neurons

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11
Q

Neuron/nerve cell has how many parts?

A

2: soma/cell body & nerve fibers

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12
Q

Cell body/soma contains the ____ (core of cell body)

A

nucleus

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13
Q

Cell body is covered with what?

A

Membrane

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14
Q

Axons & dendrites are what?

A

projections of cell body

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15
Q

Axons and dendrites specialize in _____

A

receiving and conducting stimuli

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16
Q

What are dendrites and what do they do?

A

Short fibers that extend from the cell body

Receive neural impulses generated from axons of other cells and transmit the impulses to the cell body

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17
Q

Each cell has a single ____ wrapped in a _____

A

Axon

Myelin sheath

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18
Q

Axon are ____ than dendrites

A

longer

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19
Q

What is at the end of an axon?

A

terminal, or end, buttons

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20
Q

End buttons of one neuron _____

A

Either makes close contact with or actually touches the dendrite of another neuron

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21
Q

Job of an axon:

A

Send out impulses generated within the neuron; the impulses are sent away from the cell body to the other neurons

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22
Q

Neurons communicate with each other through junctions called _____

A

Synapses

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23
Q

An axon branches out into several smaller fibers which form _____

A

Terminals: connect to a synapse (includes a small gap or space)

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24
Q

A synapse consists of:

A

The terminal button of 1 neuron, the receptive site of another neuron, & the synaptic cleft or space between the two

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25
Q

What is neural transmission?

A

A chemical process of info exchange at the level of the synapse

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26
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical contained within the terminal buttons, helps make contact between 2 cells by diffusing itself across the synaptic space
Become bound to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane & may cause inhibition or excitation of the next neuron

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27
Q

3 basic types of neurons:

A

motor neurons, sensory neurons, interneurons

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28
Q

Sensory neurons aka:

A

afferent

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29
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

They carry sensory impulses from the peripheral sense organs toward the brain

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30
Q

Motor neurons aka:

A

efferent

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31
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Transmit impulses away from the CNS

Cause glandular secretions or muscle contractions (movement)

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32
Q

Most common type of neuron in nervous system:

A

Interneurons

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33
Q

Function of interneurons:

A

Link neurons with other neurons & play an important role in controlling movement

34
Q

Many axons, especially larger axons of the CNS & those in the PNS have ____ around them

A

Myelin sheath

35
Q

Myelin sheath

A

White insulating coating created by Schwann cels and oligodendrocytes/oliodendroglia
Breaks present at the junction between the cells to facilitate impulse transfer

36
Q

Neurons are arranged in the form of _____

A

Fibers

37
Q

Nervous system definition

A

Organization of nerves according to specific spatial, structural, and functional principles

38
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Collection of nerves that are outside the skull and spinal column
Carry sensory impulses originating in the peripheral sense organs to the brain and motor impulses originating in the brain to the glands and muscles of the body

39
Q

PNS contains ___ types of nerves:

A

3: Cranial, Spinal, Autonomic (making of the autonomic nervous system)

40
Q

How many pairs of Cranial nerves?

A

12

These are most directly involved in speech, language, and hearing

41
Q

How many pairs of Spinal nerves?

A

31

42
Q

Cranial nerves emerge from _____ and are attached to _____

A

The brainstem

The base of the brain

43
Q

CN’s are part of the _____ system

A

Lower motor

44
Q

CN receive much other their innervations from ____

A

Corticobulbar tract of the pyramidal system

45
Q

CN’s exit through _____

A

Foramina (or holes) in the base of the skull at different levels of the brainstem and the top portion of the spinal cord

46
Q

CN’s are numbered according to ____

A

The vertical order in which they exit from the skull

From there they go out to various sense organs & muscles of the neck & head

47
Q

Mnemonic for CN’s:

A

On Old Olympus’ Towering Top, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops.

48
Q

Cranial Nerve I

A

Olfactory

Sense of smell (sensory)

49
Q

Cranial Nerve II

A

Optic

Vision (sensory)

50
Q

Cranial Nerve III

A 
Oculomotor
Eye movement (motor)
51
Q

Cranial Nerve IV

A 
Trochlear
Eye movement (motor)
52
Q

Cranial Nerve V

A

Trigeminal

Face (sensory); jaw (motor)

53
Q

Cranial Nerve VI

A 
Abducens
Eye movement (motor)
54
Q

Cranial Nerve VII

A

Facial

Tongue (sensory); face (motor)

55
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII

A

Acoustic

Hearing and balance (sensory)

56
Q

Cranial Nerve IX

A

Glossopharyngeal

Tongue and pharynx (sensory); pharynx only (motor)

57
Q

Cranial Nerve X

A

Vagus

Larynx, respiratory, cardiac, GI systems (sensory and motor)

58
Q

Cranial Nerve XI

A

(Spinal) Accessory

Shoulder, arm, and throat movements (motor)

59
Q

Cranial Nerve XII

A

Hypoglossal

Mostly tongue movements (motor)

60
Q

Sensory Cranial Nerves

A

Carry sensory info from a sense organ like the nose to the brain

61
Q

Motor Cranial Nerves

A

Movement-related

Carry impulses from the brain to the muscles

62
Q

Several cranial nerves are _____ because they carry both sensory and motor impulses

A

Mixed nerves

63
Q

How many pairs of Cranial Nerves?

A

12 pairs

64
Q

1st 2 cranial nerves are related to the ______ (originate)

A

Cerebral cortex

65
Q

Cranial nerves III-XII originate from the ____ and innervate the muscles of the _____

A

Brainstem

Pharynx, tongue, larynx, head, neck, and face

66
Q

Cranial nerves ______ are not concerned with speech, language, or hearing:

A

I, II, III, IV, VI

67
Q

Cranial Nerve I (the olfactory nerve) is a _____

A

Sensory nerve originating in the nasal cavity involved with smell

68
Q

Cranial Nerve II (the optic nerve) is a _____

A

Sensory nerve originating in the retina of the eye

69
Q

Cranial Nerve III (the oculomotor nerve) and Cranial Nerve IV (the trochlear nerve) are ____

A

Motor nerves originating in the midbrain area and innervating muscles corresponding to eye movement

70
Q

Cranial Nerves _____ are involved with speech, language, and hearing:

A

V and VII-XII

71
Q

Cranial Nerve V (the trigeminal nerve) is a _____

A

Mixed nerve

72
Q

Sensory Fibers of CN V:

A

Composed of 3 branches: opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular

73
Q

Opthalmic branch of CN V supplies:

A

Sensory branches to the nose, eyes, and forehead

74
Q

Maxillary branch of CN V supplies:

A

Sensory branches to the upper lip, maxilla, upper cheek area, upper teeth, maxillary sinus, and palate

75
Q

Mandibular branch of CN V supplies:

A

Sensory branches to the mandible, lower teeth, lower lip, tongue, part of the cheek, and part of the external ear

76
Q

Motor Fibers of CN V:

A

Innervate various jaw muscles including the temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid, masseter, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani, mylohyoid, and anterior belly of the digastric muscle

77
Q

Damage to CN V may result in:

A

Inability to close the mouth, difficulty in chewing, trigeminal neuralgia

78
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

Sharp pain in the facial area

79
Q

Cranial Nerve VII (the facial nerve) is a ___

A

Mixed nerve

80
Q

Sensory fibers of CN VII:

A

Responsible for taste sensation on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

81
Q

Motor fibers of CN VII:

A

Innervate muscles important to facial expression and speech: buccinator, zygomatic, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, platysma, stapedius, stylohyoid, frontalis, procerus, nasalis, depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris, auricular muscles, various labial muscles, posterior belly of the digastric

82
Q

Damage to CN VII:

A

Mask-like appearance with minimal or no facial expression

Praxis (3 decks)

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