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Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is neurology?

A

Study of neurological disorders and diseases and their diagnosis and treatment

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2
Q

What is neuroanatomy?

A

Branch of neurology concerned with the study of structures of the nervous system

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3
Q

What is neurophysiology?

A

A branch of neurology concerned with the study of the function of the nervous system

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4
Q

Nervous system composed of ____

A

Billions of specialized cells that function interconnectedly; most important of these is neurons; nerves may be organized into systems

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5
Q

Glial cells aka ___

A

neuroglia

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6
Q

Glial cells include:

A

Schwann cells and oliodendroglia

Microglia

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7
Q

Schwann cells and oliodendroglia ____

A

related to myelin production

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8
Q

Microglia

A

Act as scavengers to remove dead cells and other waste

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9
Q

Most important type of nerve cell

A

Neurons

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10
Q

There are ____ of neurons that ____

A

Billions

Receive info from other neurons, process that info, transmit info to still other neurons

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11
Q

Neuron/nerve cell has how many parts?

A

2: soma/cell body & nerve fibers

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12
Q

Cell body/soma contains the ____ (core of cell body)

A

nucleus

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13
Q

Cell body is covered with what?

A

Membrane

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14
Q

Axons & dendrites are what?

A

projections of cell body

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15
Q

Axons and dendrites specialize in _____

A

receiving and conducting stimuli

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16
Q

What are dendrites and what do they do?

A

Short fibers that extend from the cell body

Receive neural impulses generated from axons of other cells and transmit the impulses to the cell body

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17
Q

Each cell has a single ____ wrapped in a _____

A

Axon

Myelin sheath

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18
Q

Axon are ____ than dendrites

A

longer

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19
Q

What is at the end of an axon?

A

terminal, or end, buttons

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20
Q

End buttons of one neuron _____

A

Either makes close contact with or actually touches the dendrite of another neuron

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21
Q

Job of an axon:

A

Send out impulses generated within the neuron; the impulses are sent away from the cell body to the other neurons

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22
Q

Neurons communicate with each other through junctions called _____

A

Synapses

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23
Q

An axon branches out into several smaller fibers which form _____

A

Terminals: connect to a synapse (includes a small gap or space)

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24
Q

A synapse consists of:

A

The terminal button of 1 neuron, the receptive site of another neuron, & the synaptic cleft or space between the two

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25
What is neural transmission?
A chemical process of info exchange at the level of the synapse
26
What is a neurotransmitter?
A chemical contained within the terminal buttons, helps make contact between 2 cells by diffusing itself across the synaptic space Become bound to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane & may cause inhibition or excitation of the next neuron
27
3 basic types of neurons:
motor neurons, sensory neurons, interneurons
28
Sensory neurons aka:
afferent
29
What are sensory neurons?
They carry sensory impulses from the peripheral sense organs toward the brain
30
Motor neurons aka:
efferent
31
What are motor neurons?
Transmit impulses away from the CNS | Cause glandular secretions or muscle contractions (movement)
32
Most common type of neuron in nervous system:
Interneurons
33
Function of interneurons:
Link neurons with other neurons & play an important role in controlling movement
34
Many axons, especially larger axons of the CNS & those in the PNS have ____ around them
Myelin sheath
35
Myelin sheath
White insulating coating created by Schwann cels and oligodendrocytes/oliodendroglia Breaks present at the junction between the cells to facilitate impulse transfer
36
Neurons are arranged in the form of _____
Fibers
37
Nervous system definition
Organization of nerves according to specific spatial, structural, and functional principles
38
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Collection of nerves that are outside the skull and spinal column Carry sensory impulses originating in the peripheral sense organs to the brain and motor impulses originating in the brain to the glands and muscles of the body
39
PNS contains ___ types of nerves:
3: Cranial, Spinal, Autonomic (making of the autonomic nervous system)
40
How many pairs of Cranial nerves?
12 | These are most directly involved in speech, language, and hearing
41
How many pairs of Spinal nerves?
31
42
Cranial nerves emerge from _____ and are attached to _____
The brainstem | The base of the brain
43
CN's are part of the _____ system
Lower motor
44
CN receive much other their innervations from ____
Corticobulbar tract of the pyramidal system
45
CN's exit through _____
Foramina (or holes) in the base of the skull at different levels of the brainstem and the top portion of the spinal cord
46
CN's are numbered according to ____
The vertical order in which they exit from the skull | From there they go out to various sense organs & muscles of the neck & head
47
Mnemonic for CN's:
On Old Olympus' Towering Top, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops.
48
Cranial Nerve I
Olfactory | Sense of smell (sensory)
49
Cranial Nerve II
Optic | Vision (sensory)
50
Cranial Nerve III
``` Oculomotor Eye movement (motor) ```
51
Cranial Nerve IV
``` Trochlear Eye movement (motor) ```
52
Cranial Nerve V
Trigeminal | Face (sensory); jaw (motor)
53
Cranial Nerve VI
``` Abducens Eye movement (motor) ```
54
Cranial Nerve VII
Facial | Tongue (sensory); face (motor)
55
Cranial Nerve VIII
Acoustic | Hearing and balance (sensory)
56
Cranial Nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal | Tongue and pharynx (sensory); pharynx only (motor)
57
Cranial Nerve X
Vagus | Larynx, respiratory, cardiac, GI systems (sensory and motor)
58
Cranial Nerve XI
(Spinal) Accessory | Shoulder, arm, and throat movements (motor)
59
Cranial Nerve XII
Hypoglossal | Mostly tongue movements (motor)
60
Sensory Cranial Nerves
Carry sensory info from a sense organ like the nose to the brain
61
Motor Cranial Nerves
Movement-related | Carry impulses from the brain to the muscles
62
Several cranial nerves are _____ because they carry both sensory and motor impulses
Mixed nerves
63
How many pairs of Cranial Nerves?
12 pairs
64
1st 2 cranial nerves are related to the ______ (originate)
Cerebral cortex
65
Cranial nerves III-XII originate from the ____ and innervate the muscles of the _____
Brainstem | Pharynx, tongue, larynx, head, neck, and face
66
Cranial nerves ______ are not concerned with speech, language, or hearing:
I, II, III, IV, VI
67
Cranial Nerve I (the olfactory nerve) is a _____
Sensory nerve originating in the nasal cavity involved with smell
68
Cranial Nerve II (the optic nerve) is a _____
Sensory nerve originating in the retina of the eye
69
Cranial Nerve III (the oculomotor nerve) and Cranial Nerve IV (the trochlear nerve) are ____
Motor nerves originating in the midbrain area and innervating muscles corresponding to eye movement
70
Cranial Nerves _____ are involved with speech, language, and hearing:
V and VII-XII
71
Cranial Nerve V (the trigeminal nerve) is a _____
Mixed nerve
72
Sensory Fibers of CN V:
Composed of 3 branches: opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular
73
Opthalmic branch of CN V supplies:
Sensory branches to the nose, eyes, and forehead
74
Maxillary branch of CN V supplies:
Sensory branches to the upper lip, maxilla, upper cheek area, upper teeth, maxillary sinus, and palate
75
Mandibular branch of CN V supplies:
Sensory branches to the mandible, lower teeth, lower lip, tongue, part of the cheek, and part of the external ear
76
Motor Fibers of CN V:
Innervate various jaw muscles including the temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid, masseter, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani, mylohyoid, and anterior belly of the digastric muscle
77
Damage to CN V may result in:
Inability to close the mouth, difficulty in chewing, trigeminal neuralgia
78
Trigeminal neuralgia
Sharp pain in the facial area
79
Cranial Nerve VII (the facial nerve) is a ___
Mixed nerve
80
Sensory fibers of CN VII:
Responsible for taste sensation on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
81
Motor fibers of CN VII:
Innervate muscles important to facial expression and speech: buccinator, zygomatic, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, platysma, stapedius, stylohyoid, frontalis, procerus, nasalis, depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris, auricular muscles, various labial muscles, posterior belly of the digastric
82
Damage to CN VII:
Mask-like appearance with minimal or no facial expression

Praxis (3 decks)

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