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Anatomy of Resonation & Articulation Flashcards

1
Q

Resonation is the process ____

A

By which the voice, or laryngeal tone, is modified when some frequency components are dampened & others are enhanced

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2
Q

Resonators that modify laryngeal tone are:

A

Pharynx, nasal cavity, oral cavity

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3
Q

Pharynx

A

AKA throat
Part of the upper airway
Located superiorly & posteriorly to the larynx
Size & shape of pharynx are modified by position of the tongue in the mouth & the vertical positioning of the larynx in the neck

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4
Q

English sounds produced with nasal resonance

A

/m/, /n/, /ng/

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5
Q

During production of nasal sounds, ___

A 
soft palate (velum) is relaxed and lowered
there's a coupling of nasal and oral cavities/they aren't separate from one another
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6
Q

For all other sounds besides nasal sounds in English, the velum ____

A

is elevated & retracted (or moved back) to make contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall, separating the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
Cavities are uncoupled so sounds are produced with primarily oral resonance

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7
Q

Oral cavity is the _____

A

Primary resonating structure for all English sounds except /m/, /n/, & /ng/

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8
Q

Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production AKA

A

Acoustic Theory of Vowel Production

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9
Q

Source-Filter Theory says ____

A

Vocal tract is visualized as a series of linked tubes: oral cavity (mouth), pharynx, nasal cavity; these tubes provide the variable resonating cavity that helps produce speech
Energy from vibrating VFs is modified by the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract
VFs generate a voicing source; voicing source routed through the vocal tract where it’s shaped into speech sounds

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10
Q

The source in Source-Filter Theory

A

Energy from the vibrating Vocal Folds

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11
Q

Filter in the Source-Filter Theory

A

Vocal Tract

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12
Q

In Source-Filter Theory, speech sounds may be vowels when source is _____

A

Phonation

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13
Q

In Source-Filter Theory, speech sounds may be consonants when sources include ____

A

Turbulence of frication or combinations of turbulence & voicing

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14
Q

Changes in configuration & shape of articulators govern _____

A

Resonance characteristics of the vocal tract

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15
Q

Resonances of the vocal tract determine ____

A

Sound of each specific vowel

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16
Q

Noise passed through filter of the oral cavity which has been _____

A

Specifically configured for production of that sound

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17
Q

Structures within the oral cavity are _____

A

Shaped and moved to provide specific resonance for each sound
These structures are key in the artic process

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18
Q

Articulation

A

Refers to movements of speech structures to produce speech sounds; act of saying something clearly
Movement of joined anatomic parts as well as production of speech sounds that results from such movements

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19
Q

Larynx & Articulation

A

Produces sound that is shaped into speech
Sound travels through pharynx & oral cavity (nasal cavity)
In oral cavity, structures modify sound into specific sounds for speech

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20
Q

Oral Cavity Structures in Articulation

A

Pharynx, soft palate, hard palate, mandible, teeth, tongue, lips, cheeks

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21
Q

Pharyngeal cavity divided into 3 segments:

A

Laryngopharynx
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx

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22
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Begins immediately superior to larynx & ends at base of tongue

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23
Q

Oropharynx

A

Extends up to the soft palate & is connected to the nasopharynx

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24
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Ends where the 2 nasal cavities begin

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25
Laryngopharynx & oropharynx add _____
Resonance to the sounds produced by the larynx
26
Nasopharynx adds noticeable resonance ____
Only to the nasals, /m/, /n/, /ng/
27
Most pharyngeal muscles are innervated by ____
CN X, CN XI via the pharyngeal plexus
28
Pharyngeal plexus is formed ___
By the joining of CN's X & XI; it supplies the upper pharyngeal musculature
29
Salpingopharyngeus Innervation & Function
X, XI | Elevates lateral pharyngeal wall
30
Stylopharyngeus Innervation & Function
IX | Elevates & opens pharynx
31
Superior pharyngeal constrictor Innervation & Function
X, XI | Constricts pharyngeal diameter, pulls pharyngeal wall forward
32
Middle pharyngeal constrictor Innervation & Function
X, XI | Narrows diameter of pharynx
33
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, cricopharyngeus Innervation & Function
X, XI | Constricts superior orifice of esophagus
34
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, thyropharyngeus Innervation & Function
X, XI | Reduces diameter of lower pharynx
35
Soft palate aka
Velum
36
What is the Velum?
Flexible muscular structure at the juncture of the oropharynx and the nasopharynx Located in posterior area of the oral cavity & hangs from the hard palate Dynamic structure of muscles that elevates and lowers
37
Uvula
A small, cone-shaped structure at the tip of the velum
38
When the soft palate is lowered, ____
there is a coupling of the nasal & oral cavities for nasal sounds or quiet breathing through the nose
39
When the soft palate is raised, ____
the muscles of the pharynx also move inward to meet the muscles of the soft palate Nasal port is closed with the sphincter-like action Called velopharyngeal closure
40
If the muscular bulk of the soft palate is inadequate, _____
Nasal cavity may remain open to some extend | Speakers may sound excessively nasal because sound energy passes through the nasal cavities when it shouldn't
41
Muscles of the Soft Palate:
Levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus
42
Levator veli palatini Innervation & Function
X, XI | Primary elevator of the velum
43
Tensor veli palatini
V | Tenses velum, dilates eustachian tube
44
Palatoglossus
X, XI | Elevates & depresses velum
45
Palatopharyngeus
X, XI | Narrows pharyngeal cavity, lowers velum, may assist in elevating larynx
46
What is the hard palate?
Bony structure making up the roof of the mouth & floor of the nose Part of the maxillae
47
Maxillae
Paired bones which are the largest in the face & form the entire upper jaw
48
Front portion of the maxillary bone is called the:
Premaxilla
49
Premaxilla houses:
Four upper front teeth
50
Four upper front teeth are known as the ___
Incisors
51
Portion of the maxillary bone that forms most of the hard palate is called:
Palatine process | Consists of 2 pieces of bone that grow & fuse at the midline during the fetal stage
52
Outer edges of the maxillary bone are called:
Alveolar process
53
Alveolar process houses:
Molar, bicuspid, and cuspid teeth
54
Clefts of the palate occur in utero due to:
Genetic and toxic environmental reasons Premaxilla may fail to fuse with the maxillary bone Palatine process may fail to fuse at midline
55
Posteriorly, maxillary bone joins with the:
Palatine bone
56
Soft palate attaches to the ____
Palatine bone
57
Lower jaw is called ____
Mandible
58
Mandible houses ____
Lower teeth and forms the floor of the mouth
59
Mandible is formed by _____
Fusion of two bones in the midpoint of the chin, but is considered to be one bone in adults
60
Alveolar arch ___
Part of the mandible that houses the teeth | Two arches of the mandible are hinged to the skull with a set of muscles and tendons
61
Mandible is attached to the temporal bone of the skull ____
by a joint called the temporomandibular joint
62
Muscles of the mandible serve 2 major functions:
1. Opening & closing the mouth 2. Chewing food Mandible is also important for speech because it houses the lower teeth, serves as a framework for tongue and lower lip; integral part of oral cavity
63
Categorization of mandible muscles:
Elevators or depressors | Arise from branches of CN V, VII, XII
64
Geniohyoid arises from ____
C1 spinal nerve
65
Mandibular elevators:
Masseter, temporalis, medial (internal) pterygoid, lateral (external) pterygoid
66
Masseter Innervation and Function:
V | Elevates mandible
67
Temporalis Innervation and Function
V | Elevates mandible, draws mandible back if protruded
68
Medial (internal) pterygoid Innervation and Function
V | Elevates mandible
69
Lateral (external) pterygoid Innervation and Function
V | Protrudes mandible
70
Mandibular Depressors:
Anterior belly of digastric, posterior belly of digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid
71
Anterior belly of digastric Innervation and Function
V | Depresses mandible in conjunction with posterior belly of digastric; pulls hyoid forward
72
Posterior belly of digastric Innervation and Function
VII | Depresses mandible in conjunction with anterior belly of digastric; pulls hyoid back
73
Geniohyoid Innervation and Function
XII, C1 | Depresses mandible
74
Mylohyoid Innervation and Function
V | Depresses mandible
75
Lower dental arch is part of ____
Mandible
76
Upper dental arch is part of ____
Maxillary bone
77
Major function of the teeth is ____
Mastication (chewing); also aid in production of some speech sounds so they are considered articulators
78
Teeth called by different names depending on ____
Location in the mouth
79
Deciduous teeth
Temporary teeth that appear in a baby, usually around 6-9 months of age
80
How many deciduous teeth?
20, 10 in each arch of the 10, 4 are incisors, 2 are canine, and 4 are molar Deciduous dental arch doesn't have premolars or the 3rd molar
81
Adults have ____ teeth
32; 16 in each arch | 4 are incisors, 2 are canine, 4 are premolar, 6 are molar
82
Occlusion
the way the two dental arches come together when a person "bites down" Normal if: upper and lower dental arches meet each other in a symmetrical manner & if the individual teeth in the 2 arches are properly aligned
83
Malocclusions
Devisions in the positioning of individual teeth and the shape and relationship of upper and lower dental arches
84
Tongue in eating & speech production
Taste buds help people taste food Muscles of the tongue help it move food around in the oral cavity for efficient mastication and swallowing Critical for articulation
85
Tongue divided into ____ major parts:
4 | Tip, blade, dorsum, & root
86
Tip of tongue
Thinnest and most flexible part of the tongue; impoartant role in articulation
87
Blade of tongue
Small region adjacent to tip; in resting position, it is the portion of the tongue that's just inferior to the alveolar ridge
88
Dorsum of tongue
Large area of the tongue that lies in contact with both the hard & soft plates
89
Root of tongue
Very back and bottom portion of tongue
90
Lingual frenulum (frenum)
Connects the mandible with the inferior portion of the tongue A band of tissue that may stabilize the tongue during movement
91
2 sets of tongue muscles
Intrinsic and extrinsic Upon contraction, they perform important function in articulation Innervation is CN XII
92
Intrinsic Lingual Muscles
Superior Longitudinal Muscle Inferior Longitudinal Muscle Transverse Muscles Vertical Muscles
93
Superior Longitudinal Muscle Innervation & Function
XII | Shortens tongue, turns tip upward, assists in turning lateral margins upward
94
Inferior Longitudinal Muscle Innervation & Function
XII | Shortens tongue, pulls tip downward, assists in retraction
95
Transverse Muscles Innervation & Function
XII | Narrow and elongate the tongue
96
Vertical Muscles Innervation & Function
XII | Flatten the tongue
97
Extrinsic Lingual Muscles
``` Genioglossus Styloglossus Hyoglossus Chondroglossus Palatoglossus ```
98
Genioglossus Innervation & Function
XII Forms bulk of tongue; is able to retract tongue, draw tongue downward, draw entire tongue anteriorly to protrude tip or press tip against alveolar ridges and teeth Allows tongue to move freely
99
Styloglossus Innervation & Function
XII | Draws tongue up and back, may draw sides of tongue upward to make dorsum concave
100
Hyoglossus Innervation & Function
XII | Retracts and depresses tongue
101
Chondroglossus Innervation & Function
XII | Depresses the tongue
102
Palatoglossus Innervation & Function
Some consider it a muscle of the velum, but it helps elevate the tongue (but depresses the velum)
103
Primary muscle of the lips:
Orbicularis oris
104
Cheeks primarily composed of ____ muscle
buccinator
105
Buccinator muscle is a large, flat muscle whose inner surface is covered with _____
Mucous membrane
106
Most of the facial muscles are innervated by either _____
the buccal branches of the mandibular marginal branch of CN VII
107
Facial Muscles:
Mentalis, platysma, risorius, buccinator, depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris (triangularis), zygomatic minor, zygomatic major, orbicularis oris inferioris & superioris, levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi All innervated by CN VII
108
Mentalis Function
Pulls lower lip out, wrinkles & elevates chin
109
Platysma Function
Depresses mandible
110
Risorius Function
Retracts lips at corners
111
Buccinator Function
Constricts oropharynx; moves food onto grinding surfaces of molars
112
Depressor labii inferioris Function
Pulls lip down & out to dilate orifice
113
Depressor anguli oris (triangularis) Function
Helps to press lower & upper lips together; depresses corners of mouth
114
Zygomatic minor Function
Elevates upper lip
115
Zygomatic major Function
Retracts & elevates angle of mouth
116
Orbicularis oris inferioris & superioris Function
Pulls lips together, seals lips, serves as point of insertion for other muscles, interacts with other muscles of facial expressions
117
Levator anguli oris Function
Draws corner of mouth upward and toward medial
118
Levator labii superioris Function
Elevates upper lip
119
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi Function
Elevates upper lip

Praxis (3 decks)

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