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Praxis > Anatomy of Resonation & Articulation > Flashcards

Anatomy of Resonation & Articulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Resonation is the process ____

A

By which the voice, or laryngeal tone, is modified when some frequency components are dampened & others are enhanced

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2
Q

Resonators that modify laryngeal tone are:

A

Pharynx, nasal cavity, oral cavity

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3
Q

Pharynx

A

AKA throat
Part of the upper airway
Located superiorly & posteriorly to the larynx
Size & shape of pharynx are modified by position of the tongue in the mouth & the vertical positioning of the larynx in the neck

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4
Q

English sounds produced with nasal resonance

A

/m/, /n/, /ng/

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5
Q

During production of nasal sounds, ___

A 
soft palate (velum) is relaxed and lowered
there's a coupling of nasal and oral cavities/they aren't separate from one another
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6
Q

For all other sounds besides nasal sounds in English, the velum ____

A

is elevated & retracted (or moved back) to make contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall, separating the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
Cavities are uncoupled so sounds are produced with primarily oral resonance

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7
Q

Oral cavity is the _____

A

Primary resonating structure for all English sounds except /m/, /n/, & /ng/

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8
Q

Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production AKA

A

Acoustic Theory of Vowel Production

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9
Q

Source-Filter Theory says ____

A

Vocal tract is visualized as a series of linked tubes: oral cavity (mouth), pharynx, nasal cavity; these tubes provide the variable resonating cavity that helps produce speech
Energy from vibrating VFs is modified by the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract
VFs generate a voicing source; voicing source routed through the vocal tract where it’s shaped into speech sounds

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10
Q

The source in Source-Filter Theory

A

Energy from the vibrating Vocal Folds

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11
Q

Filter in the Source-Filter Theory

A

Vocal Tract

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12
Q

In Source-Filter Theory, speech sounds may be vowels when source is _____

A

Phonation

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13
Q

In Source-Filter Theory, speech sounds may be consonants when sources include ____

A

Turbulence of frication or combinations of turbulence & voicing

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14
Q

Changes in configuration & shape of articulators govern _____

A

Resonance characteristics of the vocal tract

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15
Q

Resonances of the vocal tract determine ____

A

Sound of each specific vowel

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16
Q

Noise passed through filter of the oral cavity which has been _____

A

Specifically configured for production of that sound

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17
Q

Structures within the oral cavity are _____

A

Shaped and moved to provide specific resonance for each sound
These structures are key in the artic process

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18
Q

Articulation

A

Refers to movements of speech structures to produce speech sounds; act of saying something clearly
Movement of joined anatomic parts as well as production of speech sounds that results from such movements

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19
Q

Larynx & Articulation

A

Produces sound that is shaped into speech
Sound travels through pharynx & oral cavity (nasal cavity)
In oral cavity, structures modify sound into specific sounds for speech

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20
Q

Oral Cavity Structures in Articulation

A

Pharynx, soft palate, hard palate, mandible, teeth, tongue, lips, cheeks

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21
Q

Pharyngeal cavity divided into 3 segments:

A

Laryngopharynx
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx

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22
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Begins immediately superior to larynx & ends at base of tongue

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23
Q

Oropharynx

A

Extends up to the soft palate & is connected to the nasopharynx

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24
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Ends where the 2 nasal cavities begin

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25
Q

Laryngopharynx & oropharynx add _____

A

Resonance to the sounds produced by the larynx

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26
Q

Nasopharynx adds noticeable resonance ____

A

Only to the nasals, /m/, /n/, /ng/

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27
Q

Most pharyngeal muscles are innervated by ____

A

CN X, CN XI via the pharyngeal plexus

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28
Q

Pharyngeal plexus is formed ___

A

By the joining of CN’s X & XI; it supplies the upper pharyngeal musculature

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29
Q

Salpingopharyngeus Innervation & Function

A

X, XI

Elevates lateral pharyngeal wall

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30
Q

Stylopharyngeus Innervation & Function

A

IX

Elevates & opens pharynx

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31
Q

Superior pharyngeal constrictor Innervation & Function

A

X, XI

Constricts pharyngeal diameter, pulls pharyngeal wall forward

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32
Q

Middle pharyngeal constrictor Innervation & Function

A

X, XI

Narrows diameter of pharynx

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33
Q

Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, cricopharyngeus Innervation & Function

A

X, XI

Constricts superior orifice of esophagus

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34
Q

Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, thyropharyngeus Innervation & Function

A

X, XI

Reduces diameter of lower pharynx

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35
Q

Soft palate aka

A

Velum

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36
Q

What is the Velum?

A

Flexible muscular structure at the juncture of the oropharynx and the nasopharynx
Located in posterior area of the oral cavity & hangs from the hard palate
Dynamic structure of muscles that elevates and lowers

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37
Q

Uvula

A

A small, cone-shaped structure at the tip of the velum

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38
Q

When the soft palate is lowered, ____

A

there is a coupling of the nasal & oral cavities for nasal sounds or quiet breathing through the nose

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39
Q

When the soft palate is raised, ____

A

the muscles of the pharynx also move inward to meet the muscles of the soft palate
Nasal port is closed with the sphincter-like action
Called velopharyngeal closure

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40
Q

If the muscular bulk of the soft palate is inadequate, _____

A

Nasal cavity may remain open to some extend

Speakers may sound excessively nasal because sound energy passes through the nasal cavities when it shouldn’t

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41
Q

Muscles of the Soft Palate:

A

Levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus

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42
Q

Levator veli palatini Innervation & Function

A

X, XI

Primary elevator of the velum

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43
Q

Tensor veli palatini

A

V

Tenses velum, dilates eustachian tube

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44
Q

Palatoglossus

A

X, XI

Elevates & depresses velum

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45
Q

Palatopharyngeus

A

X, XI

Narrows pharyngeal cavity, lowers velum, may assist in elevating larynx

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46
Q

What is the hard palate?

A

Bony structure making up the roof of the mouth & floor of the nose
Part of the maxillae

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47
Q

Maxillae

A

Paired bones which are the largest in the face & form the entire upper jaw

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48
Q

Front portion of the maxillary bone is called the:

A

Premaxilla

49
Q

Premaxilla houses:

A

Four upper front teeth

50
Q

Four upper front teeth are known as the ___

A

Incisors

51
Q

Portion of the maxillary bone that forms most of the hard palate is called:

A

Palatine process

Consists of 2 pieces of bone that grow & fuse at the midline during the fetal stage

52
Q

Outer edges of the maxillary bone are called:

A

Alveolar process

53
Q

Alveolar process houses:

A

Molar, bicuspid, and cuspid teeth

54
Q

Clefts of the palate occur in utero due to:

A

Genetic and toxic environmental reasons
Premaxilla may fail to fuse with the maxillary bone
Palatine process may fail to fuse at midline

55
Q

Posteriorly, maxillary bone joins with the:

A

Palatine bone

56
Q

Soft palate attaches to the ____

A

Palatine bone

57
Q

Lower jaw is called ____

A

Mandible

58
Q

Mandible houses ____

A

Lower teeth and forms the floor of the mouth

59
Q

Mandible is formed by _____

A

Fusion of two bones in the midpoint of the chin, but is considered to be one bone in adults

60
Q

Alveolar arch ___

A

Part of the mandible that houses the teeth

Two arches of the mandible are hinged to the skull with a set of muscles and tendons

61
Q

Mandible is attached to the temporal bone of the skull ____

A

by a joint called the temporomandibular joint

62
Q

Muscles of the mandible serve 2 major functions:

A
  1. Opening & closing the mouth
  2. Chewing food
    Mandible is also important for speech because it houses the lower teeth, serves as a framework for tongue and lower lip; integral part of oral cavity
63
Q

Categorization of mandible muscles:

A

Elevators or depressors

Arise from branches of CN V, VII, XII

64
Q

Geniohyoid arises from ____

A

C1 spinal nerve

65
Q

Mandibular elevators:

A

Masseter, temporalis, medial (internal) pterygoid, lateral (external) pterygoid

66
Q

Masseter Innervation and Function:

A

V

Elevates mandible

67
Q

Temporalis Innervation and Function

A

V

Elevates mandible, draws mandible back if protruded

68
Q

Medial (internal) pterygoid Innervation and Function

A

V

Elevates mandible

69
Q

Lateral (external) pterygoid Innervation and Function

A

V

Protrudes mandible

70
Q

Mandibular Depressors:

A

Anterior belly of digastric, posterior belly of digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid

71
Q

Anterior belly of digastric Innervation and Function

A

V

Depresses mandible in conjunction with posterior belly of digastric; pulls hyoid forward

72
Q

Posterior belly of digastric Innervation and Function

A

VII

Depresses mandible in conjunction with anterior belly of digastric; pulls hyoid back

73
Q

Geniohyoid Innervation and Function

A

XII, C1

Depresses mandible

74
Q

Mylohyoid Innervation and Function

A

V

Depresses mandible

75
Q

Lower dental arch is part of ____

A

Mandible

76
Q

Upper dental arch is part of ____

A

Maxillary bone

77
Q

Major function of the teeth is ____

A

Mastication (chewing); also aid in production of some speech sounds so they are considered articulators

78
Q

Teeth called by different names depending on ____

A

Location in the mouth

79
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

Temporary teeth that appear in a baby, usually around 6-9 months of age

80
Q

How many deciduous teeth?

A

20, 10 in each arch
of the 10, 4 are incisors, 2 are canine, and 4 are molar
Deciduous dental arch doesn’t have premolars or the 3rd molar

81
Q

Adults have ____ teeth

A

32; 16 in each arch

4 are incisors, 2 are canine, 4 are premolar, 6 are molar

82
Q

Occlusion

A

the way the two dental arches come together when a person “bites down”
Normal if: upper and lower dental arches meet each other in a symmetrical manner & if the individual teeth in the 2 arches are properly aligned

83
Q

Malocclusions

A

Devisions in the positioning of individual teeth and the shape and relationship of upper and lower dental arches

84
Q

Tongue in eating & speech production

A

Taste buds help people taste food
Muscles of the tongue help it move food around in the oral cavity for efficient mastication and swallowing
Critical for articulation

85
Q

Tongue divided into ____ major parts:

A

4

Tip, blade, dorsum, & root

86
Q

Tip of tongue

A

Thinnest and most flexible part of the tongue; impoartant role in articulation

87
Q

Blade of tongue

A

Small region adjacent to tip; in resting position, it is the portion of the tongue that’s just inferior to the alveolar ridge

88
Q

Dorsum of tongue

A

Large area of the tongue that lies in contact with both the hard & soft plates

89
Q

Root of tongue

A

Very back and bottom portion of tongue

90
Q

Lingual frenulum (frenum)

A

Connects the mandible with the inferior portion of the tongue
A band of tissue that may stabilize the tongue during movement

91
Q

2 sets of tongue muscles

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic
Upon contraction, they perform important function in articulation
Innervation is CN XII

92
Q

Intrinsic Lingual Muscles

A

Superior Longitudinal Muscle
Inferior Longitudinal Muscle
Transverse Muscles
Vertical Muscles

93
Q

Superior Longitudinal Muscle Innervation & Function

A

XII

Shortens tongue, turns tip upward, assists in turning lateral margins upward

94
Q

Inferior Longitudinal Muscle Innervation & Function

A

XII

Shortens tongue, pulls tip downward, assists in retraction

95
Q

Transverse Muscles Innervation & Function

A

XII

Narrow and elongate the tongue

96
Q

Vertical Muscles Innervation & Function

A

XII

Flatten the tongue

97
Q

Extrinsic Lingual Muscles

A 
Genioglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Chondroglossus
Palatoglossus
98
Q

Genioglossus Innervation & Function

A

XII
Forms bulk of tongue; is able to retract tongue, draw tongue downward, draw entire tongue anteriorly to protrude tip or press tip against alveolar ridges and teeth
Allows tongue to move freely

99
Q

Styloglossus Innervation & Function

A

XII

Draws tongue up and back, may draw sides of tongue upward to make dorsum concave

100
Q

Hyoglossus Innervation & Function

A

XII

Retracts and depresses tongue

101
Q

Chondroglossus Innervation & Function

A

XII

Depresses the tongue

102
Q

Palatoglossus Innervation & Function

A

Some consider it a muscle of the velum, but it helps elevate the tongue (but depresses the velum)

103
Q

Primary muscle of the lips:

A

Orbicularis oris

104
Q

Cheeks primarily composed of ____ muscle

A

buccinator

105
Q

Buccinator muscle is a large, flat muscle whose inner surface is covered with _____

A

Mucous membrane

106
Q

Most of the facial muscles are innervated by either _____

A

the buccal branches of the mandibular marginal branch of CN VII

107
Q

Facial Muscles:

A

Mentalis, platysma, risorius, buccinator, depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris (triangularis), zygomatic minor, zygomatic major, orbicularis oris inferioris & superioris, levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
All innervated by CN VII

108
Q

Mentalis Function

A

Pulls lower lip out, wrinkles & elevates chin

109
Q

Platysma Function

A

Depresses mandible

110
Q

Risorius Function

A

Retracts lips at corners

111
Q

Buccinator Function

A

Constricts oropharynx; moves food onto grinding surfaces of molars

112
Q

Depressor labii inferioris Function

A

Pulls lip down & out to dilate orifice

113
Q

Depressor anguli oris (triangularis) Function

A

Helps to press lower & upper lips together; depresses corners of mouth

114
Q

Zygomatic minor Function

A

Elevates upper lip

115
Q

Zygomatic major Function

A

Retracts & elevates angle of mouth

116
Q

Orbicularis oris inferioris & superioris Function

A

Pulls lips together, seals lips, serves as point of insertion for other muscles, interacts with other muscles of facial expressions

117
Q

Levator anguli oris Function

A

Draws corner of mouth upward and toward medial

118
Q

Levator labii superioris Function

A

Elevates upper lip

119
Q

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi Function

A

Elevates upper lip

Praxis (3 decks)

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