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Praxis > Anatomy of Respiration and Phonation > Flashcards

Anatomy of Respiration and Phonation Flashcards

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1
Q

Speech

A

Depends on intricate & complex system of structures & functions working together to allow humans to communicate w/ 1 another

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2
Q

Respiration

A

Supplies energy for speech

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3
Q

Phonation

A

Voicing & the structures & processes that create voice

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4
Q

Resonation

A

Process by which voice or laryngeal tone is modified by various supralaryngeal cavities & structures

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5
Q

Articulation

A

Process of making speech sounds

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6
Q

What is respiration? What is the structural framework?

A

Breathing

Lungs, bronchi, trachea, spinal column, sternum, rib cage

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7
Q

Inhalation also called…

A

Inspiration

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8
Q

Exhalation also called…

A

Expiration

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9
Q

Respiration cycle includes:

A

Inhalation & exhalation

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10
Q

What does inhalation do?

A

Brings oxygen to blood; draws air into the lungs, where an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
Expand the chest cavity, the lungs, causing this

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11
Q

What does exhalation do?

A

Helps get rid of mixed air & gases which result from respiratory metabolism
As lungs expand with inhalation, pressure w/in lungs compared to outside is reduced
Air moves through open laryngeal valve into lungs equalizing pressure inside & outside
Then muscles contract to reduce volume of chest cavity–(+) air pressure in lungs causing this

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12
Q

Medulla Oblongata (brainstem) & Respiration

A

When an excessive amount of CO2 in blood cells creates need for O2, this fires impulses to respiratory muscles

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13
Q

Definition of Respiration:

A

Exchange of gas between an organism & its environment

Provides air supply needed to set VFs in vibration for speech (typically during exhalation)

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14
Q

Speech typically produced on: inhalation or exhalation

A

Exhalation
Duration of exhalation during speech tends to be longer than its duration during silent periods
Longer & louder utterances may require deeper inhalations
Singers also inhale deeply
More consciously monitored & adjusted to meet demands of speech in various daily situations compared to quiet breathing

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15
Q

Basic process of inhalation:

A

Inhalation–>chest/lungs expand–>diaphragm lowers–>air flows in through nose/mouth–>air goes down pharynx & b/t open VFs–>air continues downward through trachea & bronchial tubes–>air reaches final destination of lungs

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16
Q

Exchange of gas in respiration is accomplished in the ____

A

Lungs

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17
Q

Healthy lungs appear:

A

Soft, spongy, porous, elastic, pink

Have rich vascular supply & numerous air sacs

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18
Q

When respiratory system is at rest, lungs are:

A

Partially inflated to approximately 40% of their total lung capacity

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19
Q

Lungs are located in:

A

Thoracic cavity & take up most of cavity’s space

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20
Q

Right lung is _____ than the left lung because ______

A

Shorter, broader, & bigger

Liver underneath it forces it into a slightly upward direction

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21
Q

What are Bronchi?

A

Tubes that extend f rom the lungs upward to the trachea

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22
Q

Bronchi Composition

A

Cartilaginous rings bound together by fibroelastic tissue

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23
Q

In the lungs, the bronchi subdivide into _____

A

Bronchioles

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24
Q

As bronchi & bronchioles divide, the become _____

A

Less cartilaginous & more muscular in composition

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25
Q

Bronchioles In the lungs

A

Repeatedly divide until they become very thin

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26
Q

Bronchioles ultimately communicate with:

A

Alveolar ducts that open into tiny air sacs in the lungs

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27
Q

When person inhales, air goes through:

A

larynx to the trachea to the lungs, which expand

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28
Q

Trachea composition

A

A tube formed by approximately 20 rings of cartilage which are incomplete in the back where it comes in direct contact with esophagus

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29
Q

1st tracheal cartilage:

A

Larger than the rest & connects to the inferior, or bottom, border of cricoid cartilage

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30
Q

Trachea extends from:

A

Larynx at level of 6th cervical vertebra and the last tracheal ring splits in 2, or bifurcates, into left and right primary bronchi at level of 5th thoracic vertebra

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31
Q

Trachea bifurcates into:

A

2 primary bronchi (left & right) at level of 5th thoracic vertebra

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32
Q

Spinal column consists of:

A

32-33 individual vertebrae

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33
Q

Vertebrae are divided into ____ segments:

A 
5
7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
5 sacral vertebrae (S1-S5)
3-4 coccygeal vertebrae (fused together to form coccyx)
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34
Q

Thoracic vertebrae provide points of attachment for:

A

Ribs

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35
Q

Lumbar vertebrae are ____ making them suitable for _____

A

Large

Weight-bearing functions

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36
Q

Sternum aka ____

A

Breastbone

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37
Q

Sternum location & composition:

A

Location: Superior, anterior thoracic wall

3 parts: Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

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38
Q

Manubrium:

A

Uppermost segment of sternum; attachment for clavicle & 1st rib

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39
Q

Body/Corpus of Sternum:

A

Long & narrow

Cartilages of ribs 2 through 7 attach to this

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40
Q

Xiphoid Process

A

Small cartilaginous structure found at bottom of body of sternum

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41
Q

Rib cage aka:

A

Thoracic cage

Chest

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42
Q

Rib cage consists of ____ that form _____:

A

12 pairs of ribs that form a cylindrical structure

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43
Q

Rib cage function:

A

Houses & protects such organs as heart & lungs

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44
Q

Structures of the rib cage

A

Sternum in anterior surface
12 thoracic vertebrae in posterior surface
12 pairs of ribs that connect laterally from vertebrae to their individual costal cartilages

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45
Q

Diaphragm

A

Floor of chest cavity
Thick, dome-shaped muscle that separates abdomen from thorax
Major role in breathing

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46
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

Located between ribs
Critical for respiration
Internal and external intercostals

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47
Q

Internal Intercostals

A

11 paired muscles that pull ribs downward to decreased diameter of thoracic cavity for exhalation

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48
Q

External Intercostals

A

11 paired muscles that raise ribs up and out to increase diameter of thoracic cavity for inhalation

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49
Q

Muscles for elevating rib cage in respiration:

A

serratus posterior superior, levator costarum brevis, levator costarum longis, external intercostals
Innervations basically arise from vertebrae and their nerves & branches

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50
Q

Diaphragm Innervation & Function

A

C3-C5

Distends abdomen, enlarges vertical dimension of thorax, depresses central tendon of diaphragm

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51
Q

Serratus Posterior Superior Innervation & Function

A

C7, T1-T4

Elevates rib cage

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52
Q

Levator Costarum Brevis Innervation & Function

A

T2-T12

Elevates rib cage

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53
Q

Levator Costarum Longis Innervation & Function

A

T2-T12

Elevates rib cage

54
Q

External Intercostals Innervation & Function

A

T2-T11

Elevates rib cage

55
Q

Accessory muscles of neck involved in respiration

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

56
Q

Sternocleidomastoid & Respiration

A

Elevates the sternum & indirectly, the rib cage

57
Q

Trapezius & Respiration

A

Controls the head and elongates the neck, indirectly influencing respiration

58
Q

Muscles of shoulder & upper arm that act on rib cage to increase/decrease dimensions:

A

Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, levator scapulae

59
Q

Pectoralis major Innervation & Function

A

C4-T1

Increases transverse dimension of rib cage through elevation of sternum

60
Q

Pectoralis minor Innervation & Function

A

C4-T1

Increases transverse dimension of rib cage

61
Q

Serratus anterior Innervation & Function

A

C5-C7

Elevats ribs 1-9

62
Q

Levator scapulae Innervation & Function

A

C3-C5

Elevates scapula, supports neck

63
Q

Rhomboideus major Innervation & Function

A

C5

Stabilizes shoulder girdle

64
Q

Rhomboideus minor Innervation & Function

A

C5

Stabilizes shoulder girdle

65
Q

Internal Intercostal Innervation & Function

A

T2-T11

Depresses ribs 1-11

66
Q

Innermost Intercostal Innervation & Function

A

T2-T11

Depresses ribs 1-11

67
Q

Trasversus thoracicus Innervation & Function

A

T2-T6

Depresses ribs 2-6

68
Q

Posterior Thoracic Muscles involved in respiration

A

Support exhalation

Subcostal muscle & serratus posterior inferior

69
Q

Subcostal muscle

A

Depresses thorax

70
Q

Serratus posterior inferior muscles

A

Pull rib cage down when contracted aiding in exhalation

71
Q

Abdominal muscles of exhalation

A

Latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis, transverus abdominis, internal oblique abdominis, quatratus lumborum

72
Q

Latissimus dorsi Innervation & Function

A

C6-C8

Stabilizes posterior abdominal wall for expiration

73
Q

Rectus abdominis Innervation & Function

A

T7-T12

Flexes vertebral column

74
Q

Transversus abdominis Innervation & Function

A

T7-T12

Compresses abdomen

75
Q

Internal oblique abdominis Innervation & Function

A

T7-T12

Compresses abdomen, flexes & rotates trunk

76
Q

Quadratus lumborum Innervation & Function

A

T12, L1-L4

Supports abdominal compression through bilateral contraction, which fixes abdominal walls

77
Q

Larynx position

A

Top of the trachea in the anterior portion of the neck; a valving mechanism that opens & closes

78
Q

Optimal laryngeal function & voicing depend on ____

A

Integrity of key laryngeal cartilages & intrinsic/extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Cranial nerves VII & X

79
Q

Larynx houses ____

A

Vocal folds, which vibrate to produce sound
Adduction (toward midline)
Abduction (away from midline)
When breathing quietly, VFs are abducted

80
Q

Biological Functions of the Larynx

A

Closure of trachea so that food/substances don’t enter lungs
Production of cough reflex to expel foreign substances from trachea
Closure of VFs to build subglottic pressure necessary for physical tasks like excretion & lifting heavy items

81
Q

Larynx suspended from:

A

U-shaped hyoid bone floating under the mandible

82
Q

Epiglottis

A

Protective, leaf-shaped piece of cartilage medial to thyroid cartilage & hyoid bone

83
Q

During swallowing, epiglottis ____

A

Drops to cover the orifice of the larynx

84
Q

Thyroid cartilage forms ____

A

anterior & lateral walls of larynx & protects the larynx

85
Q

Cricoid cartilage is sometimes viewed as _____

A

the uppermost tracheal ring

86
Q

Cricoid cartilage is linked with _____

A

The thyroid cartilage & paired arytenoid cartilages

Completely surrounds the trachea

87
Q

Arytenoid Cartilages

A

Small, pyramid-shaped cartilages connected to the cricoid through the cricoarytenoid joint, permitting sliding & circular movements

88
Q

Corniculate Cartilages

A

Small cone-shaped
Sit on apex of arytenoids
Assist in reducing laryngeal opening when person is swallowing

89
Q

Cuneiform Cartilages

A

Tiny, cone-shaped
Located under mucous membrane that covers aryepiglottic folds
Serve to stiffen or tense aryepiglottic folds

90
Q

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles are primarily responsible for:

A

Controlling sound production

91
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx include:

A

Thyroarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, cricothyroid, posterior cricoarytenoid

92
Q

Thyroarytenoid attachment:

A

thyroid & arytenoid cartilages

93
Q

Thyroarytenoid Divisions:

A

Internal thyroarytenoid & external thyroarytenoid

94
Q

Internal Thyroarytenoid:

A

Primary portion of thyroarytenoid muscle that vibrates & produces sound
AKA vocalis muscle or vocal folds

95
Q

Adductor muscles include:

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid
Bring the VFs together

96
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid’s job:

A

increases medial compression

97
Q

Cricothyroid muscle attachment & job

A

attached to cricoid cartilage & thyroid cartilage

Lengthens & tenses VFs

98
Q

VF adduction is supported when ____

A

Oblique & transverse arytenoid muscles contract & pull arytenoids closer together

99
Q

VF abduction is accomplished when ____

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle contracts

100
Q

Most intrinsic laryngeal muscles innervated by ____

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve branch of CN X

101
Q

Cricothyroid is innervated by ____

A

External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve branch of CN X

102
Q

When the VFs are abducted, a small opening is created called the ____

A

Glottis

103
Q

Is the glottis an anatomical structure?

A

NO!

It’s the name of a space

104
Q

Primary function of extrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

Support the larynx & fix its position

105
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles attachments

A

One attachment to a structure within the larynx & one attachment to a structure outside the larynx

106
Q

All extrinsic muscles are attached to the ____

A

Hyoid bone & lower or raise the position of larynx within the neck

107
Q

Suprahyoid muscles

A

Elevators

Elevation of the larynx

108
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus, genioglossus

109
Q

Infrahyoid Muscles

A

Depressors
Lie below the hyoid bone
Depression of the larynx

110
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid

111
Q

Innervation of the Extrinsic Laryngeal muscles are generally ____

A

Provided by branches of VN V, VII, X, XII, and portions of C1-C3

112
Q

Laryngeal elevators & Innervation

A 
Digastric (V, VII)
Geniohyoid (XII, C1)
Mylohyoid (V)
Stylohyoid (VII)
Hyoglossus (XII)
Genioglossus (XII)
113
Q

Laryngeal depressors & Innervation

A

Thyrohyoid (XII, C1)
Omohyoid (C1-C3)
Sternothyroid (C1-C3)
Sternohyoid (C1-C3)

114
Q

3 Layers of VFs

A

Epithelium, Lamina propia (has 2 layers), Vocalis muscle (provide stability & mass to VFs)

115
Q

Aryepiglottic Folds

A

Composed of a ring of connective tissue & muscle extending from tips of the arytenoids to the larynx
Separate laryngeal vestibule from pharynx & help preserve airway

116
Q

Ventricular Folds

A

AKA False folds
Vibrate only at very low fundamental frequencies and usually not during phonation in a normal speaker
Compress during such activities as coughing & lifting heavy items

117
Q

Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory states that:

A

VFs vibrate because of the forces & pressure of air & elasticity of the VFs
Air flowing out of lungs is temporarily stopped by the closed (or nearly closed) VFs; builds up subglottal air pressure which eventually blows VFs apart & sets VFs into vibration
Air then moves with increased velocity through the glottal opening; pressure between edges of VFs decreases & consequently VFs are sucked together

118
Q

Bernoulli Effect

A

Caused by increased speed of air passing b/t VFs
“Sucking” motion of the VFs toward 1 another
Then, once again, subglottal air pressure builds up & sets fold into motion
Cycle repeated

119
Q

Cycle of VFs opening & closing is repeated ____

A

more than 100 times per second during vocalization

120
Q

____ is critical to vibration of the VFs

A

Mucosal wave

121
Q

Mucosal wave action

A

cover (epithelium & superficial lamina propria, aka Reinke’s space) & transition (intermediate & deep layers of lamina propria) over the vocalis muscle slide & produce a wave

122
Q

Mucosal wave travels across ___

A

Superior surface of the VF about 2/3 of the way to the lateral edge of the VF
Generally dissipates before reaching inner surface of thyroid cartilage

123
Q

Without a mucosal wave, ___

A

There is no vibration, and no phonation

124
Q

VFs that have been stripped surgically to remove vocal pathology

A

May be stiff & have difficulty vibrating due to alteration of the normal mucosal wave

125
Q

Primary cortical areas involved in speech-motor control:

A 
Area 4 (primary motor cortex)
Area 44 (Broca's area)
Area 3, 1, 2 (somatosensory cortex)
Area 6 (supplementary motor cortex)
126
Q

Function of Cerebellum

A

Regulate motor movement
Key to the coordination of the laryngeal muscles for adequate phonation
Also key to the effective functioning of other speech systems such as respiration

127
Q

Cranial Nerve VII (facial nerve)

A

Innervates posterior belly of digastric muscle

128
Q

Cranial Nerve X (vagus nerve)

A

Includes the following branches: superior laryngeal nerve & recurrent laryngeal nerve

129
Q

Superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) of CN X

A

Has an internal & external branches
Internal branch provides all sensory info to the larynx, & the external branch supplies motor innervation solely to the cricothyroid muscle

130
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) of CN X

A

Supplies all motor innervation to interarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, & lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
Supplies all sensory info below the VFs

Praxis (3 decks)

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