Anatomy of Respiration and Phonation Flashcards
1
Q
Speech
A
Depends on intricate & complex system of structures & functions working together to allow humans to communicate w/ 1 another
2
Q
Respiration
A
Supplies energy for speech
3
Q
Phonation
A
Voicing & the structures & processes that create voice
4
Q
Resonation
A
Process by which voice or laryngeal tone is modified by various supralaryngeal cavities & structures
5
Q
Articulation
A
Process of making speech sounds
6
Q
What is respiration? What is the structural framework?
A
Breathing
Lungs, bronchi, trachea, spinal column, sternum, rib cage
7
Q
Inhalation also called…
A
Inspiration
8
Q
Exhalation also called…
A
Expiration
9
Q
Respiration cycle includes:
A
Inhalation & exhalation
10
Q
What does inhalation do?
A
Brings oxygen to blood; draws air into the lungs, where an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
Expand the chest cavity, the lungs, causing this
11
Q
What does exhalation do?
A
Helps get rid of mixed air & gases which result from respiratory metabolism
As lungs expand with inhalation, pressure w/in lungs compared to outside is reduced
Air moves through open laryngeal valve into lungs equalizing pressure inside & outside
Then muscles contract to reduce volume of chest cavity–(+) air pressure in lungs causing this
12
Q
Medulla Oblongata (brainstem) & Respiration
A
When an excessive amount of CO2 in blood cells creates need for O2, this fires impulses to respiratory muscles
13
Q
Definition of Respiration:
A
Exchange of gas between an organism & its environment
Provides air supply needed to set VFs in vibration for speech (typically during exhalation)
14
Q
Speech typically produced on: inhalation or exhalation
A
Exhalation
Duration of exhalation during speech tends to be longer than its duration during silent periods
Longer & louder utterances may require deeper inhalations
Singers also inhale deeply
More consciously monitored & adjusted to meet demands of speech in various daily situations compared to quiet breathing
15
Q
Basic process of inhalation:
A
Inhalation–>chest/lungs expand–>diaphragm lowers–>air flows in through nose/mouth–>air goes down pharynx & b/t open VFs–>air continues downward through trachea & bronchial tubes–>air reaches final destination of lungs
16
Q
Exchange of gas in respiration is accomplished in the ____
A
Lungs
17
Q
Healthy lungs appear:
A
Soft, spongy, porous, elastic, pink
Have rich vascular supply & numerous air sacs
18
Q
When respiratory system is at rest, lungs are:
A
Partially inflated to approximately 40% of their total lung capacity
19
Q
Lungs are located in:
A
Thoracic cavity & take up most of cavity’s space
20
Q
Right lung is _____ than the left lung because ______
A
Shorter, broader, & bigger
Liver underneath it forces it into a slightly upward direction
21
Q
What are Bronchi?
A
Tubes that extend f rom the lungs upward to the trachea
22
Q
Bronchi Composition
A
Cartilaginous rings bound together by fibroelastic tissue
23
Q
In the lungs, the bronchi subdivide into _____
A
Bronchioles
24
Q
As bronchi & bronchioles divide, the become _____
A
Less cartilaginous & more muscular in composition
25
Bronchioles In the lungs
Repeatedly divide until they become very thin
26
Bronchioles ultimately communicate with:
Alveolar ducts that open into tiny air sacs in the lungs
27
When person inhales, air goes through:
larynx to the trachea to the lungs, which expand
28
Trachea composition
A tube formed by approximately 20 rings of cartilage which are incomplete in the back where it comes in direct contact with esophagus
29
1st tracheal cartilage:
Larger than the rest & connects to the inferior, or bottom, border of cricoid cartilage
30
Trachea extends from:
Larynx at level of 6th cervical vertebra and the last tracheal ring splits in 2, or bifurcates, into left and right primary bronchi at level of 5th thoracic vertebra
31
Trachea bifurcates into:
2 primary bronchi (left & right) at level of 5th thoracic vertebra
32
Spinal column consists of:
32-33 individual vertebrae
33
Vertebrae are divided into ____ segments:
```
5
7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
5 sacral vertebrae (S1-S5)
3-4 coccygeal vertebrae (fused together to form coccyx)
```
34
Thoracic vertebrae provide points of attachment for:
Ribs
35
Lumbar vertebrae are ____ making them suitable for _____
Large
| Weight-bearing functions
36
Sternum aka ____
Breastbone
37
Sternum location & composition:
Location: Superior, anterior thoracic wall
| 3 parts: Manubrium, body, xiphoid process
38
Manubrium:
Uppermost segment of sternum; attachment for clavicle & 1st rib
39
Body/Corpus of Sternum:
Long & narrow
| Cartilages of ribs 2 through 7 attach to this
40
Xiphoid Process
Small cartilaginous structure found at bottom of body of sternum
41
Rib cage aka:
Thoracic cage
| Chest
42
Rib cage consists of ____ that form _____:
12 pairs of ribs that form a cylindrical structure
43
Rib cage function:
Houses & protects such organs as heart & lungs
44
Structures of the rib cage
Sternum in anterior surface
12 thoracic vertebrae in posterior surface
12 pairs of ribs that connect laterally from vertebrae to their individual costal cartilages
45
Diaphragm
Floor of chest cavity
Thick, dome-shaped muscle that separates abdomen from thorax
Major role in breathing
46
Intercostal muscles
Located between ribs
Critical for respiration
Internal and external intercostals
47
Internal Intercostals
11 paired muscles that pull ribs downward to decreased diameter of thoracic cavity for exhalation
48
External Intercostals
11 paired muscles that raise ribs up and out to increase diameter of thoracic cavity for inhalation
49
Muscles for elevating rib cage in respiration:
serratus posterior superior, levator costarum brevis, levator costarum longis, external intercostals
Innervations basically arise from vertebrae and their nerves & branches
50
Diaphragm Innervation & Function
C3-C5
| Distends abdomen, enlarges vertical dimension of thorax, depresses central tendon of diaphragm
51
Serratus Posterior Superior Innervation & Function
C7, T1-T4
| Elevates rib cage
52
Levator Costarum Brevis Innervation & Function
T2-T12
| Elevates rib cage
53
Levator Costarum Longis Innervation & Function
T2-T12
| Elevates rib cage
54
External Intercostals Innervation & Function
T2-T11
| Elevates rib cage
55
Accessory muscles of neck involved in respiration
Sternocleidomastoid
| Trapezius
56
Sternocleidomastoid & Respiration
Elevates the sternum & indirectly, the rib cage
57
Trapezius & Respiration
Controls the head and elongates the neck, indirectly influencing respiration
58
Muscles of shoulder & upper arm that act on rib cage to increase/decrease dimensions:
Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, levator scapulae
59
Pectoralis major Innervation & Function
C4-T1
| Increases transverse dimension of rib cage through elevation of sternum
60
Pectoralis minor Innervation & Function
C4-T1
| Increases transverse dimension of rib cage
61
Serratus anterior Innervation & Function
C5-C7
| Elevats ribs 1-9
62
Levator scapulae Innervation & Function
C3-C5
| Elevates scapula, supports neck
63
Rhomboideus major Innervation & Function
C5
| Stabilizes shoulder girdle
64
Rhomboideus minor Innervation & Function
C5
| Stabilizes shoulder girdle
65
Internal Intercostal Innervation & Function
T2-T11
| Depresses ribs 1-11
66
Innermost Intercostal Innervation & Function
T2-T11
| Depresses ribs 1-11
67
Trasversus thoracicus Innervation & Function
T2-T6
| Depresses ribs 2-6
68
Posterior Thoracic Muscles involved in respiration
Support exhalation
| Subcostal muscle & serratus posterior inferior
69
Subcostal muscle
Depresses thorax
70
Serratus posterior inferior muscles
Pull rib cage down when contracted aiding in exhalation
71
Abdominal muscles of exhalation
Latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis, transverus abdominis, internal oblique abdominis, quatratus lumborum
72
Latissimus dorsi Innervation & Function
C6-C8
| Stabilizes posterior abdominal wall for expiration
73
Rectus abdominis Innervation & Function
T7-T12
| Flexes vertebral column
74
Transversus abdominis Innervation & Function
T7-T12
| Compresses abdomen
75
Internal oblique abdominis Innervation & Function
T7-T12
| Compresses abdomen, flexes & rotates trunk
76
Quadratus lumborum Innervation & Function
T12, L1-L4
| Supports abdominal compression through bilateral contraction, which fixes abdominal walls
77
Larynx position
Top of the trachea in the anterior portion of the neck; a valving mechanism that opens & closes
78
Optimal laryngeal function & voicing depend on ____
Integrity of key laryngeal cartilages & intrinsic/extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Cranial nerves VII & X
79
Larynx houses ____
Vocal folds, which vibrate to produce sound
Adduction (toward midline)
Abduction (away from midline)
When breathing quietly, VFs are abducted
80
Biological Functions of the Larynx
Closure of trachea so that food/substances don't enter lungs
Production of cough reflex to expel foreign substances from trachea
Closure of VFs to build subglottic pressure necessary for physical tasks like excretion & lifting heavy items
81
Larynx suspended from:
U-shaped hyoid bone floating under the mandible
82
Epiglottis
Protective, leaf-shaped piece of cartilage medial to thyroid cartilage & hyoid bone
83
During swallowing, epiglottis ____
Drops to cover the orifice of the larynx
84
Thyroid cartilage forms ____
anterior & lateral walls of larynx & protects the larynx
85
Cricoid cartilage is sometimes viewed as _____
the uppermost tracheal ring
86
Cricoid cartilage is linked with _____
The thyroid cartilage & paired arytenoid cartilages
| Completely surrounds the trachea
87
Arytenoid Cartilages
Small, pyramid-shaped cartilages connected to the cricoid through the cricoarytenoid joint, permitting sliding & circular movements
88
Corniculate Cartilages
Small cone-shaped
Sit on apex of arytenoids
Assist in reducing laryngeal opening when person is swallowing
89
Cuneiform Cartilages
Tiny, cone-shaped
Located under mucous membrane that covers aryepiglottic folds
Serve to stiffen or tense aryepiglottic folds
90
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles are primarily responsible for:
Controlling sound production
91
Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx include:
Thyroarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, cricothyroid, posterior cricoarytenoid
92
Thyroarytenoid attachment:
thyroid & arytenoid cartilages
93
Thyroarytenoid Divisions:
Internal thyroarytenoid & external thyroarytenoid
94
Internal Thyroarytenoid:
Primary portion of thyroarytenoid muscle that vibrates & produces sound
AKA vocalis muscle or vocal folds
95
Adductor muscles include:
Lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid
Bring the VFs together
96
Lateral cricoarytenoid's job:
increases medial compression
97
Cricothyroid muscle attachment & job
attached to cricoid cartilage & thyroid cartilage
| Lengthens & tenses VFs
98
VF adduction is supported when ____
Oblique & transverse arytenoid muscles contract & pull arytenoids closer together
99
VF abduction is accomplished when ____
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle contracts
100
Most intrinsic laryngeal muscles innervated by ____
Recurrent laryngeal nerve branch of CN X
101
Cricothyroid is innervated by ____
External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve branch of CN X
102
When the VFs are abducted, a small opening is created called the ____
Glottis
103
Is the glottis an anatomical structure?
NO!
| It's the name of a space
104
Primary function of extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Support the larynx & fix its position
105
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles attachments
One attachment to a structure within the larynx & one attachment to a structure outside the larynx
106
All extrinsic muscles are attached to the ____
Hyoid bone & lower or raise the position of larynx within the neck
107
Suprahyoid muscles
Elevators
| Elevation of the larynx
108
What are the suprahyoid muscles?
Digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus, genioglossus
109
Infrahyoid Muscles
Depressors
Lie below the hyoid bone
Depression of the larynx
110
What are the infrahyoid muscles?
Thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid
111
Innervation of the Extrinsic Laryngeal muscles are generally ____
Provided by branches of VN V, VII, X, XII, and portions of C1-C3
112
Laryngeal elevators & Innervation
```
Digastric (V, VII)
Geniohyoid (XII, C1)
Mylohyoid (V)
Stylohyoid (VII)
Hyoglossus (XII)
Genioglossus (XII)
```
113
Laryngeal depressors & Innervation
Thyrohyoid (XII, C1)
Omohyoid (C1-C3)
Sternothyroid (C1-C3)
Sternohyoid (C1-C3)
114
3 Layers of VFs
Epithelium, Lamina propia (has 2 layers), Vocalis muscle (provide stability & mass to VFs)
115
Aryepiglottic Folds
Composed of a ring of connective tissue & muscle extending from tips of the arytenoids to the larynx
Separate laryngeal vestibule from pharynx & help preserve airway
116
Ventricular Folds
AKA False folds
Vibrate only at very low fundamental frequencies and usually not during phonation in a normal speaker
Compress during such activities as coughing & lifting heavy items
117
Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory states that:
VFs vibrate because of the forces & pressure of air & elasticity of the VFs
Air flowing out of lungs is temporarily stopped by the closed (or nearly closed) VFs; builds up subglottal air pressure which eventually blows VFs apart & sets VFs into vibration
Air then moves with increased velocity through the glottal opening; pressure between edges of VFs decreases & consequently VFs are sucked together
118
Bernoulli Effect
Caused by increased speed of air passing b/t VFs
"Sucking" motion of the VFs toward 1 another
Then, once again, subglottal air pressure builds up & sets fold into motion
Cycle repeated
119
Cycle of VFs opening & closing is repeated ____
more than 100 times per second during vocalization
120
____ is critical to vibration of the VFs
Mucosal wave
121
Mucosal wave action
cover (epithelium & superficial lamina propria, aka Reinke's space) & transition (intermediate & deep layers of lamina propria) over the vocalis muscle slide & produce a wave
122
Mucosal wave travels across ___
Superior surface of the VF about 2/3 of the way to the lateral edge of the VF
Generally dissipates before reaching inner surface of thyroid cartilage
123
Without a mucosal wave, ___
There is no vibration, and no phonation
124
VFs that have been stripped surgically to remove vocal pathology
May be stiff & have difficulty vibrating due to alteration of the normal mucosal wave
125
Primary cortical areas involved in speech-motor control:
```
Area 4 (primary motor cortex)
Area 44 (Broca's area)
Area 3, 1, 2 (somatosensory cortex)
Area 6 (supplementary motor cortex)
```
126
Function of Cerebellum
Regulate motor movement
Key to the coordination of the laryngeal muscles for adequate phonation
Also key to the effective functioning of other speech systems such as respiration
127
Cranial Nerve VII (facial nerve)
Innervates posterior belly of digastric muscle
128
Cranial Nerve X (vagus nerve)
Includes the following branches: superior laryngeal nerve & recurrent laryngeal nerve
129
Superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) of CN X
Has an internal & external branches
Internal branch provides all sensory info to the larynx, & the external branch supplies motor innervation solely to the cricothyroid muscle
130
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) of CN X
Supplies all motor innervation to interarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, & lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
Supplies all sensory info below the VFs
