Neuroanatomy Lectures Flashcards by nura souliman

What are the major divisions of the CNS

Brain: encephalon

Forebrain (prosencephalon)
- telencephalon
- diencephalon

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

Hindbrain (rhombencphalon)
- pons
- medulla

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What is the difference between between white and grey matter?

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What are association, commisural and projection fibres?

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What are the functions os the insula and opercula?

Functions include disgust, emotion, homeostasis, perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning, and interpersonal experience.

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What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

Motor function, problem solving, memory, judgement, impulse control, higher cognitive function, language, executive function.

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What are the functions for the temporal lobe?

Semantic processing (the meaning and identity of things), memory, Language, primary auditory cortex.

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What are the functions for the parietal lobe?

Somatosensory,
Dominant (usually left) perception, language and mathematics
Non dominant (usually right): visuospatial function

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What is the occipital lobe like?

Visual
Stria of Gennari/striate cortex

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What is teh neocortex like?

6 layers

Input from other cortical areas

Projects to thalamus and input from thalamus

Projects to brainstem and spinal cord
Projects to thalamus

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What are brodmanns areas?

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What is the brains asymmetry dominance?

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What is the brocas, wernickes areas and the corpus callosum?

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What are the coverings of the brain?

Skin -
Bone
Dura mater -
Arachnoid mater -
Trabeculae
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater -
Cerebral cortex -
Blood vessel-
White matter

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What does dura mater involve?

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Tentorial incisure
Straight sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Superior sagittal sinus
Transverse sinuses
Falx cerebelli

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What is arachnoid mater and cisterns like?

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What are the 4 key elements for the blood brain barrier?

Endothelial cell tight junctions
2.Lack of BM fenestrations
3.Astrocytic end feet
4.Pericytes

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What is the circle of Willis made up of/

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What are the superficial veins and sinuses of the brain?

-Superior sagittal sinus
- Inferior sagittal sinus
- Great cerebral vein
- Straight sinus
- Confluence of the sinuses
- Superior anastomotic vein
- Superficial middle cerebral vein
- Inferior anastomotic vein
- Internal jugular vein
-Superior sagittal sinus
- Confluence of the sinuses
-Transverse sinus
- Sigmoid sinus

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What is the vasculatur of the spinal cord?

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What is the ventricular system?

Lateral ventricles (I & II)
IIIrd ventricle
IVth ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct/ aqueduct of Sylvius
Interventricular foramen

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What are the imp ependymal cells and choroid plexus?

What is the interstitial fluid drainage?

Interstitial fluid drains → CSF via perivascular channels.
•CSF drains via
•arachnoid granulations
•peripheral nerves to lymphatics
•Importantly: nasal mucosa lymphatics → deep cervical lymph nodes

What does the brainstem give rise to?

Cranial nerves

What are the cerebellum divisions?

Archicerebellum (oldest) floculonodular lobe:
○balance. Connected to vesibular nuclei and reticular nuclei.
●Paleocerebellum (quite old):
○Muscle tone and posture
○Afferent: dorsal spinocerebellar tracts via inf cerebellar peduncle and ventral SC tract via superior CP
○Efferent: Globose and emboliform nuclei to red nucleus to rubrospinal tract
●Neo cerebellum (more fancy movements, coordination, muscle tone)
○Afferent: Cerebral cortex to pontocerebellar fibres (decussate) via MCP
○Efferent: Purks to dentate to red nucleus & ventral thalamus via SCP

What is the cerebellar wiring like?

Mossy fibres from cortex (ponto cerebellar pathway), vestibular nucleus, spinal cord, reticular formation, deep cerebellar nuclei (feedback)

What are the three main groups of nuclei in the thalamus?

3 main groups of nuclei: ●sensory relays ●cerebellar and basal ganglia relays to motor frontal lobe ●connected to associative and limbic areas of cerebral cortex Damage causes loss of sensation, pain, or movement disorders

What are the thalamic connections?

Input from mamillary bodies. Controls emotional aspects of behaviour, instictive drives, memory Etc

What is the basal ganglia and internal capsule structure like?

What is anterolateral cordotomy?

Now usually done percutaneously •For treatment of intractable pain. •Side effects include sleep apnoea due to reticulospinal tract damage

What is the spinothalmic tract like?

Crude touch, Pain Temperature

What is the DC medial leminscus pathway like with Vibration Joint position?

Is the corticospinal pyramidal tract involved in movement?

Movement

GO THrough IMAGES ON NEUROANATOMY LECTURE - LEARN AND LABEL

What are the basal ganglia?

Deep brain structures first described by Thomas Willis •Two subgroups: Rostral (upper part) 1. Striatum •Putamen •Caudate nucleus 2. Globus pallidus •Internal segment (Gpi) •External segment (Gpe) –Subthalamic nucleus –Substantia nigra Caudal (lower part)

Where is the caudate nucleus?

runs along the wall of the lateral ventricles The putamen is lateral to the caudate nucleus Caudate and putamen together form the striatum

Where is the substantia nigra?

The substantia nigra is in the mesencephalon The red nucleus is above the substantia nigra The subthalamic nucleus is rostrolateral to the substantia nigra

What circuits are basal ganglia involved in?

Several different circuits –Motor circuit –Limbic circuit –Oculomotor circuit

What illnesses are associated with basal ganglia dysfunction?

Illnesses associated with Basal Ganglia dysfunction: –Parkinson’s Disease –Huntington’s Disease Motor –Dystonia Disorders –Gilles de la Tourette syndrome –Obsessive compulsive disorder Psychiatric –Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Disorders –Cerebral Palsy Secondary –Wilson Disease Damage

What is the role of dopamine in PD and HD?

PD –Increased muscle tone –Reduced movements –Not enough dopamine •HD –Decreased muscle tone –Overshooting movements –Too much dopamine

What is the role of dopamine in PD and HD?

PD –Increased muscle tone –Reduced movements –Not enough dopamine •HD –Decreased muscle tone –Overshooting movements –Too much dopamine

What is the synthesis and vesicular storage of dopamine?

Synthesis and vesicular storage Tyrosine - amino acid L-DOPA Dopamine

What is DA - Postsynaptic?

What else is involved in the DA system?

What happens to the head of caudate in HD?

What is the function of the cortex and basal ganglia?

“Will power” and motor execution Basal ganglia: Facilitation, integration “fine tuning of movements”

What is involved in generating movement?

Cortex -> basal ganglia -(substantia nigra - dopamine +/Striatum-GABA - )-> cortex -> movement

How does movement pathway get affected by PD and HD?

PD no substantia nigra releasing dopamine Decrease in movement? HD no Striatum releasing GABA - increase in movement

What is L-DOPA?

Naturally occuring precursor and drug

What is the drug treatment of DP?

Drugs mostly aim at correction of dopamine deficit •But: –More and more cells die –The drugs work shorter and shorter –The longer on treatment, the more likely are the patients to develop side effects, in particular dyskinesias

How does stimulation affect PD?

Stimulation = Functional lesioning of the subthalamic Nucleus leads to dramatic improvement of PD HOW? PATWHAY?

What is the regional pattern in the brain in HD?

What is the Pharmacological treatment of choreiform movements?

Problem: Too much dopamine •Solution: Dopamine receptor blockers = neuroleptics –Typically used for psychosis treatment