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Phase 1 Neuro > Neuroanatomy Lectures > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major divisions of the CNS

A

Brain: encephalon

Forebrain (prosencephalon)
- telencephalon
- diencephalon

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

Hindbrain (rhombencphalon)
- pons
- medulla

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2
Q

What is the difference between between white and grey matter?

A
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3
Q

What are association, commisural and projection fibres?

A
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4
Q

What are the functions os the insula and opercula?

A

Functions include disgust, emotion, homeostasis, perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning, and interpersonal experience.

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5
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Motor function, problem solving, memory, judgement, impulse control, higher cognitive function, language, executive function.

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6
Q

What are the functions for the temporal lobe?

A

Semantic processing (the meaning and identity of things), memory, Language, primary auditory cortex.

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7
Q

What are the functions for the parietal lobe?

A

Somatosensory,
Dominant (usually left) perception, language and mathematics
Non dominant (usually right): visuospatial function

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8
Q

What is the occipital lobe like?

A

Visual
Stria of Gennari/striate cortex

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9
Q

What is teh neocortex like?

A

6 layers

Input from other cortical areas

Projects to thalamus and input from thalamus

Projects to brainstem and spinal cord
Projects to thalamus

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10
Q

What are brodmanns areas?

A
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11
Q

What is the brains asymmetry dominance?

A
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12
Q

What is the brocas, wernickes areas and the corpus callosum?

A
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13
Q

What are the coverings of the brain?

A

Skin -
Bone
Dura mater -
Arachnoid mater -
Trabeculae
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater -
Cerebral cortex -
Blood vessel-
White matter

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14
Q

What does dura mater involve?

A

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Tentorial incisure
Straight sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Superior sagittal sinus
Transverse sinuses
Falx cerebelli

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15
Q

What is arachnoid mater and cisterns like?

A
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16
Q

What are the 4 key elements for the blood brain barrier?

A

Endothelial cell tight junctions
2.Lack of BM fenestrations
3.Astrocytic end feet
4.Pericytes

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17
Q

What is the circle of Willis made up of/

A
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18
Q

What are the superficial veins and sinuses of the brain?

A

-Superior sagittal sinus
- Inferior sagittal sinus
- Great cerebral vein
- Straight sinus
- Confluence of the sinuses
- Superior anastomotic vein
- Superficial middle cerebral vein
- Inferior anastomotic vein
- Internal jugular vein
-Superior sagittal sinus
- Confluence of the sinuses
-Transverse sinus
- Sigmoid sinus

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19
Q

What is the vasculatur of the spinal cord?

A
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20
Q

What is the ventricular system?

A
  • Lateral ventricles (I & II)
  • IIIrd ventricle
  • IVth ventricle
  • Cerebral aqueduct/ aqueduct of Sylvius
  • Interventricular foramen
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21
Q

What are the imp ependymal cells and choroid plexus?

A
22
Q

What is the interstitial fluid drainage?

A

Interstitial fluid drains → CSF via perivascular channels.
•CSF drains via
•arachnoid granulations
•peripheral nerves to lymphatics
•Importantly: nasal mucosa lymphatics → deep cervical lymph nodes

23
Q

What does the brainstem give rise to?

A

Cranial nerves

24
Q

What are the cerebellum divisions?

A

Archicerebellum (oldest) floculonodular lobe:
○balance. Connected to vesibular nuclei and reticular nuclei.
●Paleocerebellum (quite old):
○Muscle tone and posture
○Afferent: dorsal spinocerebellar tracts via inf cerebellar peduncle and ventral SC tract via superior CP
○Efferent: Globose and emboliform nuclei to red nucleus to rubrospinal tract
●Neo cerebellum (more fancy movements, coordination, muscle tone)
○Afferent: Cerebral cortex to pontocerebellar fibres (decussate) via MCP
○Efferent: Purks to dentate to red nucleus & ventral thalamus via SCP

25
Q

What is the cerebellar wiring like?

A

Mossy fibres from cortex (ponto cerebellar pathway), vestibular nucleus, spinal cord, reticular formation, deep cerebellar nuclei (feedback)

26
Q

What are the three main groups of nuclei in the thalamus?

A

3 main groups of nuclei:
●sensory relays
●cerebellar and basal ganglia relays to motor frontal lobe
●connected to associative and limbic areas of cerebral cortex

Damage causes loss of sensation, pain, or movement disorders

27
Q

What are the thalamic connections?

A

Input from mamillary bodies.

Controls emotional aspects of behaviour, instictive drives, memory

Etc

28
Q

What is the basal ganglia and internal capsule structure like?

A
29
Q

What is anterolateral cordotomy?

A

Now usually done percutaneously
•For treatment of intractable pain.
•Side effects include sleep apnoea due to reticulospinal tract damage

30
Q

What is the spinothalmic tract like?

A

Crude touch,
Pain
Temperature

31
Q

What is the DC medial leminscus pathway like with Vibration
Joint position?

A
32
Q

Is the corticospinal pyramidal tract involved in movement?

A

Movement

33
Q

GO THrough IMAGES ON NEUROANATOMY LECTURE - LEARN AND LABEL

A
34
Q

What are the basal ganglia?

A

Deep brain structures first described
by Thomas Willis

•Two subgroups:
Rostral (upper part)
1. Striatum
•Putamen
•Caudate nucleus

  1. Globus pallidus
    •Internal segment (Gpi)
    •External segment (Gpe)

–Subthalamic nucleus
–Substantia nigra

Caudal (lower part)

35
Q

Where is the caudate nucleus?

A

runs along the wall of the lateral ventricles
The putamen is lateral to the caudate nucleus
Caudate and putamen together form the striatum

36
Q

Where is the substantia nigra?

A

The substantia nigra is in the mesencephalon
The red nucleus is above the substantia nigra

The subthalamic nucleus is rostrolateral to the substantia nigra

37
Q

What circuits are basal ganglia involved in?

A

Several different circuits
–Motor circuit
–Limbic circuit
–Oculomotor circuit

38
Q

What illnesses are associated with basal ganglia dysfunction?

A

Illnesses associated with Basal Ganglia dysfunction:
–Parkinson’s Disease
–Huntington’s Disease Motor
–Dystonia Disorders
–Gilles de la Tourette syndrome

–Obsessive compulsive disorder Psychiatric
–Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Disorders

–Cerebral Palsy Secondary
–Wilson Disease Damage

39
Q

What is the role of dopamine in PD and HD?

A

PD
–Increased muscle tone
–Reduced movements

–Not enough dopamine

•HD
–Decreased muscle tone
–Overshooting movements

–Too much dopamine

40
Q

What is the role of dopamine in PD and HD?

A

PD
–Increased muscle tone
–Reduced movements

–Not enough dopamine

•HD
–Decreased muscle tone
–Overshooting movements

–Too much dopamine

41
Q

What is the synthesis and vesicular storage of dopamine?

A

Synthesis and vesicular storage

Tyrosine - amino acid
L-DOPA
Dopamine

42
Q

What is DA - Postsynaptic?

A
43
Q

What else is involved in the DA system?

A
44
Q

What happens to the head of caudate in HD?

A
45
Q

What is the function of the cortex and basal ganglia?

A

“Will power” and motor execution

Basal ganglia:
Facilitation, integration
“fine tuning of movements”

46
Q

What is involved in generating movement?

A

Cortex -> basal ganglia
-(substantia nigra - dopamine +/Striatum-GABA - )->
cortex -> movement

47
Q

How does movement pathway get affected by PD and HD?

A

PD no substantia nigra releasing dopamine

Decrease in movement?

HD no Striatum releasing GABA - increase in movement

48
Q

What is L-DOPA?

A

Naturally occuring precursor and drug

49
Q

What is the drug treatment of DP?

A

Drugs mostly aim at correction of dopamine deficit

•But:
–More and more cells die

–The drugs work shorter and shorter

–The longer on treatment, the more likely are the patients to develop side effects, in particular dyskinesias

50
Q

How does stimulation affect PD?

A

Stimulation = Functional lesioning of the subthalamic
Nucleus leads to dramatic improvement of PD
HOW? PATWHAY?

51
Q

What is the regional pattern in the brain in HD?

A
52
Q

What is the Pharmacological treatment of choreiform movements?

A

Problem: Too much dopamine

•Solution: Dopamine receptor blockers = neuroleptics
–Typically used for psychosis treatment

Phase 1 Neuro (22 decks)

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