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Neuroanatomy/Embryology Flashcards

1
Q
A

MRA of COW - Axial
•1 - Anterior Cerebral

  • 2 – Middle Cerebral
  • 3 – Posterior Cerebral
  • 4 – Basilar
  • 5 – Vertebral
  • 6 – Internal Carotid
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2
Q
A

MRA of COW - Coronal
•1 - Anterior Cerebral

  • 2 – Middle Cerebral
  • 3 – Posterior Cerebral
  • 4 – Basilar
  • 5 – Vertebral
  • 6 – Internal Carotid
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3
Q
A

MRA of COW - Sagittal

  • 1 - Anterior Cerebral
  • 2 – Middle Cerebral
  • 3 – Posterior Cerebral
  • 4 – Basilar
  • 5 – Vertebral
  • 6 – Internal Carotid
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4
Q
A
  • A Transverse Sinus
  • B Sigmoid Sinus
  • C Superior Sagittal Sinus
  • D Straight Sinus
  • E Internal Jugular Vein
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5
Q
A
  • C Superior Sagittal Sinus
  • D Straight Sinus
  • F Internal Jugular Vein
  • G Internal Cerebral Vein
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6
Q
A

Trolard - drains into the superior sagittal sinus

Labbe - drains into the transverse sinus

Sylvian or Middle Cerebral Vein drains to cavernous sinus

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7
Q
A

A P-comm

B Distal ICA

C Petrosal ICA

D ACA

E A-comm

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8
Q

The medial & anterior nucleus of the thalamus is supplied by what arteries?
•Thalamoperforating
•Thalamogeniculate
•Inferior Thalamic
•Postero-medial choroidal

A

Thalamoperforating

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9
Q
A

•Brachiocephalic / Innominate
–A
•External Carotid
–B
•Vertebral
–C
•Subclavian
–D
•Basilar
–E

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10
Q

The oculomotor nerve passes between what two arteries?

  • A. SCA & AICA
  • B. AICA & PICA
  • C. SCA & PCA
  • D. PCA & MCA
  • E. ACA & MCA
A

•C. SCA & PCA

Leaves the midbrain in the interpeduncular fossa, passing between the superior cerebellar artery and the posterior cerebral artery and enters the dura

Then passes through wall of cavernous sinus to reach superior orbital fissure to reach orbit

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11
Q

Contents of the Cavernous Sinus

A
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12
Q

The medulla is derived from what structure?
•Metencephalon
•Mesencephalon
•Myelencephalon
•Prosencephalon

A

Myelencephalon

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13
Q

A lesion to which nuclei can cause impaired phonation?

  • Nucleus Solitarius
  • Nucleus Ambiguus
  • Nucleus Basalis
  • Locus Ceruleus
A

Nucleus Ambiguus

Contains motor neurons that supply striated muscles of
–Palate, Pharynx, Larynx

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14
Q

What neurotransmitter is found at the ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system?

  • Norepinepherine
  • Acetylcholine
  • Dopamine
  • Glutamate
A

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

What structure contains high concentrations of glutamate?

  • Laterodorsal Tegmental Nuclei
  • Pontomesencephalic Reticular Nucleus
  • Dorsal Raphe Magnus Nuclei
  • Ventral Periaqueductal Gray
A

Pontomesencephalic Reticular Nucleus

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16
Q
  • What structure projects to the subthalamic nucleus?
  • The above structure projects inhibitory or excitatory input
  • Is the above structure part of the direct or indirect pathway
A

Globus pallidus externa

Inhibitory

Indirect

17
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?
–The STN receives excitatory input from the GPe
–The STN receives inhibitory input from the GPe
–The STN receives excitatory input from the GPi
–The STN receives excitatory input from the GPi

A

The STN receives inhibitory input from the GPe

18
Q

A lesion to which thalamic nuclei can cause amnesia problems?
•Anterior Nucleus
•Intralaminar
•Pulvinar
•MGN

A

Anterior Nucleus

19
Q

A lesion to which thalamic nuclei can cause poor executive function problems?
•Anterior Nucleus
•Dorsomedial
•Pulvinar
•MGN

A

Dorsomedial

  • Amnesia
  • Executive & behavioral dysfunction
  • Lack of motivational drive
  • Multi-modal attention affected
  • schizophrenia
20
Q

Which cortical layer sends out the largest pyramidal neurons?
•Layer 2
•Layer 3
•Layer 4
•Layer 5

A

Layer 5

•Layer 4
–Input from thalamus
- terminates @ external band of Baillarger
–If in V1 – line of Gennari
•Layer 5
–Largest pyramidal neurons
–Sends outputs to brainstem & SC via pyramidal tract
•Layer 6
–Output to thalamus

21
Q

Which tracts are likely to be affected first by an extrinsic lateral process?

Spinocerebellar

Corticospinal

Fasciculus Gracilis

Reticulospinal

Spinothalamic

A

Spinocerebellar

22
Q

The thoracodorsal nerve comes off of what cord and what does it innervate?

A

Posterior

Latissimus Dorsi

23
Q

The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve comes from what cord?

24
Q

The suprascapular nerve comes from what trunk?

25
The posterior interosseous branch comes from what nerve?
Radial
26
Which nerve lies adjacent to the ICA in the cavernous sinus?
CN VI - abducens Aneurysm of ICA can cause lateral rectus palsy The other cranial nerves lie within the wall
27
Which artery can cause bilateral thalamic and midbrain infarcts?
Artery of Percheron arises from proximal P1
28
Describe the innervation of the digastric muscle - anterior belly - posterior belly
The ANTerior belly of the digastric muscle is innervated by CN 5 while the POSTerior belly of the digastric is innervated by CN7 “ANT is before POST, so CN V innervates the ANT and CN VII innervates the POST” CN5 - innervates masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, Lateral pterygoid - anterior belly digastric - mylohyoid - tensor veli palatini - tensor tympani CN7 - posterior belly digastric - styloidhyoid - stapedius of inner ear - buccinator - frontalis - occipitalis, orbicularis oculi/oris - nasalis - depressor anguli oris - platysma
29
Which tracts descend in the lateral portions of the spinal cord?
Lateral corticospinal tract Rubrospinal tract (Vestibulospinal, Tectospinal, and Reticulospinal, *and MLF* descend in the anterior spinal cord)
30
Patient presents with bilateral upper extremity weakness (distal worse than proximal) with sensory level of decreased pinprick sensation but preserved fine touch and vibratory sensation. Where is the lesion?
Syringomyelia ## Footnote "cape-like" distribution is most suggestive of a central cord syndrome. A central cord lesion affecting the anterior commissure will affect the crossing spinothalamic tracts resulting in sensory deficits only at the level of the lesion, without causing more caudal sensory deficits, and will spare vibration and light touch since the dorsal columns are spared.
31
Describe the main origins of branches supplying the thalamus
The thalamus is supplied mainly by the branches of the * *posterior cerebral**, * *posterior communicating**, and * *posterior choroidal** arteries
32
What is the first major branch of the internal carotid artery?
Ophthalmic artery (The ICA does not have any branches extracranially)

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