neuroanatomy - divisions of NS Flashcards
1
Q
CNS
A
- integration and coordination of information
- brain: forebrain/pros, midbrain/mes, hindrain/rhomb)
- brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla
- spinal cord: afferent and efferent, innor core of gray matter and superficial of white matter
2
Q
CNS characteristics
A
- integration and coordination of NS info
- gray matter: consists of unmyelinated nurons and contains capillaries, glial cells, cell bodies, dendrites
- white matter of SC divded into 3 funiculi – anterior, lateral, and dorsal columns
- brain hemispheres: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
3
Q
myelinating cells in CNS
A
oligodendrocytes
4
Q
myelinating cells in PNS
A
Schwann cells
but realitively unprotected
5
Q
PNS
A
- 12 pairs CNs
- 31 pairs spinal nerves - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
cervical exit above (C2 n above C2 v), everything else exits below
6
Q
each spinal nerve has
A
- anterior root: carrying motor info away from CNS (efferent)
- posterior root: carries info about sensation to CNS (afferent)
- ganglia are clusters/swelling of cells that give rise to periph and central nerve fibers – divided into sensory and autonomic ganglia
7
Q
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
A
- sympathetic: prepares body for emergency response, norepinephrine - stimulating
- parasympathetic: conserving and restoring energy, acetylcholine - inhibitory
- characteristics
- anatomically contains CNS and PNS portions
- innervation for involuntary process, glands, internal organs, smooth muscles
- impulses often do not reach consciousness
- automatic responses
8
Q
somatic nervous system
A
- peripheral and motor fibers
- characteristics
- periph nerve fibers send sensory info to CNS
- mtoor nerve fibers send info to skeletal muscles
- somatic motor neurons travel directly to skeletal muscles without intervening synapses
- all nerve fibers myelinated
- controls voluntary movements and provides ability to sense touch, smell, taste, sight, sound
- all 5 senses influnced by SNS
9
Q
limbic system
A
- corpus callosum, olfactory tract, mammillary bodies, fornix, thatlmic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamic nuclei
- involves in control and expression of mood and emotion
- processing and storing recent memory
- olfaction
- control of appetite
- emotional responses to food
- lesions -> aggression, extreme fearfulness, altered sexual behavior, changes in motivation
10
Q
outer surface of brain is ____ and interior is ____
A
outer surface of brain is gray matter and interior is white matter
11
Q
impo
important fissues
A
- interhemispheric (medial longitudinal): separates two hemisphers
- sylvian (lateral): anterior portion separates frontal and temporal lobes, posterior separates temporal and parietal
12
Q
important sulci
A
- central/Rolando: separates frontal and parietal lobes lateral
- parieto-occipital: spearates parietal and occipital lobes
- calcarine: separations occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves
13
Q
hemisphere dominance
A
- left
- language
- sequence and perform movements
- analytical, controlled, logical, rational
- math equations
- right
- nonverbals
- holistic processing
- art, hand-eye coordination, music
- math reasoning
- negative emotions
14
Q
hippocampus
A
- in lower temporal lobe
- process, form, store new memories of personal history and declarative memory (facts)
- memory indexer
14
Q
basal ganglia
A
- caudate, putamen, substantia nigra, subthalamic nuclei
- collectively responsible for voluntary movement, regulation of autonomic movement, posture, muscle tone, control of motor response
- dysfunction associated with PD, HD, Tourette’s, ADD, OCD, addictions
15
Q
amygdala
A
- in temporal lobes
- functions in emotional and social processing
- involved with fear and pleasure response, arousal, memory processing, formation of emotional memories
16
Q
frontal lobe
A
- function
- voluntary movement
- broca’s area - speech, concentration
- personality
- impairment
- contralateral weakness
- perseveration, inattention, personality change, apathy
- broca’s aphasia – expressive deficits
17
Q
parietal lobe
A
- function
- sensation of touch, kinesthesia, vibration, temperature
- sensory interpretation
- interprets language and words
- spatial and visual processing
- impairment
- dominant hemisphere (L) - agraphia, alexia, agnosia
- non-dom hemisphere (R) - dressing apraxia, anosognosia
- impaired language comprehension
18
Q
temporal lobe
A
- function
- auditory processing and olfaction
- Wernicke’s area - ability to understand and produce meaningful speech
- rear of temporal enables interpretation of other’s emotions and reactions
- impairment
- learning deficits
- wernicke’s aphasia - receptive deficits
- difficulty with facial recognition, memory, STM/LTM
- rely on dmeonstration to learn - can learn but may be unable to recall steps around new skill
18
Q
occipital lobe
A
- function
- main processing for visual info
- impairment
- homonymous hemianopsia
- impaired reading and writing
- cortical blindness
19
Q
diencephalon
A
- beneath cerebral hemispehres, where major motor and sensory tracts synpase
- thalamus: relay/processing station for into to cortex, coordination of sensory perception and movement
- hypothalamus: receives and integrates info from ANS, FFF, sleeping
- subthalamus: subthalamic nucleus - regulates movements produced by skeletal muscle, associaton with basal ganglia and ubstantia nigra
- epithalamus: represented by pineal gland, circadian rhythm, associated with limbic system and basal ganglia
20
Q
thalamic pain syndrome
A
spontaneous pain on contralatera side of body to hypothalamic lesion
21
Q
midbrain
A
- relay for info
- also has tectum and tegmentum
- tectum: superior and inferior colliculi
- tegmentum: cerebral aqueduct, periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, substantia nigra, red nucleus
22
Q
hindbrain/rhom
A
- cerebellum: coordinates movement, balance, fine tuning movement –> ataxia, nystagmus, tremor, poor coordination
- pons: regulate respiration rate, orientated of head
- medulla: cone-shaped, WM surface, reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing –> damage to motor tracts crossing in medulla produce contralateral impairment
23
brainstem
- relay station between body and cortex
- primitive functions - regulation of HR, RR
24
anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
- supplies anterior frontal lobe, medial frontal and parietal lobes
- **expected impairment**
- contralateral LE motor and sensory involvement
- loss of B/B
- significant mental change
- neglext, aphasia, apraxia, agraphia
25
ACA occlusion patterns of impairment
- bilateral occlusion - paraplegia
- incontinunence, abulic aphasia
- frontal lobe symptoms - personality changes, potential akinetic mutism
26
middle cerebral artery (MCA)
- supplies most of outer cerebrum, basal ganglia, putamen
- **expected outcomes**
- most common site of a CVA
- Wernicke's aphasia
- flat affect impaired spatial relationships
- contralateral weakness and sensory loss of face and UE, less involvement in LE
27
MCA occlusion patterns of impairments
- bilateral occlusion of MCA at stem: contralateral hemiplegia, sensory impairment
- dominant hemisphere impairment includes global, wernick's, broca's aphasia
- MCA supplies larger portion of cortex, so other impairments can be lobe dependent
28
posterioral cerebral artery (PCA)
- supplies portion of midbrain, subthalamic nucleus, basal nucleus, thalamus, inferior temp lobe, occipital cortices
- **expected impairments**
- contralateral pain and temp loss
- ataxia, choreiform movement,thalamic pain syndrome
- anomia
- prospagnosia
- hemisballismus
- visual agnosia
- alexia
29
PCA occlusion patterns of impairment
- most significant impairments are:
- thalamic pain syndrome - pain, temperature, touch, proprioception abnormal sensations
- cortical blindness: loss of vision d/t damage to occipital cortex
30
vertebral-basilar artery
- supplies lateral midbrain and cerebellum, medulla, pons, occipital cortex
- **expected impairments**
- LOC, comatose, vegetative
- hemiplegia or tetraplegia
- inability to speak
- locked-in syndrome
- vertigo, nystagmus, dysphagia, dysarthria, syncope, ataxia
31
VBA occlusion patterns of impairment
- wide variety of symptoms and syndrome d/t complex vascularity of VBA systems
- wallenberg syndrome - secondary to lateral medullary infarct, presents with ipsilat facial pain and ataxia, vertigo, contralateral pain, temp impairment of body
32
3 layers of dura
- dura mater
- subarachnoid
- pia matera
33
brudzinski's sign
- for meningitis
- flexion of neck facilitates flexion of hips and knees
- kernig's sign - pain with hip flexion combined with knee extension
| lumbar puncture gold standard for meningitis diagnosis
34
ventrical system
- 4 fluid-filled cavities
- choroid plexus makes CSF
- removes matobilte
35
excess fluid in SC known as
syringomelia
36
hydrocephalus
- increase of CSF in ventricles due to poor resporption, poor flow, excess production of CSF
- sun setting sign - downward deviation of eyes
- treatment: shunt, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV)
37
the largest amount of gray matter in the SC is in the
lumbar spine
38
vertebral artery forms _ and _ that surround spinal cord
anterior spinal artery and 2 posterior spinal arteries
39
SC runs from _ to _
from foramen magnum to conus medullaris (between L1 and L2)
40
each spinal nerve contains a dorsal root for _ and a ventral root for _
- dorsal root for sensory with afferent fibers
- ventral root for motor with efferent fibers
41
ascending tracts
- sensory tracts in WM of SC
- from cells of spinal ganglia or intrinsic neurons within gray matter that receive primary sensory input - relay sensory feedback to cerebrum and cerebellum
- **cuneocerebellar** - to cerebellum for ipsilateral proprioception of neck and UEs
- **fasciculus cuneatus** (post or dorsal) - sensory for trunk, neck, UE proprioception; vibration, 2 point discrim, graphestheia
- **fasciculus gracilis** (post or dorsal) - trunk and LE proprioception, vibration, 2 point discrim, graphesthesia
- **spinocerebellar** (dorsal and ventral) - to cerebellum, ipsilateral proprioception, tension in muscles, joint sense, trunk and LE posture
- **spino-olivary** - to cerebellum, info from cutaneous and proprioceptive organs
- **spinoreticular** - reticular formation, influence level of consciousness
- **spinotectal** - spinovisial reflexes, assists movement of eyes towards stimulus
- **spinothalamic tract (ant)** - crude touch and pressure
- **spinothalamic tract (lat)**- temp and pain
42
descending tracts
- involved with voluntary motor function, tone, reflexes, equilibrium, modulation of ascending signals
- corticospinal tract (largest) originates in cortex, small tracts originate in midbrain, pons, medulla
- **corticospinal (ant)**: pyramidal tract for ipsilateral, voluntary, discrete, skilled movement
- **corticospinal (lat)**: pyramidal motor tract for contralateral fine movement --> babinski, absent superficial abdominal reflexes, loss of fine motor or skilled voluntary movement
- **reticuospinal**: extrapyramidal, facilitation or inhibition of voluntary and reflex activity through influence on alpha and gamma motor neurons
- **rubrospinal**: extrapyramidal, for motor input of gross postural tone, facilitating activity of flexor muscles, inhibit activity of extensor muscles
- **tectospinal**: extrapyramidal, for contralateral postural muscle tone associated with auditory/visual stim
- **vestibulospinal**: extrapyramidal, ipsilateral gross postural adjustments subsequent to head movements, facilitating activity of extensor muscles, inhibiting activity fo flexor muscles --> paralysis, hypertonicity, exaggerated DTRs, clasp-knife
