neuroanatomy - divisions of NS Flashcards
1
Q
CNS
A
- integration and coordination of information
- brain: forebrain/pros, midbrain/mes, hindrain/rhomb)
- brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla
- spinal cord: afferent and efferent, innor core of gray matter and superficial of white matter
2
Q
CNS characteristics
A
- integration and coordination of NS info
- gray matter: consists of unmyelinated nurons and contains capillaries, glial cells, cell bodies, dendrites
- white matter of SC divded into 3 funiculi – anterior, lateral, and dorsal columns
- brain hemispheres: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
3
Q
myelinating cells in CNS
A
oligodendrocytes
4
Q
myelinating cells in PNS
A
Schwann cells
but realitively unprotected
5
Q
PNS
A
- 12 pairs CNs
- 31 pairs spinal nerves - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
cervical exit above (C2 n above C2 v), everything else exits below
6
Q
each spinal nerve has
A
- anterior root: carrying motor info away from CNS (efferent)
- posterior root: carries info about sensation to CNS (afferent)
- ganglia are clusters/swelling of cells that give rise to periph and central nerve fibers – divided into sensory and autonomic ganglia
7
Q
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
A
- sympathetic: prepares body for emergency response, norepinephrine - stimulating
- parasympathetic: conserving and restoring energy, acetylcholine - inhibitory
- characteristics
- anatomically contains CNS and PNS portions
- innervation for involuntary process, glands, internal organs, smooth muscles
- impulses often do not reach consciousness
- automatic responses
8
Q
somatic nervous system
A
- peripheral and motor fibers
- characteristics
- periph nerve fibers send sensory info to CNS
- mtoor nerve fibers send info to skeletal muscles
- somatic motor neurons travel directly to skeletal muscles without intervening synapses
- all nerve fibers myelinated
- controls voluntary movements and provides ability to sense touch, smell, taste, sight, sound
- all 5 senses influnced by SNS
9
Q
limbic system
A
- corpus callosum, olfactory tract, mammillary bodies, fornix, thatlmic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamic nuclei
- involves in control and expression of mood and emotion
- processing and storing recent memory
- olfaction
- control of appetite
- emotional responses to food
- lesions -> aggression, extreme fearfulness, altered sexual behavior, changes in motivation
10
Q
outer surface of brain is ____ and interior is ____
A
outer surface of brain is gray matter and interior is white matter
11
Q
impo
important fissues
A
- interhemispheric (medial longitudinal): separates two hemisphers
- sylvian (lateral): anterior portion separates frontal and temporal lobes, posterior separates temporal and parietal
12
Q
important sulci
A
- central/Rolando: separates frontal and parietal lobes lateral
- parieto-occipital: spearates parietal and occipital lobes
- calcarine: separations occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves
13
Q
hemisphere dominance
A
- left
- language
- sequence and perform movements
- analytical, controlled, logical, rational
- math equations
- right
- nonverbals
- holistic processing
- art, hand-eye coordination, music
- math reasoning
- negative emotions
14
Q
hippocampus
A
- in lower temporal lobe
- process, form, store new memories of personal history and declarative memory (facts)
- memory indexer
14
Q
basal ganglia
A
- caudate, putamen, substantia nigra, subthalamic nuclei
- collectively responsible for voluntary movement, regulation of autonomic movement, posture, muscle tone, control of motor response
- dysfunction associated with PD, HD, Tourette’s, ADD, OCD, addictions
15
Q
amygdala
A
- in temporal lobes
- functions in emotional and social processing
- involved with fear and pleasure response, arousal, memory processing, formation of emotional memories
16
Q
frontal lobe
A
- function
- voluntary movement
- broca’s area - speech, concentration
- personality
- impairment
- contralateral weakness
- perseveration, inattention, personality change, apathy
- broca’s aphasia – expressive deficits
19
Q
diencephalon
A
- beneath cerebral hemispehres, where major motor and sensory tracts synpase
- thalamus: relay/processing station for into to cortex, coordination of sensory perception and movement
- hypothalamus: receives and integrates info from ANS, FFF, sleeping
- subthalamus: subthalamic nucleus - regulates movements produced by skeletal muscle, associaton with basal ganglia and ubstantia nigra
- epithalamus: represented by pineal gland, circadian rhythm, associated with limbic system and basal ganglia
24
Q
anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
A
- supplies anterior frontal lobe, medial frontal and parietal lobes
- expected impairment
- contralateral LE motor and sensory involvement
- loss of B/B
- significant mental change
- neglext, aphasia, apraxia, agraphia
26
Q
middle cerebral artery (MCA)
A
- supplies most of outer cerebrum, basal ganglia, putamen
- expected outcomes
- most common site of a CVA
- Wernicke’s aphasia
- flat affect impaired spatial relationships
- contralateral weakness and sensory loss of face and UE, less involvement in LE
27
Q
MCA occlusion patterns of impairments
A
- bilateral occlusion of MCA at stem: contralateral hemiplegia, sensory impairment
- dominant hemisphere impairment includes global, wernick’s, broca’s aphasia
- MCA supplies larger portion of cortex, so other impairments can be lobe dependent
28
Q
posterioral cerebral artery (PCA)
A
- supplies portion of midbrain, subthalamic nucleus, basal nucleus, thalamus, inferior temp lobe, occipital cortices
- expected impairments
- contralateral pain and temp loss
- ataxia, choreiform movement,thalamic pain syndrome
- anomia
- prospagnosia
- hemisballismus
- visual agnosia
- alexia
30
Q
vertebral-basilar artery
A
- supplies lateral midbrain and cerebellum, medulla, pons, occipital cortex
- expected impairments
- LOC, comatose, vegetative
- hemiplegia or tetraplegia
- inability to speak
- locked-in syndrome
- vertigo, nystagmus, dysphagia, dysarthria, syncope, ataxia
38
Q
vertebral artery forms _ and _ that surround spinal cord
A
anterior spinal artery and 2 posterior spinal arteries
41
Q
ascending tracts
A
- sensory tracts in WM of SC
- from cells of spinal ganglia or intrinsic neurons within gray matter that receive primary sensory input - relay sensory feedback to cerebrum and cerebellum
- cuneocerebellar - to cerebellum for ipsilateral proprioception of neck and UEs
- fasciculus cuneatus (post or dorsal) - sensory for trunk, neck, UE proprioception; vibration, 2 point discrim, graphestheia
- fasciculus gracilis (post or dorsal) - trunk and LE proprioception, vibration, 2 point discrim, graphesthesia
- spinocerebellar (dorsal and ventral) - to cerebellum, ipsilateral proprioception, tension in muscles, joint sense, trunk and LE posture
- spino-olivary - to cerebellum, info from cutaneous and proprioceptive organs
- spinoreticular - reticular formation, influence level of consciousness
- spinotectal - spinovisial reflexes, assists movement of eyes towards stimulus
- spinothalamic tract (ant) - crude touch and pressure
- spinothalamic tract (lat)- temp and pain
