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BCIA Exam for Neurofeedback > Neuroanatomy|Brain > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy|Brain Flashcards

1
Q

How much does the human brain weigh?

A

2.8 to 3 lbs

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2
Q

The cerebrum comprises what percentage of total brain weight?

A

85%

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3
Q

60% of the brain’s total weight is comprised of what?

A

Fat

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4
Q

The brain uses what percentage of our oxygen?

A

20%

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5
Q

The brain uses what percentage of our glucose?

A

25%

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6
Q

How many minutes of oxygen loss leads to brain damage?

A

5-10 minutes

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7
Q

What cranial landmark is located at the base of the skull at the external occipital protuberance?

A

Inion

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8
Q

How many watts of power does the electrical activity of the brain generate?

A

30

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9
Q

The autonomic nervous system is comprised of what two systems?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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10
Q

What is the difference between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

A

Parasympathetic controls “rest and digest”; sympathetic controls “fight-or-flight”

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11
Q

What nervous system is responsible for “rest and digest”?

A

Parasympathetic

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12
Q

What nervous system is responsible for “fight-or-flight”?

A

Sympathetic

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13
Q

What does functional connectivity refer to?

A

The intact relationship between various, somewhat discreet, functional areas of the brain

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14
Q

What does effective connectivity refer to?

A

Attempts to identify the nature and direction of information flow across brain networks

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15
Q

The outermost layer of the cerebral cortex is comprised of what?

A

Gray matter

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16
Q

What structure divides the hemispheres of the brain?

A

Corpus collosum

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17
Q

What are the fissures within the cerebral cortex called?

A

Sulci

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18
Q

What functions are normally associated with the left hemisphere?

A

IQ, intellectual encoding, logical processing, verbal expression, memory, auditory, math, grammar, problem solving, word recognition

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19
Q

What functions are associated with the right hemisphere?

A

Social encoding, emotional process, non-verbal expression, music, auditory, special problem solving, face recognition, empathy, early self-concept

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20
Q

What functions are normally associated with the anterior brain?

A

Attention and executive planning

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21
Q

What functions are associated with the midline?

A

Impulse control

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22
Q

What functions are associated with the central sulcus area?

A

Sensory/motor functions & Mood stability

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23
Q

In what lobe does verbal and non-verbal association take place?

A

Parietal

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24
Q

What is the most prominent part of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, divided into right and left hemispheres. Outer layer is cerebral cortex responsible for higher mental functions. It’s about 1/8” thick. Divided into 4 lobes.

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25
Q

How are the lobes of the brain named?

A

In conjunction with the cranial bones above it

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26
Q

What lobe’s key functions include math, naming objects, complex grammar, spatial awareness, and recognizing oneself as distinct from the outside world?

A

Parietal lobe

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27
Q

What lobe’s key functions include verbal memories, word recognition, reading, language, emotion (left hemisphere) and music, facial recognition, social cues, object recognition (right hemisphere)?

A

Temporal lobe

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28
Q

What lobe is most related to the visual field?

A

Occipital lobe

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29
Q

What part of the brain is associated with conscious control of all skeletal muscle movements?

A

Sensorimotor cortex

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30
Q

Broca’s area is specifically related to what neurological function?

A

Formulation of speech

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31
Q

Wernicke’s area is specifically related to what neurological function?

A

Comprehension of language

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32
Q

What is the key function of the somatosensory cortex?

A

Spatial discrimination, ability to identify where body sensations originate

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33
Q

What structure exists along the Z-line (Fpz, Fz, Cz, Pz)?

A

Cingulate gyrus

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34
Q

What functions are associated with the anterior cingulate gyrus?

A

Cognitive control; conflict monitoring and resolution; emotional regulation; pain and reward processing; adaptive learning; social and moral decision-making.

Anterior cingulate is associated with mental flexibility, cooperation, attention. It helps the mind let go of problems and concerns, shift gears and make transitions, stop ritualistic movements and tics. Cingulate oversees motivation, social self and personality. It’s closely aligned with the amygdala. A “hot” cingulate means it’s overactive and causing problems.

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35
Q

How many layers of cells comprise the cortex?

A

Six

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36
Q

What type of cell outnumber all other cell types and is most responsible for the generation of pre- and post-synaptic potentials in the EGG?

A

Pyramidal

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37
Q

Stellate cells, or interneurons, that facilitate communication between pyramidal cells exist mainly in what layer of the cortex?

A

Layer 4

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38
Q

What are the pyramidal nerve tracts?

A

Ascending and descending pathways that range from the spinal cord to the lower brain without synaptic interruption. They don’t extend directly into the cerebral cortex.

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39
Q

What is the function of extrapyramidal cells?

A

They comprise all remaining motor components within the cerebral cortex. They also connect the cortex with other brain structures like the basal ganglia, cerebellum, reticular formation and the thalamus.

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40
Q

What functions are associated with the posterior cingulate gyrus?

A

(Primary) Maintaining Default Mode Network (DMN); also: memory retrieval; spatial orientation and navigation; emotional processing; somewhat related to attention and task-related activities

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41
Q

The posterior cingulate gyrus is part of what anatomical system?

A

The limbic system

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42
Q

Is the anterior cingulate gyrus part of the limbic system?

A

The anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC) is often considered a transitional region between the limbic system and the frontal cortex. While it is not traditionally classified as part of the core limbic system, it has significant functional and anatomical connections with both limbic and frontal cortical regions. As a result, the ACC plays a vital role in mediating between emotional and cognitive processes.

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43
Q

The cingulate gyrus is located along and superior to what structure of the brain?

A

The corpus collosum

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44
Q

What four subcortical structures comprise the limbic system (seat of emotion)?

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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45
Q

What two things does the limbic system process?

A

Emotional Information and Memory

46
Q

What subcortical structure is associated with explicit memory?

A

Hippocampus

47
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, is a type of long-term memory that involves the conscious, intentional recollection of facts, events, and information. It refers to the ability to consciously retrieve specific details or knowledge about past experiences. Explicit memory is characterized by the conscious awareness of what is being remembered, and it can be further divided into two subtypes: Semantic memory and Episodic memory.

48
Q

Explicit memory is also known as what?

A

Declarative memory

49
Q

What are the two subtypes of explicit memory?

A

Semantic and Episodic

50
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

FACTUAL MEMORY

Semantic memory is a subtype of explicit memory that relates to general knowledge and facts about the world. It includes information such as language, concepts, facts, and general knowledge that is not tied to a specific personal experience. For example, knowing that Paris is the capital of France or that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius is a form of semantic memory.

51
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

PERSONAL MEMORIES OF ONE’S PAST

Episodic memory is a subtype of explicit memory that pertains to personal experiences and events that occurred at specific times and places. It involves recalling autobiographical details, such as your first day of school, a family vacation, or a birthday party. Episodic memories are tied to the context in which they occurred and are often characterized by a sense of time and place.

52
Q

What subcortical structure is associated with implicit memory?

A

Amygdala

53
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Unconscious, long-term memory that influences current thought, behavior, and performance.

Implicit memory is thought to rely on different neural pathways and structures compared to explicit memory. The basal ganglia, cerebellum, and various regions of the neocortex are involved in the formation and expression of implicit memories.

One of the intriguing aspects of implicit memory is that it often persists even in cases of amnesia or damage to explicit memory systems, such as the hippocampus. This highlights the distinct nature of implicit memory and its importance in our daily lives, as it guides our actions, habits, and responses without our conscious awareness.

54
Q

What subcortical structure is considered the heart of the brain?

A

Thalamus

55
Q

What structure serves as editor for sorting and directing sensory information and emotions, influencing brainwaves through connections with the cortex?

A

Thalamus

56
Q

What is the largest job of the hippocampus?

A

Transfer short-term memories to long-term storage

57
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Control body temperature, hunger, fatigue, sleep (neuroendocrine events and autonomic nervous system)

58
Q

What subcortical structure controls the autonomic components of emotion (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, respiration)?

A

Amygdala

59
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

Medial temporal lobe, anterior to the hippocampus.

The amygdala is a pair of almond-shaped clusters of nuclei located deep within the brain, one on each side. They are situated in the medial temporal lobe of the brain, which is near the base of the brain and is involved in various aspects of emotional processing and memory. Specifically, the amygdala is positioned anterior to the hippocampus, another important structure for memory, and is part of the limbic system, which plays a central role in emotions and emotional responses. The amygdala is highly interconnected with other brain regions and is known for its critical role in processing and regulating emotions, particularly fear and emotional memory.

60
Q

Where is the hippocampus located?

A

Medial temporal lobe, adjacent to the lateral ventricles.

The hippocampus is a seahorse-shaped structure located deep within the brain, in the medial temporal lobe. It is situated in both hemispheres of the brain, with one hippocampus in the left hemisphere and another in the right hemisphere. The hippocampus is positioned adjacent to the lateral ventricles, which are fluid-filled spaces within the brain.

61
Q

Damage to the hippocampus could result in what types of problems?

A

Significant memory deficits, such as anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new memories) and difficulties in spatial orientation.

62
Q

Where is the thalamus located?

A

The thalamus is a vital structure in the brain located at the center of the brain, deep within the cerebral hemispheres. It is part of the diencephalon, which is the central portion of the brain. The thalamus consists of two small, symmetrical structures, one in each hemisphere of the brain.

63
Q

What subcortical structure acts as a sensory gateway, receiving sensory input from various sensory systems (e.g., vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell) and then transmitting this information to the appropriate regions of the cerebral cortex, where further processing and perception occur?

A

Thalamus

64
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

The hypothalamus is a small but vital region of the brain located near the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus. It is a central structure within the diencephalon, which is a subdivision of the brain’s forebrain.

65
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

The diencephalon is a distinct and crucial part of the brain located in the forebrain, specifically in the central core of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres and above the brainstem. It consists of several important structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus.

66
Q

What is the function of the structures that comprise the diencephalon?

A

It serves as a bridge between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres, facilitating communication between different parts of the brain and helping to coordinate and control various bodily functions. The diencephalon acts as a relay and integration center for various sensory and motor pathways and plays a critical role in regulating many physiological processes essential for survival.

67
Q

Where is the reticular formation located?

A

Within the brainstem

68
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation and reticular activation system (RAS)?

A

To relay impulses from the brainstem to the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. Plays a significant role in attention and maintaining sleep/wake cycles.

69
Q

What brain structure has the primary function of controlling body movements, coordination, and posture?

A

Cerebellum

70
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Regulating essential autonomic and involuntary functions that are critical for survival (e.g., cardiovascular control, respiration, swallowing, vital reflexes, sleep)

71
Q

Where is the medulla located?

A

The medulla, also known as the medulla oblongata, is a crucial part of the brainstem located just above the spinal cord and below the pons.

72
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A

Connect the spinal cord to the brain

73
Q

What parts comprise the brainstem?

A

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain
Reticular formation
Cranial nerve nuclei

74
Q

What structure is the lowermost part of the brainstem?

A

Medulla

75
Q

Where is the pons located?

A

In the brainstem, just above the medulla and below the midbrain

76
Q

What part of the brain connects the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex and contains the cranial nerves of the face?

A

Pons

77
Q

What subcortical structure sits atop the brainstem?

A

Thalamus

78
Q

What subcortical structure sends signals from the Reticular Activation System (RAS) to various areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

Thalamus

79
Q

The amygdala has strong connections with what lobe of the brain?

A

Frontal

80
Q

What subcortical structure is most related to issues of memory?

A

Hippocampus

81
Q

What subcortical structure is most related to emotion?

A

Amygdala

82
Q

What subcortical structure is considered the perceptual gateway to the brain?

A

Thalamus

83
Q

What region of the brain controls motor movement and interfaces heavily with the cerebellum to execute learned sequences of motor action, such as playing a piece of music?

A

Basal ganglia or Stratium

84
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

The control of voluntary motor movements, but it also plays a role in various cognitive and emotional functions.

85
Q

Where is the basal ganglia located?

A

Near the base of the forebrain

86
Q

The forebrain is also known as what latin term?

A

Prosencephalon

87
Q

The forebrain (prosencephalon) is divided into what two main regions?

A

The telencephalon and diencephalon.

88
Q

What is the telencephalon?

A

The telencephalon is the most anterior part of the forebrain and includes the cerebral hemispheres, which make up the bulk of the brain. The cerebral hemispheres are further divided into the left and right hemispheres and are responsible for higher cognitive functions, such as thinking, memory, perception, and voluntary motor control. The telencephalon also contains the basal ganglia, olfactory bulbs, and other structures.

89
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

90
Q

What cranial nerve is the olfactory nerve?

A

CN I (1) - smell

91
Q

What cranial nerve is the optic nerve?

A

CN II (2) - visual perception

92
Q

What cranial nerve is the oculomotor nerve?

A

CN III (3) - eye movement and pupil constriction

93
Q

What cranial nerve is the trochlear nerve?

A

CN IV (4) - downward/inward eye movements

94
Q

What cranial nerve is the trigeminal nerve?

A

CN V (5) - face sensation and chewing

95
Q

What cranial nerve is the abducens nerve?

A

CN VI (6) - outward eye movement

96
Q

What cranial nerve is the facial nerve?

A

CN VII (7) - facial expressions, taste on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, salivation and tear glands

97
Q

What cranial nerve is the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

CN VIII (8) - hearing and balance (inner ear)

98
Q

What cranial nerve is the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

CN IX (9) - taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue, swallowing, blood pressure

99
Q

What cranial nerve is the vagus nerve?

A

CN X (10) - wide autonomic functions

100
Q

What cranial nerve is the accessory nerve?

A

CN XI (11) - head and shoulder movement

101
Q

What cranial nerve is the hypoglossal nerve?

A

CN XII (12) - tongue muscles, swallowing, speech

102
Q

What percentage of the brain’s total neurons are in the cerebrum (cerebral cortex)?

A

19%

103
Q

All sensory information coming into the body goes through the ventral nuclei of the _____ and into the somatosensory regions of the cortex.

A

Thalamus

104
Q

The _____ appears to engage and disengage different areas of the cortex through a resonance process involving the use of ______ as a form of braking.

A

thalamus; alpha

105
Q

What frequency does the thalamus clearly employ in a gating system to control information flowing to and from sections of the cortex controlling primary motor functions?

A

SMR

106
Q

What percent of the measured EEG is considered local, with the remaining percentage coming from volume conduction?

A

60%

107
Q

What is the primary frequency generated by the cerebrum?

A

Beta

108
Q

What is the primary frequency generated by the limbic system?

A

Theta

109
Q

What is the primary frequency associated with the brain stem and cerebellum?

A

Delta

110
Q

What is the primary frequency associated with the thalamus?

A

Alpha

BCIA Exam for Neurofeedback (8 decks)

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