Misc Other Flashcards
How many levels of efficacy are delineated in neurofeedback and what are they?
Five:
1: Not emprically supported
2: Possibly efficacious
3. Probably effciacious
4. Efficacious
5. Efficacious and specific
True or False:
The ultimate goals of neurofeedback are pairing a stimulus with a specific response (discrimination) and pairing that learned response in the appropriate setting (generalization).
True
True or False:
Neurofeedback is a specific type of biofeedback that focuses on the peripheral nervous system.
False
In a study by Paul Wand and Gerald Gluck, Z-score neurofeedback and SPECT scans were compared. What was the result of this study?
Showed the importance and sensitivity of LORETA network measures of connectivity in correspondence to SPECT scan measures.
What is an Event-Related Potential (ERP)?
A measure of brain electrical activity that occurs as a response to a specific stimulus
What is Event-Related Desynchronization?
When increased cognitive workload results in a decrease in slow-wave activity and increase in beta
Increased cognitive workload that results in decreased slow-wave activity and increased beta is called ______.
Event-Related Desynchronization
What is post-reinforcement synchronization?
Small burst of alpha that occurs after an event-related desynchronization
When a small burst of alpha occurs after an event-related desynchronization, this is called _______.
post-reinforcement synchronization (balances out high beta)
True or false:
It is difficult to do randomized controlled trials for Neurofeedback due to the inability to conduct double blind trials.
True
Merzenich’s study in 1984 involved the amputation of the owl monkey’s third digit of their hand. What did this study show?
A cortical map organization is malleable and can change as a result of a change in the somatotropic organization.
What term describes the process by which neurons are generated from neural stem cells?
Neurogenesis
The term __________ describes the brain’s ability to recruit other neurons in other regions of the nervous system.
Compensation
Periodic Lateralized Epileptiform Discharges (PLEDS) are associated with ______.
chronic alcoholism
_____ and EMG have a similar range. Because of this, an EMG inhibit should be used.
Beta
The units of Peak Alpha frequency are ______.
Hz
A lack of what EEG frequency is associated with learning disorders?
Gamma
Cz is located 50% of the distance along the horizontal and vertical planes on the scalp. This location is called the ______.
Vertex
In the FFT Spectral Display, the Y-axis measures ______ and X-axis measures ________.
voltage; frequency
The nasion, preauricular point, mastoid process, and inion are all ____________.
reference landmarks
It is very important that reinforcement be paired with desirable behavior in the Neurofeedback operant conditioning paradigm. What principle emphasizes this phenomenon?
Temporal Contiguity
Some clients undergo 30 sessions whereas others can have 60-70 sessions. Brain plasticity and Long Term Potentiation are most affected by which principle of learning that helps memory consolidation?
Repetition
Neurofeedback is a/an _______ conditioning learning paradigm.
operant
Neurofeedback teaches ________ of neural activity and related state changes.
self-regulation
J. Ghaziri in 2013 published a landmark study of neuroplastic changes in the human brain as a result of Neurofeedback. What were his findings?
The mass of both white and grey matter increased following Neurofeedback training.
The __________________ consists of myelinated nerves, non-myelinated fibers and Schwann cells, which produce myelin.
white matter
Afferent signals enter into which cortical layers?
1 and 4
In an action potential, membrane depolarization is caused by a rapid opening of _________ channels in the cellular membrane.
Sodium (Na+)
Which channel releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?
Voltage-gated potassium channels
EEG activity is generated by ______.
action potentials
True or False:
An action potential is a fall in membrane voltage across the cellular membrane.
False
True or False:
Once the threshold is reached, the neuron releases K+ ions and depolarizes the cell.
False
True or False:
An action potential is an all or none event that requires sufficient current to initiate a voltage response in a cell membrane.
True
Two major forms of neurotransmission depend on two types of receptors. ____________ receptors are ligand-gated ion channels and ___________ receptors are G-protein coupled receptors.
ionotropic; metabotropic
If many action potentials are firing ____________, the signal is strong enough to be read with electrodes on the scalp.
Synchronously
Where is the action potential initiated on the neuron?
axon hillock
How many standard deviations would be considered statistically significant compared to an aged-matched neurotypical control?
2
True or false:
A Coup Contre-Coup injury to the brain occurs in the region of impact and also on the opposite side of the brain where it contacts the inside of the skull.
True
True or false:
The majority of patients who present in emergency rooms with mild concussions and who receive an MRI show significant anatomical findings of brain trauma.
False
True or false:
LORETA maps describe functional abnormalities rather than anatomical abnormalities in the brain.
True
A sampling rate that is too slow will make the signal appear to be running at a slower frequency than it actually is. What is this called?
Aliasing
Ohm’s Law deals with the relationship between voltage (V) current (I) and resistance (R). What is the equation?
V = I x R
Dendritic sprouting occurs to facilitate new learning and is a result of ____________,
positive plasticity
In the paper by Orndorff-Plunkett and colleagues, Neurofeedback is described as _______.
Self-Directed Neuroplasticity
In an eyes-closed condition in a 19-lead EEG recording, which frequency of EEG activity would predominate in a neurotypical brain?
Alpha
______ is a visual display of the decomposition of a complex EEG wave into its component frequencies.
Spectral analysis
________________ refers to the use of modalities other than Neurofeedback that are used to modify brain patterns such as audio-visual stimulation (AVE), pulsed-electromagnetic stimulation (pEMF), and fMRI Neurofeedback.
Neurotherapy
A client seeks Neurofeedback treatment with presenting problems for insomnia. Before starting treatment, the client must have an evaluation to first rule out any possible medical reasons for the insomnia. What is this referred to as?
Medical clearance
True or false:
There is a response stereotype for each medication and there are also individual responses.
True
True or false:
Arousal levels affect EEG responses.
True
True or false:
Cold extremities are associated with overarousal.
True
Although clients have seen changes with ______ Neurofeedback, the relatively slow speed, low accuracy, and high cost might prevent the use of this neuroimaging technique in a clinical setting.
fMRI
True or false:
White matter damage in the brain following an mTBI was most likely caused by shearing forces.
True
True or false:
The meta-analysis study by Cobin, Hammond and Arns, suggests that 19-channel Z-score Neurofeedback shows virtually no evidence that it is effective or superior in any way to any other forms of Neurofeedback. However, the authors failed to include contemporary published research that did not agree with their hypothesis.
True
What does an epoch refer to?
[This was on the BCIA exam]
A specific temporal subsection of the EEG that is focused on.
What is optical isolation?
[This was on the BCIA exam]
In the context of neurofeedback, optical isolation refers to a method of separating or isolating electrical circuits or components to prevent interference or feedback loops between them. This ensures that there is no direct electrical connection between the input and output sides of the system, reducing the risk of electrical interference and feedback loops.
