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Reasoning in mental health 1 > Neuroanatomy and chemistry > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy and chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

brain + spinal cord

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2
Q

PNS

A

cranial + spinal neves

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3
Q

PNS..

A

somatic (voluntary) vs autonomic (involuntary)

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4
Q

ANS

A

sympathetic (fight or flight) vs parasympathetic (rest & digest)

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5
Q

Neurons 2 types of comm

A 
Chemical communicators (neurotransmitters)
Electrical (action potential)
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6
Q

Neuroglial cells

A 
All cells that aren't neurons
Support and nourish neutrons 
clean and increase communication speed
memory
50% of the brain
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7
Q

Neurons receive info on

A

dendrites

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8
Q

Neurons have a single

A

axon

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9
Q

Where is action potential

A

axon hillock

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10
Q

we begin with many more neutrons than necessary but those not stimulated

A

die. not all will die= relearning is easier

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11
Q

food of neurons

A

glucose

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12
Q

Types of neuroglia

A

Astrocytes: consolidate synapses and memories
Microglia: CNS macrophage
Oligodendrytes: cns myelin, wrap around neutrons to increase comm speed
Ependymal cells: protect brain from cranium

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13
Q

Action potential goes from a region to a region

A

polarised (+) to a non polarises (-).

One way travel

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14
Q

electrical impulse turns into a

A

chemical impulse

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15
Q

Neurotransmission steps:

A

Synthesis in the neutron
Vesicular storage
Release
Reabsorption/ enzymatic degradation

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16
Q

True or false: there are different forms of synapse connections

A

true

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17
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

change in the membrane voltage of a postsynaptic cell following the influx of positively charged ions into the cell= generates an action potential. Reaches threshold = depolarizes

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18
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

makes a postsynaptic neutron less likely to produce an action potential

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19
Q

True or false: brain is functionally divided

A

false

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20
Q

Plasticity

A

some functions may be moved to another region in the event of damage

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21
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Consciousness: wakefulness, motor responses
Vital reflexes: HR, RR
Brainstem nuclei (medulla & pons) + afferent and efferent axons

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22
Q

Pons

A

ventilation control + motor information relay

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23
Q

Medulla

A

Autonomic functions

Motor and sensory crossover

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24
Q

Cerebellum

A

balance + posture + motor coordination

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25
Prefrontal area
goal oriented behaviour, inhibition, short term memory
26
broca area
speech formation
27
wernicke
speech interpretation
28
Postcentral and precentral gyrus
pyramidal pathways
29
premotor brodmann area 6
extrapyramidal efferent pathways
30
size of gyrus =
how sensitive/ how much control you have
31
Limbic system
``` primitive brain hippocampus pineal gland corpus callous hypothalamus amygdaloid body ```
32
corpus callosum
connecte both hemispheres
33
pineal gland
melatonin, sleep regulation
34
hippocampus
memory consolidation
35
amygdaloid body
link between emotions and physiological response
36
hypothalamus
homeostasis regulation through neural and endocrine systems
37
Blood brain barrier protects from
toxins, drugs, immune cells, viruses bacteria
38
BBB permeable to
lipid soluble molecules, o2, co2, glucose
39
CNS components of ANS
hypothalamus RAS Interomediolateral Spinal Cord
40
Somatic nervous system
``` somatic motor (voluntary) conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles ```
41
ANS
``` visceral motor (involuntary) conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac, smooth muscles and glands ```
42
Efferent
CNS to effectors, motor nerve fibers
43
Afferent
receptors to CNS, somatic and viceral sensory nerve fibers
44
Parasympathetic cholinergic receptor functions
decrease HR, vasodilate, increase gland secretion and propulsion
45
Sympathetic adrenergic receptor functions
vasoconstriction, increase HR + contractility, bronchodilation
46
Somatic nervous system transmitter and receptor
Acetylcholine | Nicotinic receptor
47
Parasympathetic transmitter and receptor
Acetylcholine | Muscarinic receptor
48
sympathetic transmitter and receptor
Acetylcholine | NE, epinephrine, a nd b adrenergic receptors
49
MRI
Imaging technique using strong magnetic fields instead of X-Rays Essentially map the anatomy of the desired organ Allows to determine specific features of mental illnesses
50
fMRI
Cerebral blood flow follows neuronal activation So measuring cerebral blood flow variations = measuring neuronal activation variations!! Useful to study brain activity changes for different diseases
51
Schizo, physiopatho
Negative sx: mesocortical pathway, DA reduced | +: mesolimbic pathway, DA increased
52
schizo MRI
enlarged ventricules, reduced hippocampus
53
schizo PET
loss of cortical tissue
54
schizo fMRI
decreased activity in temporal lobes
55
Antipsychotic mechanism of use
D2 antagonism
56
Antipsychotic adverse effect
blockade of histamine, ne and act receptors
57
Depression pathophysiology
widespread decrease of serotonin (5-HT) binding
58
Monoamine hypothesis depression
decrease serotonin, NE, DA
59
HPA axis depression
chronic activation
60
Anxiety pathophysiolgy
hyperactive amygdala = attentional biais to threats hiyperactive cingulate cortex = anticipatory anxiety impaired inhibitory neuromodulation (decreased GABA) impaired monoamine neurotransmission (decreased 5-HT, NE) Heightened sensitivity to ph alterations (panic)
61
Downregulation
Ex: opioids, bind to receptors on cells, body wants to counter, decreases number of receptors
62
pharmacodynamic tolerance
number of receptors
63
metabolic tolerance
changes in protein that metabolism, person develop more enzymes to get rid of it
64
tolerance
given dose produces smaller effect
65
cross tolerance
tolerance to one drug produces tolerance to similar drugs
66
physical dependence
withdrawal
67
psychological dependence
craving
68
cross dependence
ability of a drug to support dependence to another
69
SUD neurobiology
dopamine release reinforces behaviour= repeated use leads to down-regulation in DA synthesis and receptors
70
dopamine pathway
prefrontal cortex nucleus accumbens ventral tegmental area
71
binge roh
dorsal striatum ventral tegmental area cerebellum
72
withdrawal
basolateral and central amygdalda
73
Anticipation
prefrontal cortex, hippocampus
74
exercise
endorphins, exogenous opioids, decrease cortisol, increase satisfaction
75
stimulant
blocks reuptake of dopamine

Reasoning in mental health 1 (8 decks)

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