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Reasoning in mental health 1 > Neuroanatomy and chemistry > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy and chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

brain + spinal cord

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2
Q

PNS

A

cranial + spinal neves

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3
Q

PNS..

A

somatic (voluntary) vs autonomic (involuntary)

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4
Q

ANS

A

sympathetic (fight or flight) vs parasympathetic (rest & digest)

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5
Q

Neurons 2 types of comm

A 
Chemical communicators (neurotransmitters)
Electrical (action potential)
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6
Q

Neuroglial cells

A 
All cells that aren't neurons
Support and nourish neutrons 
clean and increase communication speed
memory
50% of the brain
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7
Q

Neurons receive info on

A

dendrites

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8
Q

Neurons have a single

A

axon

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9
Q

Where is action potential

A

axon hillock

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10
Q

we begin with many more neutrons than necessary but those not stimulated

A

die. not all will die= relearning is easier

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11
Q

food of neurons

A

glucose

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12
Q

Types of neuroglia

A

Astrocytes: consolidate synapses and memories
Microglia: CNS macrophage
Oligodendrytes: cns myelin, wrap around neutrons to increase comm speed
Ependymal cells: protect brain from cranium

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13
Q

Action potential goes from a region to a region

A

polarised (+) to a non polarises (-).

One way travel

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14
Q

electrical impulse turns into a

A

chemical impulse

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15
Q

Neurotransmission steps:

A

Synthesis in the neutron
Vesicular storage
Release
Reabsorption/ enzymatic degradation

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16
Q

True or false: there are different forms of synapse connections

A

true

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17
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

change in the membrane voltage of a postsynaptic cell following the influx of positively charged ions into the cell= generates an action potential. Reaches threshold = depolarizes

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18
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

makes a postsynaptic neutron less likely to produce an action potential

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19
Q

True or false: brain is functionally divided

A

false

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20
Q

Plasticity

A

some functions may be moved to another region in the event of damage

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21
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Consciousness: wakefulness, motor responses
Vital reflexes: HR, RR
Brainstem nuclei (medulla & pons) + afferent and efferent axons

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22
Q

Pons

A

ventilation control + motor information relay

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23
Q

Medulla

A

Autonomic functions

Motor and sensory crossover

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24
Q

Cerebellum

A

balance + posture + motor coordination

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25
Q

Prefrontal area

A

goal oriented behaviour, inhibition, short term memory

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26
Q

broca area

A

speech formation

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27
Q

wernicke

A

speech interpretation

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28
Q

Postcentral and precentral gyrus

A

pyramidal pathways

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29
Q

premotor brodmann area 6

A

extrapyramidal efferent pathways

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30
Q

size of gyrus =

A

how sensitive/ how much control you have

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31
Q

Limbic system

A 
primitive brain
hippocampus
pineal gland 
corpus callous
hypothalamus
amygdaloid body
32
Q

corpus callosum

A

connecte both hemispheres

33
Q

pineal gland

A

melatonin, sleep regulation

34
Q

hippocampus

A

memory consolidation

35
Q

amygdaloid body

A

link between emotions and physiological response

36
Q

hypothalamus

A

homeostasis regulation through neural and endocrine systems

37
Q

Blood brain barrier protects from

A

toxins, drugs, immune cells, viruses bacteria

38
Q

BBB permeable to

A

lipid soluble molecules, o2, co2, glucose

39
Q

CNS components of ANS

A

hypothalamus
RAS
Interomediolateral Spinal Cord

40
Q

Somatic nervous system

A 
somatic motor (voluntary)
conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
41
Q

ANS

A 
visceral motor (involuntary) 
conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac, smooth muscles and glands
42
Q

Efferent

A

CNS to effectors, motor nerve fibers

43
Q

Afferent

A

receptors to CNS, somatic and viceral sensory nerve fibers

44
Q

Parasympathetic cholinergic receptor functions

A

decrease HR, vasodilate, increase gland secretion and propulsion

45
Q

Sympathetic adrenergic receptor functions

A

vasoconstriction, increase HR + contractility, bronchodilation

46
Q

Somatic nervous system transmitter and receptor

A

Acetylcholine

Nicotinic receptor

47
Q

Parasympathetic transmitter and receptor

A

Acetylcholine

Muscarinic receptor

48
Q

sympathetic transmitter and receptor

A

Acetylcholine

NE, epinephrine, a nd b adrenergic receptors

49
Q

MRI

A

Imaging technique using strong magnetic fields instead of X-Rays
Essentially map the anatomy of the desired organ
Allows to determine specific features of mental illnesses

50
Q

fMRI

A

Cerebral blood flow follows neuronal activation
So measuring cerebral blood flow variations = measuring neuronal activation variations!!
Useful to study brain activity changes for different diseases

51
Q

Schizo, physiopatho

A

Negative sx: mesocortical pathway, DA reduced

+: mesolimbic pathway, DA increased

52
Q

schizo MRI

A

enlarged ventricules, reduced hippocampus

53
Q

schizo PET

A

loss of cortical tissue

54
Q

schizo fMRI

A

decreased activity in temporal lobes

55
Q

Antipsychotic mechanism of use

A

D2 antagonism

56
Q

Antipsychotic adverse effect

A

blockade of histamine, ne and act receptors

57
Q

Depression pathophysiology

A

widespread decrease of serotonin (5-HT) binding

58
Q

Monoamine hypothesis depression

A

decrease serotonin, NE, DA

59
Q

HPA axis depression

A

chronic activation

60
Q

Anxiety pathophysiolgy

A

hyperactive amygdala = attentional biais to threats
hiyperactive cingulate cortex = anticipatory anxiety
impaired inhibitory neuromodulation (decreased GABA)
impaired monoamine neurotransmission (decreased 5-HT, NE)
Heightened sensitivity to ph alterations (panic)

61
Q

Downregulation

A

Ex: opioids, bind to receptors on cells, body wants to counter, decreases number of receptors

62
Q

pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

number of receptors

63
Q

metabolic tolerance

A

changes in protein that metabolism, person develop more enzymes to get rid of it

64
Q

tolerance

A

given dose produces smaller effect

65
Q

cross tolerance

A

tolerance to one drug produces tolerance to similar drugs

66
Q

physical dependence

A

withdrawal

67
Q

psychological dependence

A

craving

68
Q

cross dependence

A

ability of a drug to support dependence to another

69
Q

SUD neurobiology

A

dopamine release reinforces behaviour= repeated use leads to down-regulation in DA synthesis and receptors

70
Q

dopamine pathway

A

prefrontal cortex
nucleus accumbens
ventral tegmental area

71
Q

binge roh

A

dorsal striatum
ventral tegmental area
cerebellum

72
Q

withdrawal

A

basolateral and central amygdalda

73
Q

Anticipation

A

prefrontal cortex, hippocampus

74
Q

exercise

A

endorphins, exogenous opioids, decrease cortisol, increase satisfaction

75
Q

stimulant

A

blocks reuptake of dopamine

Reasoning in mental health 1 (8 decks)

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