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Neurology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is a nucleus

A

collection of cell bodies within the CNS

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2
Q

what is a ganglion

A

collection of cell bodies within the PNS

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3
Q

what are axons

A

area of neuron that communicate info away from the neuron to an effector gland

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4
Q

what substance surrounds neurons

A

myelin sheath

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5
Q

list the cell types that produce myelin sheaths

A

oligodendrocytes in CNS

Schwann cells in the PNS

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6
Q

sympathetic nerve innervation is cranio-sacral or thoraco-lumbar

A

thoraco-lumbar from T1-L2

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7
Q

list the cranial nerves and spinal nerves that communicate parasympathetic innervation

A

cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X

sacral spinal nerves S2-4

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8
Q

how many spinal nerves are there and describe their distribution across the levels of spinal column

A 
31
C1-8
T1-12
L1-5
S1-5
Co1
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9
Q

anterior is synonymous with dorsal/ventral

A

ventral

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10
Q

posterior is synonymous with dorsal/ventral

A

dorsal

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11
Q

what is a dermatome

A

area of skin supplied with sensory innervation from a single spinal nerve

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12
Q

what is a myotome

A

the skeletal muscles supplied with motor innervation from a single spinal nerve

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13
Q

where is the T4 dermatome located

A

male nipple

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14
Q

where is the T10 dermatome located

A

umbilicus

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15
Q

list the three swellings in the neural tube at 4 weeks gestation from cranial to caudal

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

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16
Q

at 6-8 weeks list the 5 swellings of the brain from cranial to caudal

A

telencephalon
diencephalon – two formed from prosencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
mylencephalon – two formed from rhombencephalon

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17
Q

in the mature brain the telencephalon becomes

A

cerebral hemispheres

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18
Q

in the mature brain the diencephalon becomes

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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19
Q

in the mature brain the mesencephalon becomes

A

midbrain

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20
Q

in the mature brain the metencephalon becomes

A

pons and cerebellum

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21
Q

in the mature brain the myelcephalon becomes

A

medulla oblongata

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22
Q

list the parts of the brainstem in anterior to posterior

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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23
Q

what is the function of a neuron

A

communicator cell which receives information via synapses to other neurons or effector cells

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24
Q

what is the function of glial cells

A

role is to hold neurons together as the CNS lacks connective tissue

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25
Q

what are the 4 types of glial cells and their function

A

astrocytes - star shaped, role in support and maintaining blood brain barrier
oligodendrocytes - produce myelin in CNS
microglia - similar role to macrophages in immune support
ependymal cells - epithelium that lines the ventricles between brain and CSF

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26
Q

what is gyrus

A

a lump projecting upwards from the brain

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27
Q

what is a sulcus

A

a bend folding inwards, a large sulcus is known as a fissure

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28
Q

what is within the grey matter in the brain and where is it located

A

grey matter contains neurons, cell processes and synapses. found on the outline of the brain mainly

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29
Q

what is within the white matter of the brain and whereabouts is it located

A

no neurons present just myelinated axons and support cells. found on the inside of the brain

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30
Q

describe the layout of the grey and white matter in the spinal cord

A

grey matter arranged in an H shape with the white matter around the outside of it

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31
Q

list the lobes of the brain

A 
frontal 
parietal 
occipital 
temporal 
insular
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32
Q

what is the main function of the insular lobe

A

role in patients experience of pain

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33
Q

what are meninges

A

membranous covering of the CNS, provide framework for cerebral and cranial vasculature

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34
Q

list the 3 layers of the meninges from superficial to deep

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater (contains subarachnoid space)
pia mater

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35
Q

what is found within the subarachnoid space

A

CSF

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36
Q

describe the pathway of nerves from a spinal nerve

A

spinal nerve - rootlets - anterior and posterior roots - pass through intervertebral foramina - dorsal root ganglia (if posterior) - roots fuse to form the mixed spinal nerve rami

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37
Q

what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate

A

L1/2

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38
Q

where is the primary somatosensory cortex located

A

post central gyrus of the parietal lobe

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39
Q

list the two ascending tracts that convey somatosensory information to the brain

A

dorsal column medial lemniscus

spinothalamic tract

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40
Q

what type of sensory information does the DCML convey

A

fine touch and conscious proprioception such as pressure, touch, vibration, conscious movement

41
Q

what sulcus separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe

A

parietal-occipital sulcus

42
Q

Dorsal columns of the somatosensory pathway consist of which 2 tracts?

A

fasciculus gracilis

fasciculus cuneatus

43
Q

fasciculus gracilis carries sensory information from which parts of the body

A

T6 and below

44
Q

fasciculus cuneatus carries sensory information from which part of the body

A

T6 and above including the trunk

45
Q

where does decussation of fibres occur in the dorsal column/medial lemniscus tract occur?

A

synapse in the medulla and move to the contralateral side

46
Q

what type of sensory information does the spinothalamic tract carry to the brain

A

pain, temperature, itch and deep pressure

47
Q

what type of sensory information does the dorsal column medial lemniscus carry to the brain

A

fine touch, proprioception

48
Q

where do the axons synapse in the spinothalamic tract

A

immediately in the spinal cord, move to the contralateral side and travel into thalamus in the midbrain

49
Q

sensation felt from the right side of the body is interpreted by which side of the brain

A

left side

50
Q

what descending tracts are responsible for conveying motor information to effector organs

A

corticospinal tract
vestibulospinal tract
tectospinal tract
reticulospinal tract

51
Q

the cerebellum is an extension of which part of the brain and where is it located

A

pons

posterior cranial fossa

52
Q

list the three lobes of the cerebellum

A

anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes

53
Q

what are the functions of the dural folds

A

layers of the meninges that separate areas of the brain

54
Q

where is the falx cerebelli located

A

located posterior to the cerebellum - sickle shaped

55
Q

where is the tentorium cerebelli located

A

tent covering separating the cerebellum from the cerebral hemispheres

56
Q

where is the falx cerebelli located

A

in between the two cerebral hemispheres, descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure

57
Q

what is the function of the peducles attached to the cerebellum

A

form attachments between the cerebellum and the brainstem

58
Q

what is the function of the corticospinal tract

A

fine, precise movements of the digits

59
Q

describe the route of the corticospinal tract

A

pyramids are formed on anterior surface of the medulla, 85% of fibres decussate at the caudal medulla and remaining uncrossed/ventral fibres cross segmentally

60
Q

what is the function of the tectospinal tract

A

facilitates head movements from response to visual stimuli

61
Q

where does the tectospinal tract originate

A

the superior colliculus

62
Q

where do fibres of the reticulospinal tract originate from

A

pons and medulla, function is control of voluntary movement

63
Q

where does the rubrospinal tract originate from

A

red nucleus of the midbrain

64
Q

do fibres of the rubrospinal and tectospinal tracts decussate

A

yes whereas vestibulospinal and recticulospinal tracts do not decussate

65
Q

what is the function of the vestibulospinal tract

A

excitatory input to antigravity extensor muscles controlling body movement in space

66
Q

name the 4 extra-pyramidal descending tracts

A

vestibulospinal
reticulospinal
rubrospinal
tectospinal

67
Q

what embryological structure is the cerebellum derived from

A

metencephalon

68
Q

what is the main function of the cerebellum

A

motor control, active in precision and timings of movements

69
Q

describe the anatomical location of the cerebellum

A

back of the brain, inferior to the occipital lobe in the posterior cranial fossa
is an extension of the pons

70
Q

list the 3 dural folds that separate parts of the brain

A

tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli
falx cerebri

71
Q

where is the tentorium cerebelli

A

separates the occipital lobe from the cerebellum

72
Q

where is the falx cerebri located

A

separates the cerebral hemispheres in sagittal plane

73
Q

where is the falx cerebelli located

A

fold over the posterior cranial fossa

sickle shaped

74
Q

what structure connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

vermis

75
Q

name the 3 lobes of the cerebellum

A

anterior
posterior
flocculonodular

76
Q

what fissure separates the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum

A

primary fissure

77
Q

what fissure separates the posterior and flocculonodular lobes of the cerebellum

A

posterolateral fissure

78
Q

when the cerebellum is flattened out, where is the vermis located

A

in the midline, intermediate zone and lateral zones are on each side laterally

79
Q

what are the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum

A

vestibulocerebellum
spinocerebellum
pontocerebellum

80
Q

which part of the cerebellum controls balance and ocular reflexes

A

vestibulocerebellum

81
Q

which part of the cerebellum controls planning of movements and motor learning

A

pontocerebellum

82
Q

which part of the cerebellum controls automatic function and error correction such as posture

A

spinocerebellum

83
Q

cerebellar hemispheres influence the contralateral or ipsilateral side

A

ipsilateral

84
Q

describe the features seen with a unilateral cerebellar hemisphere lesion

A

disturbance in coordination of limbs
intention tremor
unsteady gait
no weakness or sensory loss

85
Q

describe the features seen with bilateral cerebellar dysfunction

A

dysarthria
bilateral incoordination
staggering, wide based cerebellar gait

86
Q

what are the basal ganglia

A

number of subcortical nuclei, act as part of feedback system feeding information to cortex via thalamus
technically would be basal nuclei as present in the CNS

87
Q

outline 3 main functions of the basal ganglia

A

facilitate purposeful movements
inhibit unwanted movements
role in posture and muscle tone

88
Q

outline all the nuclei that make up the basal ganglia

A 
caudate nucleus 
putamen
globus pallidus 
substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus
89
Q

which 2 nuclei make up the striatum

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

90
Q

which 3 nuclei make up the corpus striatum

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

91
Q

which 2 nuclei make up the lenticular nucleus

A

putamen

globus pallidus

92
Q

where is the caudate nucleus located

A

lateral wall of the lateral ventricle

C shape when mature

93
Q

where is the lenticular nucleus located

A

inferior to thalamus

putamen on lateral aspect and globus pallidus is more medial

94
Q

which part of the brain is substantia nigra located

A

within the midbrain

95
Q

a unilateral lesion of the basal ganglia will affect the ipsilateral or contralateral side

A

contralateral

96
Q

basal ganglia lesions will cause paralysis, loss of power and ataxia true/false

A

false

97
Q

describe the symptoms seen with lesions of the basal ganglia

A

changes in muscle tone
dyskinesia
chorea
myoclonus

98
Q

name 2 conditions that affect the basal ganglia

A

Parkinsons

Huntingtons

Neurology (19 decks)

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