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Neurology > Gross Anatomy > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

state the areas of the CNS

A

brain

spinal cord

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2
Q

state the areas of the PNS

A

all other nerves outwith the CNS
peripheral nerves
spinal nerves
autonomic nerves

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3
Q

what is a collection of cell bodies in the CNS known as

A

nucleus

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4
Q

what is a collection of cell bodies in the PNS known as

A

ganglion

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5
Q

sympathetic outflow is craniosacral or thoracolumbar

A

thoracolumbar

T1-L2

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6
Q

parasympathetic outflow is craniosacral or thoracolumbar

A

craniosacral

CN III, VII, IX and X and sacral spinal nerves

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7
Q

how many spinal nerves are there in the body

A 
31
C1-8
T1-12
L1-5
S1-5
1 coccygeal
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8
Q

after C8, spinal nerves emerge above or below the corresponding vertebrae

A

below as there are only 7 cervical vertebra, C8 spinal nerve must emerge below it

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9
Q

dorsal rami is anterior or posterior

A

posterior conveying motor signals

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10
Q

ventral rami is anterior or posterior

A

anterior conveying sensory signals

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11
Q

spinal nerves contain are mixed modality nerves true/false

A

true as combination of anterior and posterior root

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12
Q

describe the route of motor axons from the ventral horn of the spinal cord

A

anterior horn - anterior rootlets - anterior root - spinal nerve

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13
Q

describe the route of sensory axons from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

A

posterior horn - posterior rootlets - posterior root - spinal nerve

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14
Q

somatic motor supply goes to what parts of the body

A

skeletal muscles

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15
Q

sympathetic nerve supply goes to what parts of the body

A

skin and smooth muscle of arterioles

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16
Q

what is a dermatome

A

area of skin supplied with sensory innervation from a single spinal nerve eg S1

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17
Q

what is a myotome

A

the skeletal muscles supplied with motor innervation, may be deep to a dermatome

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18
Q

outline the dermatomes of the upper limb and their anatomical locations

A

C4 - acromioclavicular joint
C5 - lateral aspect of deltoid (badge patch)
C6 - palmar aspect of the thumb
C7 - palmar aspect of the middle finger
C8 - palmar aspect of the little finger
T1 - medial aspect of the antecubital fossa

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19
Q

what are the 2 dermatome landmarks of the trunk

A

T4 - male nipple
T10 - umbilicus
trunk segmentation is horizontal and regular

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20
Q

outline the dermatomes of the lower limb and their anatomical locations

A 
L1 - inguinal region 
L2 - medial and lateral aspect of anterior thigh 
L3 - medial epicondyle of the femur 
L4 - medial malleolus 
L5 - dorsum of the foot and 3rd MTP
S1 - lateral aspect of the calcaneus
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21
Q

where are S3 and S4/5 dermatomes located

A

S3 - horizontal line forming the buttocks

S4/5 - perianal area

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22
Q

what is a nerve plexus

A

rami from a number of adjacent spinal nerves

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23
Q

outline the 4 nerve plexuses in the body

A 
cervical plexus (C1-C4)
brachial plexus (C5-T1)
lumbar plexus (L1-L4)
sacral plexus (L5-S4)
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24
Q

what is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the back

A

extrinsic muscles have either an origin or insertion point outwith the back whereas intrinsic muscle are contained within the back

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25
Q

where to extrinsic back muscle attach

A

pectoral girdle

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26
Q

which part of the body are extrinsic back muscle responsible for moving

A

upper limb

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27
Q

give examples of extrinsic back muscles

A

trapezius
levator scapulae
rhomboids
latissimus dorsi

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28
Q

which 2 muscle groups are intrinsic back muscles, state which is superficial and which is deep

A

erector spinae - superficial and longitudinal

transverospinalis - deep

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29
Q

which intrinsic back muscles are located lateral to the spine, and move down vertically

A

erector spinae

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30
Q

what is the function of erector spinae

A

extension of the spine (touch your toes)

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31
Q

name the 3 muscles that make up erector spinae

A

iliocostalis - attaches superiorly to ribs
longisimus - attaches at mastoid process
spinalis - attaches superiorly to spinous process of vertebrae

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32
Q

where are transversospinalis muscles located

A

located in the grooves between transverse and spinous processes

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33
Q

state the various points transversospinalis muscles can attach

A

vertebrae and skull
vertebrae and rub
2 vertebrae
vertebrae and sacrum

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34
Q

outline the nerve supply of intrinsic back muscles

A

posterior rami either from cervical, thoracic or lumbar region

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35
Q

what is the function of transverospinalis

A

maintain posture and help support the spine

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36
Q

what muscles are responsible for flexion of the spine

A

psoas major and rectus abdominis

37
Q

what is C1 vertebrae called

A

atlas

38
Q

what anatomical features are missing from C1

A

no body or spinous process

39
Q

what vertebrae contains a odontoid process

A

axis (C2)

40
Q

which vertebrae is the first palpable vertebrae

A

C7

41
Q

what movements is the atlanto-occipital joint responsible for

A

flexion and extension of the neck

42
Q

what movements is the atlanto-axia joint responsible for

A

rotation

43
Q

how many bones is the sacrum made up of

A

5

44
Q

what level does the spinal cord end

A

L2

45
Q

the cauda equina is still surrounded by meninges true/false

A

true - subarachnoid space ends at S2

46
Q

where is a spinal anaesthetic usually inserted

A

L3/4 interspace - this is because the needle can brush around the cauda equina but the vertebrae of the sacrum haven’t fused yet

47
Q

if there is any suspicion of ___ do not perform a lumbar puncture

A

raised ICP

48
Q

from superficial to deep outline the layers that a spinal anaesthetic must pass through

A 
supraspinous ligament 
interspinous ligament 
ligamentum flavum
epidural space 
dura mater 
arachnoid mater
reached subarachnoid space with CSF
49
Q

if testing a T10 dermatome function, outline the various segments of the spinal cord it must work through

A

stimulate the T10 dermatome - APs generated - APs generated along same axon on anterior ramus - now in T10 spinal nerve - T10 posterior root - T10 posterior rootlet - posterior horn of the spinal cord

50
Q

how are peripheral nerves formed

A

when multiple spinal nerves overlap causing a peripheral nerve

51
Q

which peripheral nerves supply the anterolateral aspect of the neck

A 
all sensory branches of the cervical plexus 
lesser occipital 
greater auricular 
transverse cervical 
supraclavicular
52
Q

which peripheral nerves supply the posterior aspect of the neck

A

posterior rami of the cervical plexus C2-8

53
Q

what nerves supper the upper anterolateral trunk wall

A

intercostal nerves (T1-11)

54
Q

what nerve supplies the anterior ramus of T12

A

subcostal nerve

55
Q

what nerves supply the lower anterolateral trunk wall

A

bifurcation of iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

56
Q

what supplies the cutaneous innervation of the back

A

dermatomes supplied by posterior rami

57
Q

outline the 7 peripheral nerves that innervate the anterior aspect of the upper limb

A 
supraclavicular nerve 
axillary nerve 
cutaneous branch of musculocutaneous 
T1, T2 anterior rami 
radial nerve 
median nerve 
ulnar nerve
58
Q

where does the supraclavicular nerve supply and what dermatomes does it involve

A

sensation of clavicule and anteriomedial shoulder

C3, 4 dermatomes

59
Q

what does the axillary nerve supply and what dermatomes does it involve

A

badge patch and upper arm

C5, 6 dermatomes

60
Q

what nerve supplies the lateral forearm

A

cutaneous branch of musculocutaneous

61
Q

what nerve supplies the medial aspect of the forearm and what is its clinical significance

A

T1, T2 anterior rami

referred pain from the myocardium

62
Q

where does the radial nerve supply on the anterior surface of arm

A

anatomical snuffbox (thenar eminence)

63
Q

where does the median nerve supply on the anterior surface of the arm

A

thumb and first 2 fingers

64
Q

where does the ulnar nerve supply on the anterior surface of the arm

A

ring and little finger

65
Q

what 6 nerves innervate the posterior aspect of the upper limb

A 
supraclavicular nerve 
axillary nerve 
T1, T2 anterior rami
median nerve 
ulnar nerve 
radial nerve
66
Q

what nerve supplies the posterior upper arm

A

T1, T2 anterior rami

also supplies the medial aspect of posterior forearm

67
Q

outline the nerve supply to the posterior aspect of the hand

A

radial - dorsal surface of first 3 fingers up until PIPs
median - PIPs to finger tips of first three fingers
ulnar - ring and little finger

68
Q

what nerves supply the anterior aspect of the upper leg and state the spinal nerves they originate from

A 
genitofemoral (L1,2)
ilioinguinal (L1)
obturator (L2, 3, 4)
femoral (L2, 3, 4)
lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2,3)
69
Q

where does the obturator nerve supply

A

medial portion of the anterior thigh, slightly inferior to ilioinguinal nerve

70
Q

where does the femoral nerve supply

A

majority of the anterior aspect of the thigh

71
Q

what nerves supply the anterior aspect of the lower leg and what spinal nerves do they originate from

A

saphenous nerve (L3,4)
sural nerve (L3,4)
superficial fibular nerve (L4, 5, S1)
deep fibular nerve (L5)

72
Q

where does the saphenous nerve supply

A

anteromedial aspect of the lower leg

73
Q

where does the sural nerve supply

A

the lateral aspect of the lower leg

74
Q

what is the main nerve supply of the back of the thigh

A

posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1, 2, 3)

75
Q

what nerves supply the area around the heel and the plantar surfaces of the foot

A

around heel - calcaneal nerves of tibial nerve

plantar surface - medial and lateral plantar nerves

76
Q

what are the main vessels that supply blood to the brain

A

internal carotids

vertebral arteries

77
Q

what artery is the vertebral artery derived from

A

subclavian - branch from brachiocephalic

78
Q

what artery is the internal carotid derived from and what does the other part of the artery supply

A

derived from common carotid

external carotid goes to supply the face, neck and scalp

79
Q

what 3 branches does the internal carotid give once passing through the cavernous sinus

A

ophthalmic artery
posterior communicating artery
anterior cerebral artery

80
Q

after giving off 3 branches, what does the internal carotid become

A

middle cerebral artery

81
Q

the posterior communicating artery connects which 2 arteries

A

posterior cerebral and middle cerebral

82
Q

the anterior communicating artery connects which 2 arteries

A

both anterior cerebral arteries

83
Q

what parts of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery supply

A

midline portions of the frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes

84
Q

what parts of the brain does the middle cerebral artery supply

A

lateral cerebral cortex, anterior temporal lobes and insular cortices

85
Q

the basilar artery gives off __ arteries which supply ___

A

pontine arteries which supply the pons

86
Q

define a haemorrhage that is between the dura and the bone

A

extradural haemorrhage

87
Q

define a haemorrhage that is between the dura and arachnoid mater

A

subdural haemorrhage

88
Q

define a haemorrhage that is into the CSF

A

subarachnoid haemorrhage

Neurology (19 decks)

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