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Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The neuron doctrine states

A

that the cells of the brain are independent from one another structurally, metabolically, and functionally.

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2
Q

mitochondria (F)

A

produces ATP (energy)

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3
Q

ribosomes (F)

A

translate genetic info (mRNA) into proteins

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4
Q

cell nucleus (F)

A

storage of genetic material (nucleus: nucleulus)

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5
Q

Parts of the neuron (4)

A

Dendrites, Cell body, axon, axon terminals

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6
Q

In the neuron doctrine, information is passed on

A

from a neuron to another across tiny gaps

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7
Q

Shapes of the neuron (3)

A

Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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8
Q

Unipolar neuron conformation

A

Central cell body and one axon that leaves the cell body and branches in two opposite directions - one with denrites and the oter with axon terminals at the end

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9
Q

Unipolar neuron function

A

Transmit touch information from the body through the spinal chord

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10
Q

Multipolar neuron conformation

A

Many dendrites and one single axon

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11
Q

Multipolar neuron fuction(s)

A

Many different ones: they’re the most common type of neurons

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12
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

One single dentrite that branches at the top and one single axon that branches at the bottom

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13
Q

Bipolar neurons function

A

Mostly in senses, such as vision

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14
Q

Neurons, categorized by function

A

Motorneurons, sensory neurons, interneurons

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15
Q

Aborization

A

The branching of the dendrites in a neuron

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16
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

Transmits the information

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17
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

Receives the information

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18
Q

Parts of the synapse

A

Presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane

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19
Q

Measure of a synaptic cleft

A

20 to 40 nanometers

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20
Q

What’s the presynaptic membrane?

A

A specialised membrane at the end of the axon terminal in the presynaptic neuron

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21
Q

What’s the postsynaptic membrane?

A

A specialised membrane at the end of the dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron

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22
Q

Glial cells function

A

Nutrition (oxygenation), protection (myelination), structure (glial)

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23
Q

Types of glial cells by shape (4)

A

Astrocytes, Olygodendrocytes, Schwan cells, Microglial cells

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24
Q

Function of astrocytes

A

Nutrition thruogh bloodflow and monitor of the activity of the neuron

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25
Function of olygodendrocytes
wrapping of multiple axons (myelination)
26
Function of Schwan cells
Wrapping of one axon of a neuron, outside the brain
27
Edema
swelling of astrocytes following a brain injury
28
Edema
swelling of astrocytes following a brain injury
29
Cause of multiple sclerosis
Loss of myelination
30
Division of the nervous system
Central and peripheral
31
Division of the peripheral nervous system
Somatic and autonomic
32
The somatic peripheral ervous system controls
Muscles and sensory fuctions
33
The autonomic peripheral nervous system controls
The viscera (the intestines and the stomach) and the glands
34
Types of nerves that make up the somatic nervous system (2)
Cranial and spinal
35
How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
36
Cranial nerves responsible for sensory pathways
I - olfactory II - optic VIII - vestibulocochlear
37
Number difference between dendrites and axon (in most neurons)
dendrites: many axon: only one
38
Diameter difference between axon and dendrite
Dendrite: gets thinner axon: constant until terminal branching
39
Axon hillock (integration zone) presence difference between axon and dendrites
Axon: yes -> signal clear until end of the axon Dendrite: no -> they have to be relatively close to the cell body?
40
Fuctions of microglial cells
remove derbis from injured cells
41
Autonomic nervous system division (2)
Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
42
Somatic nervous system division
Motor and sensory
43
Afferent (sensory input)
sensory somatic nervous system
44
Efferent (motor output)
motor somatic nervous system
45
Layers of spinal nerves
1. spinal nerve (connected to sympthetic chain) 2.pia mater 3. arachnoid 4. dura mater [5.bone(vertebra)]
46
Parts you can divide the spinal cord into (top to bottom)
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
47
Where is the dorsal root ganlion?
in the branching of the sympathetic chain on both sides of spinal nerves
48
What is the function of the sympathetic chain?
sensory input
49
The one word function of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic: dilates, relaxes, stimulates Parsympathetic: constrincts, slows,stimulates!
50
why is the brain wrinkly?
It increases surfice area per volume ratio
51
Function of the thalamus
Relay station of sensorial input from the spinal cord
52
Function of the hypothalamus
stress and biological clock
53
Corpus callosum (F)
main connection (neuronal axons) of the two hemispheres
54
Pituitary gland (F)
hormonal release
55
Function of the cerebellum
Motor coordination
56
Parts of the brainstem
Midbrain, pons, medulla
57
Function of the pineal gland
Production of melatonin - controls sleep rythm
58
Brainstem (F)
Arousal and breathing
59
Name of division of the brain by layers of neurons
Brodmann areas
60
The two possible anatomical divisions of the brain:
Brodmann areas (layers); larger structures (nuclei)
61
Whose nucleus' disfunction in the brain is responsible for Parkison's morb?
Basal ganglia
62
What causes an ischemic stroke?
Blockage of one of the cerebral arteries
63
What does MRI stand for?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
64
What does Magnetic Resonance Imaging show?
It shows the density - how much water there is - in a certain structure
65
What's the difference between MRI and fMRI
fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is the result of a comparison of images in relation to a stimulus, while MRI is more like a picture
66
What does EEG stand for?
Electroencephalography
67
What is an event-related potential?
a change in the electrical field of the brain in connection to a stimulus.

Cognitive Neuroscience (20 decks)

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