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Cognitive Neuroscience > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The neuron doctrine states

A

that the cells of the brain are independent from one another structurally, metabolically, and functionally.

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2
Q

mitochondria (F)

A

produces ATP (energy)

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3
Q

ribosomes (F)

A

translate genetic info (mRNA) into proteins

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4
Q

cell nucleus (F)

A

storage of genetic material (nucleus: nucleulus)

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5
Q

Parts of the neuron (4)

A

Dendrites, Cell body, axon, axon terminals

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6
Q

In the neuron doctrine, information is passed on

A

from a neuron to another across tiny gaps

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7
Q

Shapes of the neuron (3)

A

Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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8
Q

Unipolar neuron conformation

A

Central cell body and one axon that leaves the cell body and branches in two opposite directions - one with denrites and the oter with axon terminals at the end

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9
Q

Unipolar neuron function

A

Transmit touch information from the body through the spinal chord

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10
Q

Multipolar neuron conformation

A

Many dendrites and one single axon

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11
Q

Multipolar neuron fuction(s)

A

Many different ones: they’re the most common type of neurons

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12
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

One single dentrite that branches at the top and one single axon that branches at the bottom

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13
Q

Bipolar neurons function

A

Mostly in senses, such as vision

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14
Q

Neurons, categorized by function

A

Motorneurons, sensory neurons, interneurons

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15
Q

Aborization

A

The branching of the dendrites in a neuron

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16
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

Transmits the information

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17
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

Receives the information

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18
Q

Parts of the synapse

A

Presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane

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19
Q

Measure of a synaptic cleft

A

20 to 40 nanometers

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20
Q

What’s the presynaptic membrane?

A

A specialised membrane at the end of the axon terminal in the presynaptic neuron

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21
Q

What’s the postsynaptic membrane?

A

A specialised membrane at the end of the dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron

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22
Q

Glial cells function

A

Nutrition (oxygenation), protection (myelination), structure (glial)

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23
Q

Types of glial cells by shape (4)

A

Astrocytes, Olygodendrocytes, Schwan cells, Microglial cells

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24
Q

Function of astrocytes

A

Nutrition thruogh bloodflow and monitor of the activity of the neuron

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25
Q

Function of olygodendrocytes

A

wrapping of multiple axons (myelination)

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26
Q

Function of Schwan cells

A

Wrapping of one axon of a neuron, outside the brain

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27
Q

Edema

A

swelling of astrocytes following a brain injury

28
Q

Edema

A

swelling of astrocytes following a brain injury

29
Q

Cause of multiple sclerosis

A

Loss of myelination

30
Q

Division of the nervous system

A

Central and peripheral

31
Q

Division of the peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic and autonomic

32
Q

The somatic peripheral ervous system controls

A

Muscles and sensory fuctions

33
Q

The autonomic peripheral nervous system controls

A

The viscera (the intestines and the stomach) and the glands

34
Q

Types of nerves that make up the somatic nervous system (2)

A

Cranial and spinal

35
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

36
Q

Cranial nerves responsible for sensory pathways

A

I - olfactory
II - optic
VIII - vestibulocochlear

37
Q

Number difference between dendrites and axon (in most neurons)

A

dendrites: many
axon: only one

38
Q

Diameter difference between axon and dendrite

A

Dendrite: gets thinner
axon: constant until terminal branching

39
Q

Axon hillock (integration zone) presence difference between axon and dendrites

A

Axon: yes -> signal clear until end of the axon
Dendrite: no -> they have to be relatively close to the cell body?

40
Q

Fuctions of microglial cells

A

remove derbis from injured cells

41
Q

Autonomic nervous system division (2)

A

Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

42
Q

Somatic nervous system division

A

Motor and sensory

43
Q

Afferent (sensory input)

A

sensory somatic nervous system

44
Q

Efferent (motor output)

A

motor somatic nervous system

45
Q

Layers of spinal nerves

A
  1. spinal nerve (connected to sympthetic chain) 2.pia mater 3. arachnoid 4. dura mater [5.bone(vertebra)]
46
Q

Parts you can divide the spinal cord into (top to bottom)

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

47
Q

Where is the dorsal root ganlion?

A

in the branching of the sympathetic chain on both sides of spinal nerves

48
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic chain?

A

sensory input

49
Q

The one word function of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

A

Sympathetic: dilates, relaxes, stimulates
Parsympathetic: constrincts, slows,stimulates!

50
Q

why is the brain wrinkly?

A

It increases surfice area per volume ratio

51
Q

Function of the thalamus

A

Relay station of sensorial input from the spinal cord

52
Q

Function of the hypothalamus

A

stress and biological clock

53
Q

Corpus callosum (F)

A

main connection (neuronal axons) of the two hemispheres

54
Q

Pituitary gland (F)

A

hormonal release

55
Q

Function of the cerebellum

A

Motor coordination

56
Q

Parts of the brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla

57
Q

Function of the pineal gland

A

Production of melatonin - controls sleep rythm

58
Q

Brainstem (F)

A

Arousal and breathing

59
Q

Name of division of the brain by layers of neurons

A

Brodmann areas

60
Q

The two possible anatomical divisions of the brain:

A

Brodmann areas (layers); larger structures (nuclei)

61
Q

Whose nucleus’ disfunction in the brain is responsible for Parkison’s morb?

A

Basal ganglia

62
Q

What causes an ischemic stroke?

A

Blockage of one of the cerebral arteries

63
Q

What does MRI stand for?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

64
Q

What does Magnetic Resonance Imaging show?

A

It shows the density - how much water there is - in a certain structure

65
Q

What’s the difference between MRI and fMRI

A

fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is the result of a comparison of images in relation to a stimulus, while MRI is more like a picture

66
Q

What does EEG stand for?

A

Electroencephalography

67
Q

What is an event-related potential?

A

a change in the electrical field of the brain in connection to a stimulus.

Cognitive Neuroscience (20 decks)

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