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Case 10 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of acetylcholine?

A
  • Used by spinal cord to control muscles + neurones in brain to regulate memory
  • Excitatory
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2
Q

What is the role of dopamine?

A
  • Feelings of pleasure when released by brain reward system
  • Multiple functions depending on where in brain it acts
  • Inhibitory
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3
Q

What is the role of GABA?

A

Major inhibitory NT in brain

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4
Q

What is the role of glutamate?

A

Major excitatory NT in brain

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5
Q

What is the role of glycine?

A
  • Used mainly by neurons in spinal cord

- Inhibitory

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6
Q

What is the role of norepinephrine?

A
  • NT + hormone
  • Part of fight or flight response in peripheral NS
  • Acts as NT in brain
  • Usually excitatory
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7
Q

What is the role of serotonin?

A
  • Involved in mood, appetite + sensory perception

- In spinal cord, serotonin = inhibitory in pain pathways

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8
Q

What neuropsychiatric diseases are associated with acetylcholine?

A

Alzheimers

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9
Q

What neuropsychiatric diseases are associated with serotonin?

A 
Depression 
Migraine
Ageing 
ADD
Anxiety
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10
Q

What neuropsychiatric diseases are associated with dopamine?

A

Increased in Schizophrenia

Decreased in Parkinsonism

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11
Q

What neuropsychiatric diseases are associated with GABA?

A

Epileptic seizures

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12
Q

What neuropsychiatric diseases are associated with glutamate?

A

Migraine
Stroke
Autism

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13
Q

What is grey matter made up of?

A

Cell bodies

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14
Q

What is white matter made up of?

A

Axons

White due to myelination

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15
Q

What does the forebrain (prosencephalon) divide into?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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16
Q

What does the midbrain (mesencephalon) divide into?

A

Mesencephalon

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17
Q

What does the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) divide into?

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

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18
Q

What is the Telencephalon involved in?

A
  • Olfactory lobes - smell
  • Hippocampus - memory storage
  • Cerebrum - association
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19
Q

What is the diencephalon involved in?

A
  • Retina - vision
  • Epithalamus - pineal gland
  • Thalamus - relay centre for optic + auditory neurones
  • Hypothalamus - temp, sleep + breathing reg
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20
Q

What is the mesencephalon involved in?

A

Midbrain - fiber tracts between anterior + posterior brain, optic lobes + tectum

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21
Q

What is the metencephalon involved in?

A
  • Cerebellum - coordination of complex muscular movements

- Pons - fiber tracts between cerebrum + cerebellum

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22
Q

What is the myelencephalon involved in?

A

Medulla - reflex centre of involuntary activities

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23
Q

What is the cerebellum divided into?

A
  • Flocculonodular lobe - regulates balance + co-ordination
  • Posterior lobe
  • Anterior lobe
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24
Q

What do the areas closes to the vermis regulate?

A
  • Spinocerebellum/paleocerebellum

- Body + limb movements

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25
Q

What does the neocerebellum regulate?

A

Planning, sensory movements for action

Ataxic gait

26
Q

Name some pontine disorders

A
  • Locked in syndrome

- Central pontine myelinolysis

27
Q

What can cause progressive supranuclear palsy?

A
  • Supranuclear opthalmoplegia
  • Neck dystonia
  • Parkinsonism
  • Pseudobulbar palsy
  • Behavioural impairment
  • Imbalance
  • Frequent falls
28
Q

What is the role of the reticular formation?

A
  • Ascending/ descending through brainstem
  • Included ARAS = role in arousal
  • Serotonergic, Dopaminergic, Noradrenergic. Histaminergic, Cholinergic + Thalamic nuclei
29
Q

What is the role of the tectum (mesencephalon)?

A
  • Superior colliculus - visual processing + eye movement control
  • Inferior colliculus - auditory processing
30
Q

What is the tegmentum and what is its role?

A
  • Floor of midbrain
  • Homeostatic + reflexive pathways
  • Motor inhibition from thalamus + basal nuclei
  • Red nucleus = motor coordination
  • Substantia nigra - reward co-ordination (via nigrostriatal pathway), movement control
  • PAG - pain modulation (spinothalamic tract)
  • Ventral tegmental area - mesocorticolimbic dopamine = reward circuit liked to nucleus accumbens
31
Q

What changes take place in the mesencephalon in Parkinson’s?

A

Reduction in dopaminergic neurones in substantia nigra

32
Q

What changes take place in the mesencephalon in Schizophrenia?

A

Increased dopamine in substantia nigra

33
Q

What changes take place in the mesencephalon in multi system atrophy?

A

Degeneration of striatum and substantia nigra

34
Q

What changes take place in the mesencephalon in ventral tegmental?

A

Primary sites of addictive drugs

35
Q

What does the diencephalon contain?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pineal body
  • Subthalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Mamillary bodies
36
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A
  • Relay station for all sensory signals
  • Lateral geniculate nucleus = visual
  • Medial geniculate nucleus = auditory (pathway goes to inferior colliculus + auditory cortex
37
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Anterior - vasopressin, oxytocin, somatostatin, sweating + thermoreg
  • Tuberal - BP, HR, satiety, GHRH
  • Posterior - memory, BP, vasopressin, orexin
38
Q

What is the role of the pineal body?

A
  • Secretes melatnin

- Not isolated from BBB

39
Q

Which part of the diencephalon is damages form thiamine deficiency?

A

Mammillary bodies

Wernicke-korsakoff

40
Q

What is the limbic system?

A
  • Connecting structures surrounding brainstem - cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, hypothalamus + anterior thalamic nuclei
  • Enables cortical control of emotion + role in memory storage
41
Q

What is included in the limbic system?

A

Telencephalon, diencephalon + mesencepahlon

42
Q

What are the cortical areas of the limbic system and their functions?

A
  • Limbic lobe
  • Orbitofrontal cortex - involved in frontal lobe, decision making
  • Pineform cortex - olfactory system
  • Entorhinal cortex - memory
  • Hippocampus - consolidation of new memories
  • Fornix - white matter, connects hippocampus + other structures
43
Q

What are the subcortical areas of the limbic system and their functions?

A
  • Septal nuclei - pleasure zone
  • Amygdala - emotional processes
  • Nucleus accumbens - reward, pleasure, addiction
44
Q

What are the diencephalic structures of the limbic system and their functions?

A

Hypothalamus

  • centre limbic system
  • connected with frontal lobes, septal nuclei + brainstem reticular formation via medial forebrain bundle
  • connected with thalamus via mammillothalamic fasciculus

Mammillary bodies

  • part of hypothalamus
  • receives signals from hippocampus via fornix + projects to thalamus

Anterior nuclei of thalamus

  • receive input from MB
  • memory processing
45
Q

Where is the Hippocampus and what is its role?

A
  • Telencephalon
  • Medial temporal lobe
  • ST > LT memory
  • Spatial memory
  • Includes dentate gyrus - new episodic memories, contains granule cells
  • Alzheimers + other dementias = hippocampal atrophy
46
Q

What is the cortex?

A
  • From telencephalon
  • Memory, attention, cognition, awareness, thought, language + consciousness
  • 7 layers, grey matter with underlying white matter
47
Q

What are the parts of the frontal lobe and their functions?

A
  • Superior frontal gyrus - self-awareness/laughter
  • Middle frontal gyrus
  • Inferior frontal gyrus - broca’s area (expressive aphasia)
  • Paraolfactory area - limbic
  • Medial frontal gyrus - executive mechanisms
  • Orbitofrontal cortex = stimulus-reward, addiction
  • Ventromedial prefrontal cortex - decision making, emotion regulation, addiction
48
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A

Planning + executing actions

49
Q

What can lesions of the PFC produce?

A
  • Dramatic changes in personality
  • Loss of spontaneity/problems with initiating speech/movements
  • Inability to make and carry out sequence of actions/plans
50
Q

Give an example of a cortical-subcortical-cortical loop

A
  • Dense reciprocal connections between PFC + parts of limbic system
  • So any loss of connectivity from limbic system > cortical targets will affect normal function of that area
51
Q

What is the main function of the parietal lobe?

A

Integrates sensory information

52
Q

What is the dominant hemisphere of the parietal lobe involved in?

A
  • Dysphasia, aphasia
  • Dyscalculia
  • Dyslexia
  • Apraxia
  • Agnosia
53
Q

What is the non-dominant hemisphere of the parietal lobe involved in?

A
  • Spatial disorientation
  • Constructional apraxia
  • Dressing apraxia
  • Anosognosia
54
Q

What is Gerstmann syndrome?

A

Dyscalculia
Dysgraphia
Finger agnosia
LR disorientation

55
Q

What are the parts of the temporal lobe and their functions?

A
  • Transverse temporal gyri (Heschl’s gyri) + Superior temporal gyrus = auditory cortex
  • Posterior STG = Wernicke’s area
  • Middle temporal gyrus
  • Fusiform gyrus - facial recognition, synaesthesia, dyslexia, prosopagnosia
  • Inferior temporal gyrus - visual object recognition
56
Q

What are the parts of the occipital lobe and their functions?

A
  • Lingual gyrus - vision + dreaming, word processing, limb integration + encoding complex images
  • Cuneus - basic visual processing
  • Calcarine sulcus/fissure - primary visual cortex - takes signal from later geniculate nucleus via thalamus
57
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

Precental gyri

58
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Postcentral gyri

59
Q

What does the arcuate fasciculus do?

A

Links Broca’s area to Wernicke’s area

60
Q

What does the uncinate fasciculus do?

A
  • Links temporal inferior frontal gyrus + frontal lobe

- Links hippocampus + amygdala with orbitofrontal cortex

Case 10 (8 decks)

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