Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Telencephalon
Cerebral lobes
Fornix
Cingulate gyrus
Fissures/sulcus
Longitudinal fissure
Ansate sulcus
Lateral/sylvian sulcus
Rhinal sulcus
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Mammillary bodies
Optic tract/nerve/chiasm
Mesencephalon
Cerebral peduncles
Tectum
Tegmentum
Nerves in order names
Olfactory Occipital Occulomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharengeal Vagus Spinal accessory Hypoglossal
Structures of the ventricular system
Lateral ventricle Interventricular formation Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Central canal Septum pellucidum Choroid plexus
Commisure
Corpus callosum
Parts of corpus callosum
Genu
Splenium
Function of choroid plexus
Secretes CSF
Fornix function
Communicates from hippocampus to hypothalamus , mammillary bodies, and anterior group of the thalamic nuclei
Cingulate gyrus function
Links cortex and limbic functions
Emotions and behavior regulation
Thalamus function
Sensory relay
Hypothalamus function
Hormone control
Controls motivated behaviors like sex and eating
Controls autonomic nervous system
Parts of tectum
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Inferior colliculus function
Auditory center
Superior colliculus function
Vision center. Vision and hearing integration
Pineal body function
Melatonin secretion
Internal capsule function
Motor control
External capsule function
Secretes acetylcholine
Keeps us awake
Parts of basal ganglia
Putamen Globus pallidus Caudate nucleus Substantia nigra Nucleus accumbens
Parts of striatum (part of basal ganglia )
Putamen and caudate nucleus
Striatum function
Receive dopaminergic input from substantia nigra
Globus pallidus function
Voluntary and subconscious movement
Periaqueductal grey function and location
Pain
Surrounds cerebral aqueduct
Substantia nigra function
Reward and movement (through production of dopamine)
Associated with Parkinson’s
Lateral geniculate nucleus function
Visual relay thalamus
Medial geniculate nucleus
Auditory relay thalamus
Structures of lentiform
Globus pallidus and putamen
Nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum function
Reward and addiction
Dopaminergic systems
3 nerves that move eyes
III-occulomotor
IV-trochlear
VI- Abducens
Trigeminal nerve # and function
V-jaw muscle movement
Face and jaw feeling
Facial nerve function and number
VII- facial muscles, salivary and tear glands
Superior temporal gyrus
Auditory association cortex
Neurons involved in hearing
Post central gyrus
Somatosensory cortex
What arteries supply blood to cerebral cortex
cerebral arteries
Nucleus
Mass of neurons in CNS with similar traits
Locus
Small well defined group of neurons in brain stem
Ganglion
Collection of neurons in PNS with similar function
Nerve
Bundle of axons in PNS
Tract
Collection of Axons in CNS
Bundle
A collection of axons that run together but don’t necessarily have the same origin or destination
Capsule
Collection of axons that connect cerebellum with brain stem
Commissure
Collection of axons that connect two sides of brain
Lemniscus
Tract that meanders through the brain like a ribbon
Rostral
Front
Dorsal
Top
Caudal
Back
Ventral
Bottom
Lateral
Towards outside of body
Medial
Towards inside of body
Cerebral peduncles
Group of axons that connect cerebrum and pons/brain stem
Tectum
Roof of the midbrain
Tegmentum
Floor of the midbrain
Parts of tegmentum
Reticular formation
Substantia nigra
Cerebral peduncles include what
Tegmentum
Prosencephalon composed of
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Association areas of cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Inferotemporal cortex
Posterior parietal cortex
Motor areas or cortex
Primary motor cortex (pre central gyrus)
Supplementary motor area
Premotor area
Sensory areas of the cortex
Somatosensory cortex (post central gyrus)
Visual cortex
Auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus)
Gustatory cortex
Function of insula
Interpreted how body is feeling into emotional sensations
Roller coaster
Define rostral, caudal, ventral and dorsal, lateral and medial
Rostral is front Caudal is back Dorsal is top Ventral is bottom Lateral is away from midline Medial is close to midline
Rostral = ?
Anterior
Caudal = ?
Posterior
Ipsilateral
Same side of midline
Contralateral
Opposite side of midline
Parts of the PNS
Somatic
Visceral (ANS)
Somatic PNS
Innervates joints, skin, muscles
Visceral PNS
Autonomic nervous system
Innervates internal organs, blood vessels and glands
What else does the PNS do
Sends sensory information from body back to the CNS
Gross organization of mammalian central nervous system
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Spinal cord
Rat and human brain differences
Humans have tiny olfactory bulb And much larger cerebrum
Mesencephalon =?
Midbrain
Rhombencephalon = ?
Hindbrain
Hindbrain includes
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Function of spinal cord
Brain body information conduit
How many spinal nerves are there
31
Dorsal root primary function
Sensory
Ventral root primary function
Motor
Where do dorsal root ganglia synapse
Dorsal horn
What is a subdural hematoma
Forms when blood vessels rupture and blood collects between dura and arachnoid membrane
Fissures definition
Especially deep groove in cerebrum surface
Precentral gyrus
Motor
Central sulcus divides what
Frontal and parietal lobe
What lobe is that superior temporal gyrus located
Temporal
What does the lateral fissure separate
Temporal and frontal lobes
Function of the medulla
Vital functions, breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, etc
Input nuclei of the basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus and putamen (neostriatum)
Receive information and relay it to intrinsic nuclei
ignore
overit
Output nuclei of basal ganglia
Internal globus pallidus
Pars reticula of substantia nigra
Functions of the basal ganglia
A group of brain structures controlling voluntary movements, habitual behaviors, emotions and reward systems.
What lies at the tail end of the caudate
Amygdala
What is the circle of Willis function
To be able to still provide blood flow to the brain in the event of a blood clot
Redundancy
What arteries supply blood to the cerebral cortex
Middle, anterior, and posterior cerebral arteries
What is the structure of the arteries that supply blood to the brain
Vertebral arteries converge to the basilar artery which separates into the posterior cerebral artery and superior cerebellar artery. The posterior communicating artery connects the posterior cerebellar artery to the internal carotid artery which separates into the middle cerebral artery And anterior cerebral artery. The anterior communicating artery connects the anterior cerebral arteries.
This is caudal to rostral
The brain receives blood from what arteries
Internal carotid and vertebral arteries
What do the internal carotid and vertebral arteries coalesce into
Basilar artery
Where does the basilar artery supply blood to
Back of the brain (cerebellum)
What supplies blood to the cerebellum
Superior Cerebellar artery
What supplies blood to the cerebrum
Cerebral arteries
Where does the internal carotid provide blood flow
Middle of brain and anterior part of brain
What are brodmanns areas based on
Cryoarchitectural differences in the brain
Hypothesized physical differences are related to different functions
Brodmanns primary somatosensory area
Brodmanns numbered 3,1,2
Broddmann’s primary motor area
Brodmann’s area 4
Brodmann’s primary visual area
Brodmann’s area 17
Brodmann’s auditory areas
Brodmann’s 41/42
Brodmann’s Broca’s area
44/45 brodmann’s area
Wernickes area function
Language comprehension
Broca’s area function
Speech production
What are the main structural brain imaging techniques
CT/CAT scans
MRI
Functional brain imaging techniques
fMRI
PET
What does CT stand for
Computerized tomography
What does MRI stand for
Magnetic resonance imaging
What does the f in fMRI stand for
Functional
What does PET stand for
Positron emission tomography
Function of a CT scan
Can help us spot problems like strokes and tumors
How does a CT scan work
It’s a measure of X-ray absorption at several positions around the head which is digitally reconstructed.
Low resolution anatomical map based on tissue density
What is an MRI used for
To show great structural detail and recognize subtle changes in the brain
How does MRI work
Uses magnets
Magnets cause protons in brain tissue to line up in parallel
Radio waves projected at protons altering the the spin of the proton
As the protons reconfigure themselves and this emits radio waves
Radio waves differ based on tissue density
Ex:more water in ventricles=more protons
What is the primary source of energy for the brain
Glucose
How does the brain get oxygen and glucose
Through blood flow
What does fMRI measure
Change in magnetization between oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood (deoxygenated blood is more magnetic than oxygenated blood)
What measure does fMRI use
BOLD contract (blood oxygen-level dependent)
Is fMRI a relative or quantitative measure
Relative
What does fMRI detect
Small changes in brain metabolism (energy usage) mediated by the change in blood flow and oxygen use in active brain regions
How can fMRI be tricky time wise and spatially
Neuronal changes occur in milliseconds and it can take seconds for blood flow to change and scan to occur. Spatially fMRI is specific but not specific enough to identify what substructure of structures is active
How is a mean difference image obtained in fMRI
Brain activity measured w stimulus and control and the difference between those is calculated.
Each participants difference image is averaged to get a mean difference image
A study can take years
What does a PET scan measure
Radioactive chemicals
Where do the radioactive chemicals measured in a PET scan come from
Injected into bloodstream
What does a PET scan do
Maps destination of radioactive chemicals by radioactive emissions
What function does a PET scan serve
Identifies which brain regions contribute to specific functions
Example of a PET scan
Radioactive ligand bonds to dopamine receptors. If dopamine is released in the brain it will displace the ligand and the signal will decrease indicating an increase in dopamine in that area.
What changes in a PET scan
The radioactive molecule you use
How can a PET scan be used to check for cancer
Radioactive glucose injected to check for cancer because cancerous cells will use more glucose and may indicate a mass
What is the blood brain barrier
it is the part of the brain that blocks the ability of things to cross
what is the blood brain barrier composed of
endothelial cell tight junctions, astrocyte feet, pericytes and microglia among other things
what can pass the blood brain barrier freely
oxygen, lipid solubles molecules like hormones, CO2
what are the functions of some areas in the brain not protected by the blood brain barrier
regions that detect toxins in the blood and induce vomiting
how do glucose and amino acids enter the brain
specialized transport proteins, some active, some passive facilitated diffusion
