Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Skull Vault
1-9
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1. Anterior Fossa 2. Middle Fossa 3. Posterior Fossa
4. Frontal Crest. 5. FOramen Caecum
6. Crista Galli 7. Cribiform plate
8. Optic Canal 9. Anterior Clinoid Process
Skull vault
10 -24
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10. Sup. Orb. Fissure 11. Foramen Rot.
12. Foramen Oval. 13. Foramen Spin.
14. Foramen Lac. 15. Int. Acc. Meat.
16. Jug. Foramen 17. For. Magnum
18. Hypoglossal Canal 19. tegmen Typamni
20. Pit. Fossa 21. Dorsal Sellae
22. Clivus 23. Sphenoid lesser wing
24. Sphenoid greater wing
Skull Vault
Grooves 25-29
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*Groove for*
25. middle meningeal artery
26. Sigmoid Sinus
27. Superior petrosal sinus
28. Transverse sinus
29. Sup. Saggital Sinus
Layers of the SCALP
Skin
Connective Tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose Areolar tissue
Periosteum
Bones of the cranial cavity
1) Name them
2) What is the pterion
1) Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid
2) Pterion is a thin portion of skull at the junction of frontal, temporal, parietal + greater wing of sphenoid.
Anterior branch of middle meningeal artery runs beneat it
Structures running through:
i) Optic Canal
ii) Superior Orbital Fissure
iii) Spinosum
iv) Internal Accoustic Meatus
v) Jugular Foramen
i) Optic Nerves + Ophthalmic Artery
ii) CN III, IV, Va, VI. Ophthalmic Vein
iii) Middle meningeal artery, meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
iv) Facial nerve. travels through facial canal (forms geniculate ganglion) and then exits through stylomastoid foramen
v) IJV, CN IX, X, XI, Inferior petrosal sinus
Boundaries of bony orbit:
Roof:
Frontal Bone (ant.) Great wing sphenoid (post.)
Floor:
Zygoma (lat.) Maxilla (medial.)
Medial Wall:
Maxilla (frontal process), Frontal, Lacrimal,
Ethmoid (orbital plate), Sphenoid
Lateral Wall:
Zygoma (frontal process), Frontal (zygoma process)
The Orbit
Label 1-10
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1. Squam. temp. bone. 2. Zygomatic Bone
3. Sphenoid Greater wing
4. Sphenoid lesser wing 5. Nasal Bone
6. Maxilla (Frontal process)
7. Frontal Bone (orbital part)
8. Inferior orbital Fissure
9. Superior Orbital Fissure 10. Optic Canal
The orbit
Label 11-20
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11. Infra-orbital groove
12. Infra-orbital foramen
13. Posterior ethmoid foramen
14. Supra orbital foramen 15. Glabella 16. Naison
17. nasal septum 18. Conchae
19. Frontozygomatic suture 20. pterion
The Orbit 2
1-8
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1. Parietal Bone 2. Frontal Bone
3. Sphenoid Greater Wing
4. Squamous temporal bone. 5. ethmoid bone
6. Lacrimal bone 7. maxilla 8. Zygomatic Bone
The Orbit 2
9-15
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9. ant. ethmoid foramen
10. ant. + post. ethmoid crests 11. Lacrimal fossa
12. Nasolacrimal canal
13. Zygomaticofacial foramen
14. Frontozygomatic suture
15. Pterion
Ocular Muscles
i) Nerves + which muscles they innervate + action
Occulomotor Nerve (III) - Nucleus in Pons-Midbrain junction
- Superior Rectus (Upward Gaze)
- Middle Rectus (Medial Gaze)
- Inferior Rectus (Downward Gaze)
- Inferior Oblique (Upward Gaze)
- Levator palpebrae superioris (raises eye lid)
- Ciliary Muscles (lens adjustments)
- Constrictor Pupillae (Parasympathetic fibers)
Trochlear Nerve (IV) - Nucleus in pons
Superior Oblique (downward gaze)
Abducens Nerve (VI) - nucleus in medulla oblongata
Lateral Rectus (lateral gaze)
Nasociliary N (V1) - Sympathetic fibers
Dilator Pupillae
3rd Nerve Palsy
Down and out pupil - Lateral rectus (lateral) + Superior Oblique dominant (inferior)
Ptosis - Levator palpebra superioris
Pupil Dilation - Unopposed dilator pupillae (under sympathetic control
Loss of reflexes - Ciliary Muscles + Constrictor muscle loss
Where is:
i) Brocha’s Area (+ what does it do)
ii) Sensory Cortex
iii) Motor Cortex (describe the motorcortical representation briefly)
iv) Subarachnoid space (what’s in it)
v) Superior Saggital Sinus
vi) Inferior Saggital Sinus
i) Frontal Lobe (inferior frontal gyrus) and controls motor areas of speech
ii) Sensory Cortex is in the parietal lobe (post-central gyrus)
iii) Motor Cortex is in the frontal lobe (pre-central
gyrus) . Motor humonculous - Medially leg –> hand –> face Laterally on opposite side of body.
iv) Subarachnoid Space - between arachnoid meningeal layer and pia mater. contains CSF and Major Blood Vessels
v) Sup. Sagg. Sinus sits in superior border of Falx Cerebri
vi) Inf. Sagg. Sinus sits in inferior border of Falx Cerebri
Meninges
i) Brief Description
ii) Name the dural folds
i) Layers covering the central nervous system:
Dura - tough fibrous. Inner - meningeal layer and outer - endosteal ayer
Arachnoid - subdural space is inbetween dura and arachnoid layer. subarachnoid space is between the arachnoid and pia mater.
Pia - Thin layer that closely related to the surface of the brain.
ii) Falx Cerebri - Inter- cerebral hemispheric. Attached anteriorly to crista galli and posteriorly to tentorium cerebelli
Falx Cerebelli - Inter- cerebeller hemispheric
Tentorium Cerebelli - attached anteriorly to (both) posterior clinoid (sphenoid) processes spreading transversely across skull + both anterior clinoid processes.
Diaphragma Sellae - Dural fold forming the pituitary fossa. Stalk of pituitary passes through arpeture in centre.
Venous Sinuses
i) Between what are they situated?
ii) How do they connect + respectively where are they located ?
iii) What drains into the IJV
i) Between the inner meningeal dura layer and the outer endosteal dura layer
ii) Sup. Saggital Sinus (Sup. Falx Cerbri) - Drains the sup. cerebral veins
Inf. Sag. Sinus (Inf. Falx Cerebri) - Drains the med. cerebral veins
Straight Sinus (Inf. Post. Falx Cerebri) - Receives Inf. Sag. Sinus + Great Cerebr. Vein
Transverse Sinus (Post. Tent. Cerebell) - Receives Straight Sinus + Sup. Sag. Sinus.
Cavernous Sinus - Lies on sphenoid bone (anteriorly - superior orbital fissure posteriorly - petrous temporal bone.
Sup. Petrosal Sinus - Drain the cavernous sinus into the sigmoid sinus.
Inf. Petrosal Sinus - Drain the cavernous sinus into the IJV
Sigmoid Sinus - Continuation of transverse sinus passing through the jugular foramen then enters IJV
iii) IJV - Inf. Petrosal Sinus
Veins - pharyngeal, facial, lingual, sup. thyr., med. thyr.
Cavernous Sinus
i) Location
ii) Contents
i) Located overlying the sphenoid bone extending from sup. orbital fissure -> Petrous temporal bone
Sphenoid bone (endosteal dura mater) - medial
Temporal Bones + (Meningeal Dura mater) - lateral
Meningeal Dura Mater - Roof
Remember the sinuses are contained beneat the endosteal and meningeal dura mater
ii) Contains ICA (+ Carotid Plexus) and CN VI
BUT on the lateral wall lying close to the sinus:
CN III, CN IV, CN Va, CN Vb
Mnemonic- O TOM CAT (CAT - Carotid + Abducens)
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis:
I) Features
ii) Causes (briefly)
i) Features
Oedema - conjuctiva and eyelids
Raised intraocular pressure - papilloedena + retinal haemorrhage
Exophthalmus
Ophthalmoplegia
ii) Infectious Causes - Infeciton transmitted through:
a) Face via anterior facial vein + Ophthlamic Veins
b) Deeper via pterygoid venous plexus
Usual thrombotic risks
Base of Skull
1-11
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1. Foramen Magnum 2. Incisive Fossa
3. Greater palatine foramen
4. Lesser palatine foramen
5. inferior orbital fissure
6. Foramen ovale 7. Pterygoid Hamulus
8. Carotid Canal 9. Foramen Lacerum
10. palatinovaginal canal 11. Foramen Spinosum
Base of Skull 2
12 - 25
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12. Stylomastoid Foramen 13. Jugular foramen
14. Mastoid Foramen 15. Mandibular Fossa
16. Vomer and Chonoae 17. Palatine fossa
18. infratemporal crest of great sphenoid wing
19. Mastoid process
20. External occipital protuberance
21. Sup. Nuchal Line 22. Inf. Nuchal Line
23. Petrous Temporal Apex
24. Occipital Condyle 25. External occipital Crest
Cortex Anatomy
1 - 12
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1. Longitudinal Fissure 2. Sylvian Fissure
3. Lateral Ventricles 4. Third Ventricle
5. interpeduncular cistern 6. Pons
7. medulla oblongata
8. middle cerebellar peduncle
9. corpus collosum 10. Corona Radiata
11. Septum Pallucidum 12. Caudate nucleus
Cortex Anatomy
13-25
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13. internal capsule 14. External Capsule
15. Claustrum 16. External caps./insula
17. Insula 18. amygdala 19. Cerebral Peduncle
20. Mamillary Body 21. Thalamus
22. Body of fornix 23. Choroid Plexus
24. Putamen 25. Globus Pallidus
Branches of:
i) vertebral arteries
ii) basilar artery
iii) internal carotid arteries
i) Vertebral Branches
- Ant. and Post. Spinal Arteries
- PICA
ii) Basilar Branches
- AICA
- Labryinthine ARtery
- Superior Cerebellar Artery
- PCA
iii) ICA Branches (MAIN)
C6 (ophthalmic portion) - Ophthalmic
C7 (Communicating portion) - PCOM, Anterior choroidal before terminating into ACA + MCA
MCA occlusion - signs
i) Banford Criteria for stroke but broadly -
Contralateral - arm+face weakness / altered sensation
Speech (if dominant) - Brocha’s (expressive aphasia) Wernicke’s (receptive aphasia)
Neglect (if non-dominant) - of the contralteral side of the body
i) Functions of CN VII
ii) why is there a difference between UMN and LMN VII palsy
i) Motor - Muscles of face + Stapedius
Sensory - Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
PNS - Submandibular, Sublingual, Lacrimal and Nasal glands
ii) UMN there is scalp + orbicularis oculi sparing as these muscles have a bicortical representation
UMN vs LMN Lesion
UMN:
Spastic paresis, minimal wasting, hyperreflexia
LMN:
Flacid paresis, marked wasting, hyporeflexia, fasciculations
Label
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