Neuroanatomy Flashcards
occlusion to which cerebral artery can result in homonymous hemianopia
posterior cerebral artery
which arteries supply the primary motor and sensory cortex
anterior and middle cerebral arteries
strokes of the anterior circulation will produce what type of weakness? sensory or motor?
motor bc
anterior and middle cerebral arteries supply motor cortex
which arteries supply the brainstem
basilar
what is Broca’s/Wernicke’s area supplied by in right handed ppl
left middle cerebral artery (anterior circulation)
what is CSF produced by
choroid plexus
where is the majority of choroid plexus located
walls of lateral ventricles (and roofs of 3rd/4th ventricles)
how does CSF drain into the subarachnoid space
lateral ventricles –> IV foramen –> 3rd ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> 4th ventricle –> lateral aperture/foramen of lushka –> subarachnoid space
how is CSF reabsorbed
by arachnoid villi in dural venous sinuses
what is the correct order of meningeal layer (int to ext)
Pia
Arachnoid
Dura
which lobe is the hippocampus in
temporal
which lobe is the amygdala in
temporal
why lobe is the primary motor cortex in
frontal
which lobe is the primary visual cortex in
occipital
which lobe is the primary somatosensory cortex in
parietal lobe
which love is the primary auditory cortex in
temporal lobe
which lobe is wernicke’s area in
parietal lobe
which lobe is Broca’s area in
frontal lobe
what are some likely causes of headaches
- raised ICP
- visual disturbance
what is the blood supply of Broca’s area
left middle cerebral
what is the blood supply of the motor cortex of the arm
middle cerebral
what is the blood supply of the sensory cortex of the arm
middle cerebral
what is the blood supply of the auditory area
middle cerebral
what is the course of entry of the internal carotid artery into the skull
- via carotid canal
- travels horizontally through temporal bone
- enters cranium through foramen lacerum
how does the optic nerve enter the cranium
- enters through optic canal in lesser wing of spend bone
how does the facial nerve exit the cranium
- through the internal acoustic meatus in temporal bone
- emerges from skull through stylomastoid foramina
how does the spinal cord pass through the occipital bone
through the foramen magnum
how does the oculomotor nerve enter the cranium
- enters orbit via superior orbital fissure
- btwn greater and lesser wings of sphenoid bone
which arteries supply visual cortex
occipital bone
- posterior cerebral arteries
what does the oculomotor nerve supply
all extra ocular muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus
which direction would the eye be looking if oculomotor nerve is damaged
downwards and outwards
how many extraocular muscles are there
6
- medial/lateral/inferior/superior rectus
- inferior/superior oblique
what action tests medial rectus
adduction
what action tests lateral rectus
aduction
what action tests superior rectus
elevation
what action tests inferior rectus
depression
which actions test superior oblique
adduction
depression
which actions test inferior oblique
adduction and elevation
what is the correct order of components when moving from the external to internal ear?
tympanic membrane –> malleus –> incus –> stapes –> oval winow
where do the majority of descending fibres of corticospinal tract decussate
80% decussate in medulla
where is the olfactory nuclei located
olfactory bulb
where is the optic nuclei located
in the lateral geniculate body
where are CN 3-12 nuclei located
brainstem
how is the cerebellum connected to the midbrain, pons and medulla
superior, middle and inferior peduncles respectively (tracts carry info in both directions)
what are the 3 cerebellar anterior
posterior inf cerebellar
ant inf cerebellar
superior cerebellar
what is the largest paired cerebellar deep nuclei
dentate nucleus
what is the dentate nucleus responsible for
planning, initiation and control of voluntary movements
what do the dorsal columns carry and what kind of pathway are they
fine touch, vibration, proprioception
- ascending
what is the white matter that connects cerebral hemisphere cortex to other structures
internal capsule
how do fibres of olfactory nerve enter the cranium
through foramina of cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
what are the constituents of the basal ganglia
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus
- amygdala
what is the papez circuit involved in
memory
emotions
emotional memory
what does the papez circuit consist of
- hippocampus
- fornix
- mammillary bodies
- cingulate gyrus
- thalamus
- singulum
- parahippocampal gyrus
what is affected with Parkinson’s disease
substantia nigra (loss of neuromelanin containing cells)
what is an epidural
injection of a substance into epidural space anywhere along vertebral column
what happens in a lumbar puncture
hollow needle is inserted below the level of spinal cord into subarachnoid space in order to remove CSF
does the subarachnoid space end at the same level as the spinal cord
no, it extends down to lower sacrum
what does the ligament flavour connect
adjacent laminae
why are the articular surfaces of cervical joints horizontal
so that dislocation can occur without fracture
what is the nerve root of thumb sensation
c6
what is the nerve root of the nipple line
t4
what is the nerve root of the umbilicus
t10
what is the nerve root of the knee
L3
what is the nerve root of the big toe
L5
what is the blood supply to the spinal cord
- derived from anterior and posterior spinal arteries
which arteries supply spinal cord in front of posterior grey column
anterior spinal
which arteries supply the posterior grey columns and dorsal columns
posterior spinal arteries
what are the 2 parts of the IVD
- nucleus pulposus
- annulus fibrosus
what does the annulus fibrous do
surrounds nucleus pulpous and resists its expansion
what happens in brown-sequard syndrome (hemisection of spinal cord)
- ipsilateral UMN weakness below lesion
- ipsilateral loss of proprioception/vibration
- contralateral loss of pain n temp sensation
