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(SALMA) Anatomy Handbook Questions > Anatomy of thorax > Flashcards

Anatomy of thorax Flashcards

1
Q

where does the anterior axillary line run from

A

from fold of muscle at anterior axilla/front of the armpit

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2
Q

which layer does the mammary gland lie in

A

subcutaneous layer

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3
Q

which muscle forms the anterior axillary fold

A

lowest n most lateral part of pectoralis major

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4
Q

which ribs does the pectorals minor originate from

A

3rd
4th
5th

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5
Q

does the medial pectoral supply the pectorals minor

A

yeeeeeeees

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6
Q

which muscle do the lower ribs give rise to (5th to 8th)

A

eternal oblique - outer layer of abdominal wall muscles

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7
Q

where does lymph drainage medial to the nipple pass through

A

intercostal spaces to thorax lymph nodes (internal mamary (thoracic) lymph nodes)

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8
Q

where does lymph from lateral breast drain into

A

axillary lymph nodes

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9
Q

where is a pacemaker inserted

A

under skin next to left cephalic vein

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10
Q

which costal cartilage is the sternal angle

A

2nd

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11
Q

what lies on either side of the centrally placed mediastinum

A

pleural cavities

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12
Q

how is the lung connected to the mediastinum

A

only at 1 place - hilum

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13
Q

how does contraction of pectorals major assist in breathing

A

when ring contracts, thoracic pressure rises to assist exhalation. this only oc
curs in disease n during exercise; normal exhalation is passive

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14
Q

what forms the ring of muscles which encircle the thoracic cage

A

2 pectoralis muscles

scapula muscles

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15
Q

which bony structures lie subcutaneously in the anterior chest wall

A

clavicles

sternum

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16
Q

are the ribs subcutaneous

A

no, they lie beneath muscle

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17
Q

what are the articulations of the clavicle

A

at the medial end to the manubrium; sternoclavicular joint

at the lateral end to the acromion of the scapula; acromioclavicular joint

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18
Q

what forms the anterior axillary fold

A

lower edge of the pec major muscle

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19
Q

what lies deep to the pec minor muscle

A

axilla

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20
Q

which costal cartilage connects to the sternum at the sternal angle

A

2nd

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21
Q

what is angle of Louis aka

A

sternal angle

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22
Q

what is in the hilum

A
  • main bronchus
  • pulmonary artery
  • 2 pulmonary veins
  • brachial artery
  • lymphatic vessels
  • branches of vagus n sympathetic nerves
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23
Q

contraction of the diaphragm causes the dome of diaphragm to ascend, decreasing the pressure in the thoracic cavity. what are the 2 effects?

A
  1. if glottis is open, air is drawn into lungs

2. blood is drawn from IVC into RA

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24
Q

which nerves carry sensation from the parietal pleura

A

parietal lines inside of thoracic wall

  • supplied by the same nerves as tissue of thoracic wall
  • spinal nerves t1-12
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25
Q

which nerves carry sensation from visceral pleura

A

visceral covers lung surface

  • supplied by same nerves as lung\
  • vagus and sympathetic nerves
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26
Q

what is a bronchopulmonary segment

A

has a feeding artery n bronchus which run together through the centre of the segment n repeatedly branch to reach all parts of segment

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27
Q

how is each bronchopulmonary segment separated

A
  • anatomically and functionally

- layers of connective tissue n fissures

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28
Q

what effect does contraction of diaphragm have on intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressure

A

decreases intrathoracic

increases intrabadominal

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29
Q

what is intercostal recession

A

when a patient is having difficulty taking a breath in n having to create very neg pressures in thorax, intercostals get ‘sucked in’

30
Q

which nerve passes to the left of the aortic arch more posterior than the phrenic nerve

A

left vagus nerve

31
Q

where does the vagus nerve pass in relation to the lung

A

behind the root of the lung to join the oesophagus

32
Q

where does the vagus nerve pass to give left recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

over aortic arch

33
Q

where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve pass back up into the neck

A

in the gore btwn the trachea anteriorly on oesophagus behind it

34
Q

what happens if u have a tumour of left lung

A
  • can invade left recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • cause paralysis of muscles of left vocal cords
  • therefore hoarse voice
35
Q

if fluid collects in pericardium, what is limited

A

end diastolic volume

therefore cardiac output

36
Q

what is the developmental significance of the

A

remnant of shunt btwn pulmonary artery n aorta

37
Q

what are the main branches of left common carotid artery (2)

A

internal and external carotids

38
Q

what does the internal carotid supply

A

most of cerebral hemispheres

39
Q

what does the external carotid supply

A

left side of face and head

40
Q

what are the main branches of the left subclavian artery (3)

A
  • vertebral
  • thyro-cervical
  • axillary
41
Q

what do the vertebral arteries supply

A
  • cerebellum
  • brain step
  • occipital lobe
  • inferior temporal lobe
42
Q

what do the thyrocervical artery supply (2)

A
  • thyroid gland

- neck

43
Q

what does the axillary artery supply

A

upper limb

44
Q

what structures are supplied by the vagus nerve

A
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • heart
  • lungs
  • foregut
  • midgut
45
Q

what is the surface marking for the apex of the heart

A

5th intercostal space

midclavicular line

46
Q

what is the RCA sometimes known as

A

right coronary sulcus

47
Q

where does the circumclfex artery run

A

grove btwn LA and LV (left coronary sulcus)

48
Q

what is the coronary sinus

A

major venous drainage of heart

49
Q

what are cusps made of

A

fibrous tissue

covered with endothelium

50
Q

what are the chord tendinae

A

tendinous cords that are attached to the free edge of cusps

51
Q

at which phase of the cardiac cycle do the coronary arteries fill n why

A

during ventricular diastole

- pressure in aorta is high, pressure in myocardium drops to 0

52
Q

how many bundles to right and left ventricle

A

1 for right - right

2 for left - anterior and posterior

53
Q

what is the blood supply of the SAN and AVN

A

SAN - RCA (60%), LCA (40%)

AVN - PIVA

54
Q

where is SAN located

A

crista terminals where SVC enters RA

55
Q

what is crista terminalis

A

ridge of tissue inside btwn RA and right atrial appendage

56
Q

on a chest x ray, which chambers and vessels form the right and left borders of the cardiac shadow

A

right heart border - RA

left heart border - left auricular appendage superiorly and LV

57
Q

which lymph does the thoracic duct drain

A

from lower half of body n bowel into the confluence of left subclavian and internal jugular (left side of neck)

58
Q

which vessels run horizontally lying over the vertebral bodies

A

intercostal vessels

59
Q

which side are the azygous veins on

A

right

60
Q

which side are the semi-azygous veins on

A

left

61
Q

what is the sympathetic chain formed from

A

a series of ganglia (neurone cell bodies) connected by nerve fibres (axons and dendrites)

62
Q

how many ganglia are in the thorax, neck and abomen/pelvis

A

thorax - 12 (1 each)
neck - 3
abdomen/pelvis (1 per vertebra also)

63
Q

from the 5th-12tth thoracic ganglia, there are nerves running forwards over vertebral bodies. what do these form

A

3 splanchnic nerves

64
Q

where does all sympathetic nerve supply to head and neck travel through

A

T1 ganglia of sympathetic chain

65
Q

what is Horner’s syndrome

A

pathology damaging ganglia - loss of sympathetic innervation to face n eye
- no facial sweating, drooping eye lid, constricted pupil and an eye slightly drawn in

66
Q

where does a patient experience pain felt by greater splanchnic nerve

A

epigastrium

67
Q

where does patient experience pain felt by lesser splanchnic nerve

A

umbilicus area

68
Q

where does a patient experience pain felt by least splanchnic nerve

A

suprapubic area

69
Q

which structure lies immediately behind LA in lower thorax

A

oesophagus

70
Q

which structures drain blood into azygous system

A

lateral and posterior chest/abdominal wall

71
Q

why is the left recurrent laryngeal at risk from thoracic disease but not right

A

left passes into thorax, around aortic arch and back into next

right doesn’t pass through thorax

72
Q

where do sympathetic nerves attach to CNS

A

thoacic 1-12

lumbar 1-2 spinal segment nerves

(SALMA) Anatomy Handbook Questions (6 decks)

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