Anatomy of the face/neck Flashcards
which tracheal rings are crossed by the isthmus
2nd - 4th
where does the superior thyroid artery come from
external carotid artery
what is the carotid sheath
a tube of fascia containing the:
- carotid artery
- jugular vein
- vagus nerve
enlargement of the thyroid gland can compress what?
the trachea
what is the inferior pole of the thyroid very close to
recurrent laryngeal nerve
what are the extrinsic laryngeal muscles
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
ETC
what is the function of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles
move the larynx up and down the neck and support its central position (particularly important for swallowing)
where may an emergency airway be created
between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage (through the cricothyroid membrane)
why does the thyroid gland have such a good blood supply
iodine is present in very low conc in blood: gland needs high blood flow to ensure adequate delivery of iodine
what is the location of the parathyroid glands
posterior surface of the thyroid gland
what is the only complete cartilage ring around the airway
the cricoid cartilage
a patient may develop hypocalcaemia after thyroid surgery, why?
parathyroid glands may be removed: will cause acute (sudden) hypoparathyroidism
what is the pharynx made up of
nasopharynx
oropharynx
hypopharynx/laryngopharynx
what are the 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles
superior
middle
inferior
what are the origins of the 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles
superior - medial pterygoid plate
middle - hyoid bone
inferior - thyroid cartilage
which cranial nerds form the pharyngeal plexus
X (vagus)
XI (glossopharyngeal)
what is the weakest part of the pharyngeal wall
lower part of pharynx in the midline
where does the cervical sympathetic chain lie
posterior to the carotid sheath (has 3 ganglia in the neck)
what does the vagus nerve have just before it enters the skull
sensory gangli on it
towards the top of the neck, the vagus nerve has a large branch which passes down and medially. what is this
superior laryngeal nerve
what is the internal laryngeal nerve
sensory nerve to the larynx above the vocal cords
what does the external laryngeal nerve supply
cricothyroid muscle and cricopharyngeal part of inferior constrictor
what is the carotid sinus
at the origin of the internal carotid artery, there is a swelling
what is the internal carotid artery innervated by
glossopharyngeal nerve
what does the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply
middle ear and eustachian tube
the glossopharyngeal nerve runs on the surface of which muscle?
stylopharyngeus
what does the carotid sinus measure
BP; pressure is sensed by receptors, signal sent to brain via CN IX and returned via CN X to the heart to slow heart rate
what is the name of the fused 1st thoracic and lower cervical sympathetic ganglia
stellate ganglion
which special sensation is carried in glossopharyngeal nerve
taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
which parts of the pharynx lie below the lower border of the mandible
hypopharynx
what is the depression btwn thyroid and cricoid cartilage
cricothyroid membrane
what do the 2 cricothyroid muscles do
alter length and tension of vocal cords by tilting thyroid cartilage forward onto cricoid cartilage
what do the aryepiglottic folds mark
laryngeal inlet
wha does the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage form a synovial joint with
cricoid cartilage
what happens to the cricoid cartilage in the elderly
becomes calcified
what are superior vestibular folds
false vocal cords
what are inferior vocal folds
true vocal cords
what are the true and false vocal cords separated by
laryngeal sinus
what is the space between the vocal cords
rima glottidis
where does the submandibular salivary gland sit
in the floor of the mouth - extends inferior to mid portion of ramps of the mandible
which gland does the facial nerve travel through
parotid gland
which structure stops liquid refluxing into the back of the nose during swallowing
soft palate
describe the histology of the tracheal mucosa
simple, columnar, pseudo stratified, ciliated with goblet cells
where does the parotid gland enter the mouth
cheek, adjacent to 2nd upper premolar
what is the oral cavity bounded by
anteriorly - lips
laterally - cheeks
superiorly - palate
inferiorly - tongue
what is the tongue attached to
posterior of mandible ramus
hyoid bone
what does the surface of the anterior 2/4 of tongue lie against
palate
what does the surface of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue lie agaijnst
posterior wall of the oropharynx
where does the tonsil sit on
superior constrictor of the pharynx
what is the tonsil
a consolidation of lymphoid tissue - samples organisms which may try to enter body via mouth or nose
what does the roof of the mouth/palate separate
oral and nasal cavities
what is the anterior 2/3 of the palate formed by
palatine process of maxillary bones anteriorly and horizontal plates of palatine bones posteriorly
what is the anterior 2/3 of the palate called
hard palate
what is the posterior 1/3 of the palate called
soft palate, it is muscular
what is the function of the eustachian tube
to equalise air pressure either side of the tympanic membrane
why is the maxillary sinus more prone to infection
opening into the nasal cavity is at the top of the sinus so it doesn’t drain easily
why may disease in the maxillary sinus cause cheek numbness
nerve which gives sensation to cheek passes in the roof of the maxillary sinus
what structure stops reflux of liquid into the nose during swallowing
soft palate
how are the 4 paranasal sinuses named
maxillary, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid
according to bone they’re in
what are conchae aka
turbinates
what is the function of the conchae
to increase SA - increases amount of air that comes into contact with cavity walls - easier for humidifying
which nasal sinuses open into the middl meatus
frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoidal
in addition to the nasal sinuses, which 2 other structures open into the nasal cavity?
nasolacrimal duct
Eustachian tube
what are the pointy bits at the top of the arytenoid cartilages
corniculate
what kind of cartilages are cuneiform
free floating
