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Neuro 1 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

white matter

A
  • myelinated nerve cells

- forms the bulk of the deep parts of the brain and the superficial parts of the spinal cord.

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2
Q

gray matter

A
  • unmyelinated neurons

- function of grey matter is to route sensory or motor stimulus to interneurons of the CNS.

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3
Q

S’s of UMN lesion etiologies

A 
Stroke
Multiple Sclerosis
Spinal Cord injury
Cerebral Palsy
Spastic paralysis
upward Babinski (sky)
Strong muscles (no atrophy)
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4
Q

FLABBY LMN lesion etiologies

A

Fasiculations present
Loss of muscle tone
Areflexia
Babinski towards basement
Young (poliomyelitis is known as infantile paralysis)
LMN: Remember the B’s of LMN lesions!!!
Etiologies: Guillain Barré syndrome, Botulism, Back pain due to Cauda Equina syndrome, Bell Palsy, Baby paralysis (Polio)
Loss of muscle tone/Flaccid paralysis and muscle atrophy

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5
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

speech is preserved but makes no sense

w for what? doesn’t understand others

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6
Q

Brocas aphasia

A

problem speaking understandably
O for problem with Output
B uses broken words

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7
Q

thalamus

A

Processing center of the cerebral cortex. Coordinates and regulates all functional activity of the cortex via the integration of the afferent input to the cortex (except olfaction).
Contributes to affectual expression

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8
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • master endocrine gland
  • integration center of ANS
  • ant is parasym activity, post is sym activity
  • feeding and pleasure center
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9
Q

Medulla

A

responsible for controlling several major autonomic functions of the body:
respiration (via dorsal respiratory group and ventral respiratory group)
Blood pressure and heart rate
Reflex Arcs
Vomiting

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10
Q

Pons

A

Cranial nerves V, VI, VII

It relays sensory information between the cerebellum and cerebrum

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11
Q

cerebellum

A

Archicerebellum- maintains equilibrium
Paleocerebellum- maintains muscle tone
Neocerebellum- controls coordination

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12
Q

Ach activates

A 
cholinergic receptors
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation
Gastric motility
Emesis
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13
Q

anticholinergics activate….

A

sympathetic NS

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14
Q

Stress incontinence occurs bc of

A

a weak urethral sphincter which causes less pressure required to open the sphincter, strengthen muscle via kegels, if this doesn’t work try an alpha agonist

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15
Q

Overflow incontinence

A

-person doesn’t know bladder is full so they constantly leak urine, foley catheter, bethanechol (ach makes you urinate)

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16
Q

Urge incontinence

A

-overactive bladder,use an anticholinergic oxybutynin

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17
Q

Ach vs Dopamine

A

Ach accelerates muscle contraction

Dopamine depresses muscle contractions leading to relaxation

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18
Q

how does tetanus work?

botulism?

A

blocks Achase, spastic paralysis

blocks NMJ, flaccid paralysis

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19
Q

symptoms get better throughout the day for muscle strength, think….

A

eaton-lambert, pre-synaptic Abs

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20
Q

what is happening in parkinson’s disease?

A
  • damage to substantia nigra resulting in decreased dopamine production
  • too much Ach causing tremors
  • treat w/benztropine (anticholinergic)
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21
Q

what diseases might we see where we have to rule out MS?

A
  • Marcus Gunn pupil

- trigeminal neuralgia

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22
Q

GBS vs MS

A

GBS affects peripheral NS

MS affects CNS

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23
Q

how to tell b/w a stroke and Bell’s Palsy?

A

if they can wrinkle the forehead it is a CVA (central lesion)
if they cannot it is a peripheral lesion indicating Bell’s

24
Q

tongue deviates….

A

towards the side of a peripheral lesion

25
Q

cerebral palsy

A

A persistent disorder of posture and movement, caused by nonprogressive defects or lesions of the immature brain

26
Q

risk factors for developing cerebral palsy?

A
  • hypoxia of baby’s brain
  • maternal infection
  • mainly congenital
27
Q

Hemiplegic CP

A
  • mainly congenital
  • Hemibrain atrophy, posthemorrhagic porencehpaly
  • Unilateral spasticity: Arm > leg
28
Q

Diplegic CP in an infant etiology

A

-Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)
-Grade lV IVH
PE-Spasticity: Legs > arms
Scissoring gait:
Flexed hips and knees
Toe walker

29
Q

Quadriplegic CP etiology

A

Frequently multifactorial
Structural brain abnormalities
Cerebral hypoperfusion and watershed infarcts

30
Q

dyskinetic CP etiology

A

Hypoxic brain injury

Kernicterus

31
Q

Are MRIs useful in dx?

A

MRI can look normal but they may still have CP

32
Q

tx options?

A
  • no cure bc it is a brain injury
  • PT/OT/ST
  • Lioresal (Baclofen) CNS inhibition
  • Diazepam
33
Q

dorsal root rhizotomy

A
  • Consider in diplegic CP with good trunk strength, and no associated dyskinesia
  • It is the destruction of the nerves in the facet joints, normally by burning them
  • destroys nerves that don’t receive GABA
34
Q

MC compressive neuropathy

A

Carpal Tunnel syndrome

median nerve-3 1/2 fingers

35
Q

carpal tunnel tx

A

Initial treatment is a volar splint at night, then cortisone injection, then surgery

36
Q

how to test for carpal tunnel?

A

Tinels sign-tap over wrist

Phalens sign

37
Q

Cubital tunnel syndrome

A

Compression of the Ulnar nerve at the elbow

38
Q

Saturday night palsy

A

Radial Nerve injury usually due to trauma- Falling asleep or hit with stick
Clinical manifestations- Wrist drop

39
Q

peroneal nerve palsy

A

MC due to trauma to the knee, s/p surgery, fibular fx, high boots.
Clinical manifestations- Paresthesia, Foot drop, extremity weakness

40
Q

tarsal tunnel syndrome

A

Compression of the Post tibialis nerve

41
Q

Meralgia paresthesia

A

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve- pure sensory- lateral hip

42
Q

meningitis organism < 3 months and tx

A

Group B strep, ampicillin and vanco

43
Q

meningitis organism 3 months-18 years and tx

A

N meningitides, ceftriaxone and vanco

44
Q

meningitis organism 18-50 and tx

A

S. pneumo, ceftriaxone and vanco

45
Q

meningitis organism 50+ and tx

A

L. Monocytogenes, ampicillin and ceftriaxone

46
Q

how does bacterial meningitis present?

A
  • fever
  • HA, nuchal rigidity, photosensitivity
  • pruritic rash from DIC
47
Q

PE tests for meningitis

A

Kernings sign-bend Knee and extend

Brudzinski sign-bend neck forward (brain)

48
Q

how to dx bacterial meningitis?

A
  • CSF
  • bacteria eat sugar to increase their muscle
  • decreased glucose increased protein
  • increased neutrophils (PMNs)
49
Q

what is required before doing a LP?

A

CT to rule out herniation

50
Q

what will viral meningitis show in CSF?

A
  • lymphocytosis w/normal glucose

- negative gram stain

51
Q

what will a fungal meningitis show on CSF?

A
  • decreased glucose

- lymphocytes

52
Q

what other med should be given to meningitis pts

A

corticosteroids

53
Q

encephalitis

A
  • viral infection of brain parenchyma
  • You will see a focal deficit here (weakness, diplopia, seizure, AMS) unlike meningitis
  • seizures more common
54
Q

MCC encephalitis

A

HSV-1

55
Q

CSF findings of encephalitis

A

same as viral meningitis
Lymphocytosis w/ normal glucose*
- Lymphocytic pleocytosis (10-300)

Neuro 1 (6 decks)

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