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Anatomy 3A > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of cutaneous receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors and pruritoceptors.

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2
Q

What types of hair follicles Afferents are slow adapting and which are fast adapting ?

A

Slow adapting - Ruffini’s ending and Merkels disk

Fast adapting - Meissner’s corpuscle and Pacinian corpuscle

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3
Q

What are nociceptors named if they respond to all 3 stimuli (thermal, mechanical and chemical)?

A

Polymodal nociceptors

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4
Q

What is the main stimulus of pruritoceptors?

A

Chemical (e.g. histamine)

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5
Q

What is ‘Peizo2’?

A

A type of mechanosensitive ion channel that is responsible for the transduction of mechanical stimuli. They are the main contributor of the mammalian sensory nerve.

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6
Q

What family of channels are used for the transduction of thermal stimuli? Name some examples.

A

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels signal various temperature.

  • TRPV1: responds to temperature >43oC
  • TRPM8: main transducers of non-painful cooling
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7
Q

Where are the cell bodies of primary sensory Afferents located?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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8
Q

What type of cells are primary sensory Afferents?

A

Pseudo-unipolar cells as they have a part in both the PNS & CNS.

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9
Q

What neurotransmitter do ALL primary sensory Afferents use?

A

The excitatory NT glutamate.

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10
Q

Name and describe the two sub-types of myelinated (A fibres) of primary Afferents.

A
  1. Large myelinated (A-beta): larger diameter of 6-12microm and conduct at 35-75m/sec with a low threshold. They are found in both the dorsal horn and medulla.
  2. Small myelinated (A-delta): smaller diameter of 1-5microm and conduct at 5-30m/sec (I.e. “fast pain”). They are only located in the dorsal horn.
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11
Q

What is the origin and termination of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway (DCML)?

A

It carries sensory information from tactile sensation, vibration and Proprioception to the sensory cortex.

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12
Q

For the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway, where to the upper and lower limbs travel through?

A 
Upper limbs (>T6) fibres travel in the faciculus cuneatus of the medulla oblongata (lateral).
Lower limbs (
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13
Q

What order neurones decussate in the dorsal columm-medial lemniscus pathway?

A

Second order neurone decussate

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14
Q

What is the difference between the anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts?

A

The type of sensory information they carry:
Anterior - crude touch and pressure
Lateral - pain and temperature

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15
Q

What are the types of glial cells found in the PNS?

A

Schwann and satelitte cells.

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16
Q

What type of glial cells are found in the CNS and what is the embryological derivative?

A

Macroglial (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes)- ectoderm

Microglial - mesoderm

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17
Q

What type of glial cells are affected by multiple sclerosis?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

How much do astrocytes contribute to total brain volume?

A

20-50%

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19
Q

Name the 2 types of astrocytes and where they can be found.

A
  • Fibrous astrocytes: present in white matter

* Postoplasmic astrocytes: present in grey matter

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20
Q

What 2 processes are involved in forming a glial scar?

A

Hypertrophy (I.e. enlargement of tissue) and proliferation.

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21
Q

What component of an astrocytes is responsible for initiating changes in Vasculature diameter (I.e. vasodilation)?

A

The perivascular end feet receive signals from astrocytes to initial vasodilation in the cerebral capillaries.

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of microglial cells?

A
  1. Perineuronal: close to neurones
  2. Parenchymal: in the chymal sending signals in the ECM.
  3. Perivascular: near the cerebral blood supply
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23
Q

Describe the structure of cerebral arteries’ histology including any endothelial junctions present.

A

Cerebral capillaries are lined with squamous epithelial cells in the lumen and are lined with a continuous basement membrane. The endothelial cell’s are joined together by: zonula occludens, tight junctions and zonulae adherens. These junctions create and impermeable barrier between the capillary lumen and brain tissue.

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24
Q

What is responsible for dilation and construction of intracerebral arterioles?

A

Vascular smooth muscle cells

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25
Q

What is the main difference between the BBB and the blood-CSF barrier?

A

The blood-CSF barrier contains genes treated endothelial cells.

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26
Q

What cells produce CSF?

A

Chorodial epithelial cells

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27
Q

What is the corticospinal/ pyramidal tract responsible for coordinating?

A

The processing of voluntary, discrete and skilled movements.

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28
Q

What structures protect the CNS?

A

Skull, vertebrae and meninges.

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29
Q

What type of receptors do Afferents fibres of the somatic and autonomic nervous system stimulate?

A

Nicotinic ACh receptors.

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30
Q

What forms a mixed spinal nerve?

A

The combination of the dorsal root (sensory Afferents fibres) and ventral root (motor efferent fibres).

31
Q

Where do the preganglionic fibres of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system arise from?

A
  • sympathetic: T1-L2

* parasympathetic: brainstem & S2-S4

32
Q

Where does the hypogastric plexus carry impulses to?

A

To the pelvis and lower abdomen.

33
Q

Where does the splanchic nerves carry impulses to?

A

The viscera.

34
Q

What carries the impulses to the thorax and upper abdomen?

A

The vagus nerve (CNX)

35
Q

Where are the sympathetic efferent axon endings located in the spinal cord?

A

The intermediolateral column

36
Q

What neurotransmitters to the pre- and post- ganlionic fibres use in the ANS?

A

All fibres use ACh except the postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system that use noradrenaline (NA)

37
Q

What nerves are not apart of the sympathetic chain (I.e. do not synapse there)

A

The splanchnic nerves

38
Q

Name 2 parasympathetic ganglions.

A

The ciliary and optic ganglion.

39
Q

What plexi innervates the submucousa and tunica muscularis of the GI tract?

A

Submucosa: submucous plexus (Meissner’s plexus)

Tunica muscularis: myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus)

40
Q

What structures are involved in the basal ganglia? (7)

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen nucleus, lent inform nucleus (putamen and globes pallidus), amygdala, claustrum, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus.

41
Q

What fibres connect the subthalamic nucleus and globes pallidus?

A

Subthalamic fasciculus

42
Q

Describe the sub-components of the substantia nigra.

A
  • reticulata: fibres are further away from each other
  • compacta: fibres run relatively close to each other; this area makes the inhibitory NT dopamine that plays an important role in the main output of the basal ganglia - striatal pathway
43
Q

What 2 types of neurones are found in the striatum and what neurotransmitter do they use?

A
  • spiny projection neurones - GABAergic inhibitory (90%)

* interneurones - Cholinergic excitatory (10%)

44
Q

What are the 2 main areas in the brain that are associated with processing and producing language?

A
  1. Broca’s area: helps produce speech and involved with language expression
  2. Wernickle’s area: helps understand speech
45
Q

What results in non-fluent aphasia and describe the condition.

A

Non-fluent aphasia (Broca’s aphasia) is associated with people who suffer frontal lobe lesions an results in problems with producing speech - words become slurred and broken.

46
Q

What is global aphasia ?

A

A combination of both Broca’s and Wernickle’s aphasia

47
Q

Describe the condition “Wernickle’s aphasia”.

A

The patient has no trouble producing speech but sentences produced do not make sense and words are jumbled. Patients can also experience difficulty in understanding what others are saying.

48
Q

What connects Broca’s and Wernickle’s areas?

A

By a bundle of fibres called the arcuate fasciculus

49
Q

What 5 areas of the brain are considered a part of the Limbic system?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and nucleus accumbens.

50
Q

What is a function of the nucleus accumbens?

A

It plays an important role in the reward circuit.

51
Q

How is the hypothalamus split regionally in regards to the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system?

A 
Parasympathetic = anterior and medially 
Sympathetic = posterior and laterally
52
Q

Define orexigenic.

A

An appetite stimulant; can be a drug, hormones, endogenous neuropeptide etc,

53
Q

Where is considered to be the ‘satiety centre’ in the Limbic system and what occurs when it is stimulated?

A

The ventromedial hypothalamus is considered to be the satiety centre and when stimulated, food intake decreases as a sensation of adequate intake has been reached.

54
Q

What is/are regarded as the feeding centre in the Limbic system and what does stimulation lead to?

A

The paraventricular nucleus and lateral hypothalamus is considered the feeding centre and stimulation leads to an increase of food intake.

55
Q

What are the 3 main suggested mechanisms controlling appetite and food intake?

A
  1. Stomach contractions
  2. Glucostat (hypoglycaemia/ insulin induces feeding)
  3. Lipostat
56
Q

What is the ‘ob-gene’ important for (experiment using knock-out mice)?

A

The ob-gene is important as it produces a chemical called leptin, which suppresses feeding and increases fat metabolism. BUT too high leptin levels have been linked to obesity.

57
Q

Where does the hormone leptin have a direct effect on (in the Limbic system)?

A

The hypothalamus; also can cross the BBB and act upon receptors in the acruate nucleus, VMH, LH & PVN.

58
Q

What 3 feeding neurotransmitters are found within the hypothalamus?

A

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), Cholecytokinin (CCK), 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT)

59
Q

What effect does the drug fenfluramine have in regards to controlling appetite.?

A

Fenfluramine decreases 5-HT uptake in the PVN but also increases 5-HT secretion = appetite suppressant

60
Q

Describe the actions of NPY.

A

NPY acts on hypothalamic neurones and induces feeding by reducing thermogenesis and increasing fat storage. It acts on 5 receptors in the brain: Y1-Y5.

  • Y1: obesity by reduced metabolism and exercise
  • Y5: obesity by hyperphagia
61
Q

What are the neuropeptide Oxerins A&B responsible for?

A

They regulate wakefulness and energy balance.

62
Q

What are the main functions of Ghrelin?

A

It decreases fat oxidation and increases growth via fat & muscle deposition. An antagonist of the peptide is thought to decrease obesity.

63
Q

What is the action of the drugs tetrahydrolipstatin (orlistat)?

A

It acts by inhibiting pancreatic and gastric lipase which reduces hydrolysis of triglycerides and decreases fat absorption. This is considered a pharmaceutical method of combating obesity.

64
Q

What splits the brain into left and right hemispheres?

A

The longitudinal fissure

65
Q

What stain can be used on spinal cord sections to produce an ‘opposite image’ (i.e. grey matter appears light and vice versa)?

A

Weigert stain

66
Q

Define ‘neuropil’.

A

A dense network of interwoven nerve fibres, branches and synapses together with glial filaments

67
Q

Where are the 2 spinal cord enlargements?

A

The cervical and lumbar regions: this is due to an increase volume of nerve fibres in these areas.

68
Q

What types of fibres terminate in the substantia gelatinosa?

A

The primary Afferents sensory neurones for pain and temperature

69
Q

What levels of the spinal cord contain the nucleus dorsalis?

A

C8-L3

70
Q

Name cranial nerves I, IV & X.

A

I: olfactory
IV: trochlear
X: vagus

71
Q

Name cranial nerves II, III & VI.

A

II: Optic
III: oculomotor
VI: abducens

72
Q

Name cranial nerves V, VIII & IX.

A

V: trigeminal
VIII: vestibulocochlear
IX: glossopharyngeal

73
Q

Name cranial nerves VII, XI & XII.

A

VII: facial
XI: accessory
XII: hypoglossal

74
Q

What connects the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A

The superior, middle and inferior peduncles.

Anatomy 3A (5 decks)

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