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Neuromuscular boards Prep > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Gray matter

A

Consists of unmyelinated neurons and contains capillaries, glial cells, cell bodies and dendrites

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2
Q

White matter

A

Consists of myelinated axons and contains nerve fibers without dendrites

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3
Q

Forebrain (prosencephalon)

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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4
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebrum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala

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5
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, sub thalamus, epithalamus

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6
Q

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

A

Tectum and tegmentum

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7
Q

Tectum

A

Superior and inferior colliculi

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8
Q

Tegmentum

A

Cerebral aqueduct, periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, substantia Nigra, red nucleus

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9
Q

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

A

Metencephalon, myelenceophalon

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10
Q

Metencephalon

A

Cerebellum, pons

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11
Q

Myelenceophalon

A

Medulla oblongata

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12
Q

Brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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13
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Prepares body for emergency response

Norepinephrine

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14
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Conserving and restoring energy

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

Limbic system

A

Made up of: corpus callosum, olfactory tract, mammillary bodies, fornix, thalamus nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamic nuclei
Involved in the control and expression of mood and emotion, processing and storage of recent memory, olfaction, control of appetite, and emotional responses to food
Lesions can result in aggression, extreme fearfulness, altered sexual behavior and changes in motivation

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16
Q

Inter hemispheric fissure (medial longitudinal)

A

Separates two cerebral hemispheres

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17
Q

Sylvian fissure (lateral)

A

Anterior portion separates the temporal and frontal lobes

Posterior portion separates temporal and parietal lobes

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18
Q

Central sulcus (sulcus of Rolando)

A

Separates frontal and parietal lobes laterally

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19
Q

Parietal occipital sulcus

A

Separates parietal and occipital lobes medially

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20
Q

Calcarine sulcus

A

Separates occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves

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21
Q

Left hemisphere

A 
Language
Sequence and perform movements
Understand language
Produce written and spoken language
Analytical/Controlled
Logical/rational
Mathmatical calculations
Express positive emotions such as love and happiness
Process verbally codes information in an organized, logical and sequential manner
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22
Q

Right hemisphere

A 
Nonverbal processing
Process info in holistic manner
Artistic abilities
General concept comprehension
Hand eye coordination
Spatial relationships
Kinesthetic awareness
Understand music
Understand nonverbal communication 
Mathematical reasoning 
Express negative emotions
Body image awareness
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23
Q

Frontal lobe function

A

Voluntary movement (primary motor cortex and pre central gyrus)
Intellect and orientation
Broca’s area (typically left): speech, concentration
Personality, temper, judgement, reasoning, behavior, self awareness, executive functions

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24
Q

Frontal lobe impairment

A 
Contra lateral weakness
Perseveration, Inattention
Personality changes, antisocial behavior
Impaired concentration, apathy
Brocas aphasia (expressive)
Delayed or poor initiation
Emotional lability
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25
Q

Parietal function

A

Associates with sensation of touch, kinesthesia, perception of vibration, and temperature
Receives info from other areas of brain regarding hearing, vision, motor, sensory and memory
Provides meaning for objects
Interprets language and words
Spatial and visual perception

26
Q

Parietal lobe impairment

A

Dominant hemisphere: typically left: agraphia, alexia, agnosia
Non dominant hemisphere: typically right: dressing apraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosia
Contra lateral sensory deficits
Impaired language comprehension
Impaired taste

27
Q

Temporal function

A 
Primary auditory processing and olfaction 
Wernickes area (typically left): ability to understand and produce meaningful speech, verbal and General memory, assists with understanding language
Rear of temporal lobe enables humans to interpret other people's emotions and reactions
28
Q

Temporal lobe impairment

A 
Learning deficits
Wernickes aphasia: receptive
Antisocial, aggressive behaviors
Difficulty with facial recognition
Difficulty with memory, memory loss
Inability to categorize objects
29
Q

Occipital lobe function

A

Main processing center for visual information
Processes visual information regarding colors, light and shapes
Judgement of distance, seeing in three dimensions

30
Q

Occipital lobe impairment

A

Homonymous hemianopsia
Impaired extra ocular muscle movement and visual deficits
Impaired color recognition
Reading and writing impairment
Cortical blindness with bilateral lobe involvement

31
Q

Hippocampus

A

Deeply embedded in temporal lobe
Forms and stores new memories of ones personal history and other declarative memory
Learning language
Sends memories to appropriate areas of hemispheres for long term storage and retrieves when needed

32
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Gray matter masses deep within white matter of cerebrum
Includes caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia Nigra, subthalamaic nuclei
Responsible for voluntary movement, regulation of autonomic movement, posture, muscle tone and control of motor responses
Disorders linked: Parkinson’s, huntingtons, Tourette’s, ADD, OCD and addiction

33
Q

Amygdala

A

Small almond shaped nuclei in temporal lobes of each hemisphere. Emotional and social processing. Involved with fear and pleasure responses, arousal, processing of memory, and formation of emotional memories

34
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay or processing station for majority of info going to cerebral cortex
Coordinates sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord

35
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Receives and integrates info from autonomic nervous system, assists in regulating hormones. Controls hunger, thirst, sexual behavior and sleeping. Regulates body temperature, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and other vital activities.

36
Q

Sub thalamus

A

Primarily represented by the subthalamaic nucleus. Regulates movements produced by the skeletal muscles. Has association with basal ganglia and substantia Nigra

37
Q

Epithalamus

A

Pineal gland
Secretes melatonin and is involved in circadian rhythms, internal clock, selected regulation of motor pathways and emotions. Associated with limb if system and basal ganglia

38
Q

Pons

A

Regulation of respiration rate and orientation of head in relation to visual and auditory stimuli. Cranial nerves 5-8 originate from the pons

39
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Influences autonomic nervous activity and regulation of respiration and heart rate. Reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
Somatic sensory info from internal organs and for control of arousal and sleep
Cranial nerves 9-12 originate here

40
Q

Axon

A

Projection of nerve away from cell body that conducts impulses

41
Q

Dendrite

A

Extension of cell body that received signals from other neurons

42
Q

Endoneurium

A

Innermost covering of a peripheral nerve that surrounds each individual axon

43
Q

Epineurium

A

Outermost covering of peripheral nerve that surrounds entire nerve and provides buffer for peripheral nerve

44
Q

Motor unit

A

Single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates

45
Q

Myelin

A

Proteins and lipids that form to create a sheath around particular nerves, increases conductivity of nerve impulse

46
Q

Nerve conduction velocity

A

Measures speed of a nerve impulse along axon of a nerve

47
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells that receive and send signals to other nerve cells. Comprised of cell body, axon and dendrites

48
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Brief gaps in myelination of an axon, serves to facilitate rapid conduction of a nerve impulse via jumping from gap node to gap node

49
Q

Perineurium

A

Middle layer of covering surrounding peripheral nerve that envelopes fascicles or groups of axons and maintains blood nerve barrier

50
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Action potential moving along an axon in a jumping fashion from node to node; decreases use of sodium potassium pumps and increases speed of conduction

51
Q

Schwann cell

A

Cells that cover nerve fibers within peripheral nervous system and form myelin sheath

52
Q

A fibers

A
  • large fibers, myelinated, high conduction rate

- alpha beta, gamma, delta subsets

53
Q

Alpha fibers

A

Alpha motor neurons, ms spindles primary endings, Golgi tendon organs, touch

54
Q

Beta fibers

A

Touch, kinesthesia, ms spindle 2’ endings

55
Q

Gamma fibers

A

Touch, pressure, gamma motor neurons

56
Q

Delta fibers

A

Pain, touch, pressure, temperature

57
Q

Ms spindle (primary afferent endings)

A

Primary for low-threshold stretch

58
Q

Ms spindle (2’ afferent endings)

A

Receptors that respond to changes in length

59
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

Responds to tension/stretch of tendon

60
Q

B fibers

A

Medium fibers, myelinated, reasonably fast conduction rate, pre-ganglionic fibers of autonomic system

61
Q

C fibers

A

Small fibers, poorly myelinated or un-myelinated; slow conduction rate; post-ganglionic fibers of SNS; exteroceptors for pain, temp, & touch

Neuromuscular boards Prep (12 decks)

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