Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Gray matter

Answer 1

Cell bodies and dendrites

Question 2

White matter

Answer 2

Axons and myelin

Question 3

Tract

Answer 3

Bundle of axons in the CNS

Question 4

Nerve

Answer 4

Bundle of axons in the PNS

Question 5

Nucleus

Answer 5

Collection of cell bodies (gray matter) in CNS

Question 6

Ganglion

Answer 6

Collection of cell bodies (gray matter) in the PNS

*EXCEPTION- the basal ganglia in the CNS

Question 7

Superior

Answer 7

Above

Question 8

Inferior

Answer 8

Below

Question 9

Posterior/caudal

Answer 9

Towards back/tail

Question 10

Anterior/rostral

Answer 10

Toward head/nose

Question 11

Dorsal

Answer 11

Towards back

Question 12

Ventral

Answer 12

Toward belly

Question 13

Medial

Answer 13

Toward the middle

Question 14

Lateral

Answer 14

Toward the side

Question 15

Ipsilateral

Answer 15

On same side of body as given point

Question 16

Contralateral

Answer 16

On opposite side of body as given point

Question 17

Proximal

Answer 17

Near the center

Question 18

Distal

Answer 18

Toward the periphery

Question 19

Afferent

Answer 19

Carries into region

“Afferents Arrive”

SENSORY NEURONS

Question 20

Efferent

Answer 20

Carries info away from region

“Efferents Exit”

MOTOR NEURONS

Question 21

3 planes

Answer 21

Horizontal plane (divides upper and lower)

Saggital plane (cutting down midline to divide R/L sides)

Coronal Plane (divides into front/back aka ventral/dorsal)

Question 22

Branches of PNS

Answer 22

Somatic- cranial and spinal nerves, sensory and motor nerves

Autonomic (involuntary)- information to/from organs and glands

Question 23

Spinal Nerves

Answer 23

31 pairs

Sensory- afferent

Motor- efferent

Question 24

Cranial nerves

Answer 24

12 pairs

Names: “oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very good velvet, such heaven!”

(Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal)

Sensory, motor, or both: “some stars make money, but my brother says big brains make more”

Question 25

Olfactory Nerve

Answer 25

I Smell Sensory

Question 26

Optic nerve

Answer 26

II Vision Sensory

Question 27

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Answer 27

VIII hearing and balance Sensory

Question 28

Oculomotor nerve

Answer 28

III eyes Motor

Question 29

Trochlear nerve

Answer 29

IV Eyes Motor

Question 30

Abducens nerve

Answer 30

VI Eyes Motor

Question 31

Spinal accessory nerve

Answer 31

XI Neck Motor

Question 32

Hypoglossal nerve

Answer 32

XII Tongue Motor

Question 33

Trigeminal nerve

Answer 33

V Facial sensation, chewing muscles Both

Question 34

Facial nerve

Answer 34

VII Taste sensation, facial muscles Both

Question 35

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 35

IX Throat sensation, throat muscles Both

Question 36

Vagus nerve

Answer 36

X Heart, liver, intestines Both

Question 37

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 37

Controls body's organs Basic homeostatic needs- 4 F's Includes: Sympathetic Nervous System- fight or flight Parasympathetic Nervous System- rest and digest

Question 38

Spinal Cord

Answer 38

Carries sensory/motor info between brain and body Afferent sensory info- Dorsal roots Efferent motor info- Ventral roots Contains both gray and white matter (gray matter inside surrounded by white matter outside)

Question 39

Forebrain

Answer 39

Telencephalon- contains cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system Diencephalon- contains thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 40

Basal ganglia

Answer 40

Motor control

Question 41

Limbic system

Answer 41

Emotion processing, learning/memory, attention, olfaction

Question 42

Thalamus

Answer 42

Received and directs all sensory input, route to conscious perception

Question 43

Hypothalamus

Answer 43

Master gland (technically pituitary?) Controls endocrine system (hormones) trough pituitary gland

Question 44

Midbrain

Answer 44

Tectum- includes superior and inferior colliculus Substantia Nigra Reticular formation

Question 45

Superior colliculus

Answer 45

Visual

Question 46

Inferior colliculus

Answer 46

Auditory

Question 47

Substantia Nigra

Answer 47

Motor function (part of the basal ganglia)

Question 48

Reticular formation

Answer 48

Sleep, arousal, stretches into hindbrain, homeostatic functions COMA CAT

Question 49

Hindbrain

Answer 49

Cerebellum Pons Medulla

Question 50

Cerebellum

Answer 50

motor control/coordination, balance, movement planning, simple learning

Question 51

Pons

Answer 51

Hub for cranial nerves, sensory/motor nuclei

Question 52

Medulla

Answer 52

Transition from brain to spinal cord, respiration/HR, origin of many cranial nerves

Question 53

Cerebral cortex

Answer 53

Special laminar (layered) structure 6 layers- differentiated by neuronal structure and function Cortical columns- specialized for certain functions Pyramidal cells- layers III and V, most prominent kind of neuron in cerebral cortex

Question 54

Meninges

Answer 54

Protective membranes Outermost layer- Dura Mater ("tough mother") Middle layer- Arachnoid ("spiderweb-like") Innermost layer- Pia Mater ("tender mother")

Question 55

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

Answer 55

Fluid in the brain that helps to protect it from injury - ventricular system - choroid plexus- produces CSF from blood

Question 56

Blood brain barrier

Answer 56

Probably evolved to help protect brain from infections and blood-borne toxins, but also makes delivery of drugs to the brain more difficult