neuroanatomy Flashcards
what does nervous system consist of
CNS- brain and spinal cord
PNS- cranial and spinal nerves
afferent nerves
carry sensory informations to CNS
efferent nerves
carry sensory informations from CNS
visceral nerve fibers
supply to visceral organs like cardiovascular
somatic nerve fibers
compromise sensory and motor fibers for body structures like muscles
what does brain consist of
telencephalon
diencephalon
cerebellum
brainstem
brain can also be divided into
prosencephalon [forebrain]
mesencephalon [midbrain]
rhombencephalon [hindbrain]
forebrain
includes
Telencephalon and diencephalon
hindbrain
includes
Pons, bulbus [medulla oblongata] and cerebellum
which part of the brain is the largest part
telencephalon/cerebrum
what is cerebrum consist of
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
portion of limbic system
which part of brain have high sensory, motor and integrative components
cerebrum/telencephalon
which part of brain responsible for speech, understanding and consciousness
telencephalon
where does neuron bodies located in the hemispherium cerebri
in cerebral cortex
brain hemisphere consist of/ lobes of the brain
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Temporary lobe
- Insular lobe
- Limbic lobe
largest lobe of the brain which is also known as motor lobe
frontal
which part of brain hemisphere is a center for emotion and ethical behavior
frontal lobe
responsibilities of frontal lobe
- Organization and initiation of voluntary movements
- Motor control of speech
- Problem solving, judging, planning and aiming
what indicates that frontal lobe is affected
psychotic symptoms
loss of control of behavior
unaware of situation
personality balance is disturbed
which lobe is mostly responsible for sensory perception
parietal lobe
which among the lobes is the smallest and responsible for vision
Occipital lobe
what is temporal lobe responsible for
hearing and memory
this lobe is found inside lateral fissure and responsible for regulation of autonomic functions and nociception
insular lobe
this lobe is not a true lobe but responsible for memory, learning and emotional functions
limbic lobe
what is limbic system consist of
hippocampus
amygdala
hypothalamus
hippocampus
responsible for emotion, learning and memory.
what does limbic system do incase of strong emotions
increase heartbeat
heartburn
frequent breathing
twitching
snort etc
diencephalon compromise of
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus
where does all the sensory informations except smell pass to
thalamus
responsible for homeostasis, sleep, memory and endocrine control
hypothalamus
Epithalamus
contain pineal gland which secretes melatonin for circadian rhythm
Subthalamus
a control center for PNS
it connects endocrine with limbic system and nervous system
where does regulation of thalamocortical pathway and consciousness occurs
reticular nucleus
what is reticular formation
the diffusion of mass of neurons and nerves fibers that make core of brainstem
what does reticular paths do
maintain tone
balance
posture
relay eye ear signals
what is the shortest part of brainstem
mesencephalon
about mesencephalon
*It has substantial nigra for motor function and has a cell that produce dopamine that used for coordinate muscles movements
* Has red nucleus responsible for crawling in babies and it lesion can cause tremors and abnormal muscle tone
* Has periaqueductal gray [PAG] responsible for
-autonomic functions
-motivated behaviors and behavioral responsible
- primary control center for pain modulation by having enkephalin producing cells
What is PONS responsible for
- They generated respiratory rhythm breathing together with medulla oblongata
- Responsible REM sleep
what is bulbus
- It is also known as Medulla oblongata
- Responsible for control of autonomic functions
- Regulates
- respiration
- sympathetic and parasympathetic
- vasomotor center
- reflex center for swallowing, vomiting
what are the characteristics and responsibilities of cerebellum?
- located at the back of the brain
- it contain 50% of total number of neurons
- responsible for
balance
posture
coordination
motor learning
cognitive function
what are the division and function of each part of cerebellum
- Spinocerebellum = regulates body movements
- Cerebrocerebellum = planning movements and motor learning
- Vestibulocerebellum = balance and reflex especially vestibuloocular reflex
what can damaged cerebellum cause
Ataxia = loss of voluntary movements
Dysdiaclochokinesia = inability to perform rapid alternating movements
Dysmetria = inability to control distance, speed and rom
Dystonia = loss of involuntary contraction of muscle
Unsteady gait
Tremors
Vertigo
Cognitive impairment
spinocerebral pathways
Dorsal spinocerebral tract
Ventral spinocerebral tract
Cuneo cerebellar tract
Rostral spinocerebellar tract
Pyramidal pathway
Corticospinal tract = [ lateral and anterior]
* Body voluntary control
Corticobulbar tract
* Face, head and neck voluntary control
Extrapyramidal pathway
carry motor fibers to spinal cord
