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nmsd1 > neuroanatomy > Flashcards

neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what does nervous system consist of

A

CNS- brain and spinal cord
PNS- cranial and spinal nerves

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2
Q

afferent nerves

A

carry sensory informations to CNS

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3
Q

efferent nerves

A

carry sensory informations from CNS

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4
Q

visceral nerve fibers

A

supply to visceral organs like cardiovascular

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5
Q

somatic nerve fibers

A

compromise sensory and motor fibers for body structures like muscles

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6
Q

what does brain consist of

A

telencephalon
diencephalon
cerebellum
brainstem

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7
Q

brain can also be divided into

A

prosencephalon [forebrain]
mesencephalon [midbrain]
rhombencephalon [hindbrain]

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8
Q

forebrain

A

includes
Telencephalon and diencephalon

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9
Q

hindbrain

A

includes
Pons, bulbus [medulla oblongata] and cerebellum

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10
Q

which part of the brain is the largest part

A

telencephalon/cerebrum

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11
Q

what is cerebrum consist of

A

cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
portion of limbic system

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12
Q

which part of brain have high sensory, motor and integrative components

A

cerebrum/telencephalon

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13
Q

which part of brain responsible for speech, understanding and consciousness

A

telencephalon

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14
Q

where does neuron bodies located in the hemispherium cerebri

A

in cerebral cortex

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15
Q

brain hemisphere consist of/ lobes of the brain

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Temporary lobe
  • Insular lobe
  • Limbic lobe
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16
Q

largest lobe of the brain which is also known as motor lobe

A

frontal

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17
Q

which part of brain hemisphere is a center for emotion and ethical behavior

A

frontal lobe

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18
Q

responsibilities of frontal lobe

A
  • Organization and initiation of voluntary movements
  • Motor control of speech
  • Problem solving, judging, planning and aiming
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19
Q

what indicates that frontal lobe is affected

A

psychotic symptoms
loss of control of behavior
unaware of situation
personality balance is disturbed

20
Q

which lobe is mostly responsible for sensory perception

A

parietal lobe

21
Q

which among the lobes is the smallest and responsible for vision

A

Occipital lobe

22
Q

what is temporal lobe responsible for

A

hearing and memory

23
Q

this lobe is found inside lateral fissure and responsible for regulation of autonomic functions and nociception

A

insular lobe

24
Q

this lobe is not a true lobe but responsible for memory, learning and emotional functions

A

limbic lobe

25
Q

what is limbic system consist of

A

hippocampus
amygdala
hypothalamus

26
Q

hippocampus

A

responsible for emotion, learning and memory.

27
Q

what does limbic system do incase of strong emotions

A

increase heartbeat
heartburn
frequent breathing
twitching
snort etc

28
Q

diencephalon compromise of

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus

29
Q

where does all the sensory informations except smell pass to

A

thalamus

30
Q

responsible for homeostasis, sleep, memory and endocrine control

A

hypothalamus

31
Q

Epithalamus

A

contain pineal gland which secretes melatonin for circadian rhythm

32
Q

Subthalamus

A

a control center for PNS
it connects endocrine with limbic system and nervous system

33
Q

where does regulation of thalamocortical pathway and consciousness occurs

A

reticular nucleus

34
Q

what is reticular formation

A

the diffusion of mass of neurons and nerves fibers that make core of brainstem

35
Q

what does reticular paths do

A

maintain tone
balance
posture
relay eye ear signals

36
Q

what is the shortest part of brainstem

A

mesencephalon

37
Q

about mesencephalon

A

*It has substantial nigra for motor function and has a cell that produce dopamine that used for coordinate muscles movements
* Has red nucleus responsible for crawling in babies and it lesion can cause tremors and abnormal muscle tone
* Has periaqueductal gray [PAG] responsible for
-autonomic functions
-motivated behaviors and behavioral responsible
- primary control center for pain modulation by having enkephalin producing cells

38
Q

What is PONS responsible for

A
  • They generated respiratory rhythm breathing together with medulla oblongata
  • Responsible REM sleep
39
Q

what is bulbus

A
  • It is also known as Medulla oblongata
  • Responsible for control of autonomic functions
  • Regulates
  • respiration
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic
  • vasomotor center
  • reflex center for swallowing, vomiting
40
Q

what are the characteristics and responsibilities of cerebellum?

A
  • located at the back of the brain
  • it contain 50% of total number of neurons
  • responsible for
    balance
    posture
    coordination
    motor learning
    cognitive function
41
Q

what are the division and function of each part of cerebellum

A
  • Spinocerebellum = regulates body movements
  • Cerebrocerebellum = planning movements and motor learning
  • Vestibulocerebellum = balance and reflex especially vestibuloocular reflex
42
Q

what can damaged cerebellum cause

A

Ataxia = loss of voluntary movements
Dysdiaclochokinesia = inability to perform rapid alternating movements
Dysmetria = inability to control distance, speed and rom
Dystonia = loss of involuntary contraction of muscle
Unsteady gait
Tremors
Vertigo
Cognitive impairment

43
Q

spinocerebral pathways

A

Dorsal spinocerebral tract
Ventral spinocerebral tract
Cuneo cerebellar tract
Rostral spinocerebellar tract

44
Q

Pyramidal pathway

A

Corticospinal tract = [ lateral and anterior]
* Body voluntary control
Corticobulbar tract
* Face, head and neck voluntary control

45
Q

Extrapyramidal pathway

A

carry motor fibers to spinal cord

nmsd1 (10 decks)

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