Neuroanatomy Flashcards
What is the pons related to?
vision
What is the medulla oblongata realted to?
Vital functions
What does the spinal cord do?
Connects your brain to your lower back and carries nerve signals from your brain to your body and vice versa
What is the olfactory bulb related to?
sense of smell
What is the optic chiasm?
Happens when the optic nerves come together in order to allow for the crossing of fibers from the nasal retina to the optic tract on the right side
What is the optic nerve related to and why is it special?
It is related to vision in animals and the left eye is processed in the right and right eye in the left.
What is the hypophysis related to?
hormones
What does afferent fibers mean?
related to sensory
What does efferent fibers mean?
related to motor
What is the ganglion?
structure containing nerve cell bodies
What are the two plexus?
brachial and lumbosacral
What are the parts of the central nervous system?
brain and spinal cord
What is included in the peripheral nerves?
spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves
What are general senses?
external stimuli, such as, pressure, stretch, and temperature
What are considered special senses?
vision, hearing, taste, smell, balance
What is the peripheral nervous system composed of?
peripheral nerves and their ganglia
What is the peripheral nervous system divided into?
sensory (afferent) system and the motor (efferent) system
What is the order of the neural circuit?
1) Skin receptor 2) Afferent or sensory neuron 3) synapses on interneuron 4) interneuron 5) Efferent or motor neuron 6) Striated muscle
What are the two type of plexuses?
Brachial plexus and limb nerve plexus
What do astrocytes do?
They are a glial cells that make up majority of the cells in the CNS. They provide nutrition and support.
What are oligodendrocytes?
The myelinating cells of the CNS that allow fast and efficient transfer of neuronal communication through the myelination of axons.
What do schwann cells do?
They are a type of glial cell that surrounds neurons, keeping them alive. They are the major glial cell type in the peripheral nervous system.
What can the CNS be divided into?
3 general regions, hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
What is in the hindbrain?
medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum
What is in the midbrain?
Short portion of brainstem rostral to pons (around where oculomotor nerves emerge)
What are the two regions of the forebrain?
diencephalon and telencephalon
What is included in the diencephalon?
- epithalamus (including pineal gland) 2. Thalamus 3. hypothalamus (where the pituitary attaches)
What are the parts of the telencephalon?
cerebral hemispheres (the 4 lobes names for their proximity to bones, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
What are the 12 cranial nerves and their things that help you remember them?
olfactory nerve, optic nerve, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal. Old Opie Occasionally Tries Trigonometry And Feels Very Gloomy Vague And Hypoactive.
What is the mnemonic to remember sensory, motor, or both
Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More
What doe the olfactory nerve do?
sensory information from olfactory cells of nasal mucosa
What does the optic nerve do?
visual (sensory) information from the retina
Oculomotor
motor (somatic efferent) to muscles of the eye and eyelid
Trochlear
motor (somatic efferent) to muscles of the eye
Trigeminal
sensory to skin and deep structures of face; motor to muscles of jaw
Abducens
motor to muscles of eye
Facial Nerve
sensory for taste; motor for lips, cheeks, eyelids, and auricular (ear) muscles plus secretory activity and lacrimal glands
Vestibulocochlear
vestibular (balance) and auditory (hearing) information from the inner ear
Glossopharyngeal
sensory to pharynx and root of tongue; motor and parotid gland
Vagus
sensory of skin of ear, of larynx and pharynx, parasympathetic to viscera (neck, thorax, and abdomen)
Accessory
Muscles of the dorsal neck and shoulder
Hypoglossal
motor to muscles of the tongue
What is the hypothalamus part of?
visceral nervous system
What does the hypothalamus control?
control of biological rhythms, water balance, body temperature, cardiovascular performance, sexual behavior and activity, sleep, and emotion
How does the hypothalamus regulate?
through both neural and endocrine mechanisms
Where is the pituitary gland?
attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk of nerve fibers and tissue called the infundibulum
What is the general cells in the visceral afferent pathways?
mechanoreceptors in the viscera and blood vessels, recognizes changes in pressure
What are the two parts of the visceral afferent pathways?
general and special senses
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
involuntary visceral effectors, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glandular epithelial tissue, release of neurotransmitters into smooth muscles of the viscera
What does the sympathetic release?
norepinephrine
What does the parasympathetic release?
acetylcholine
What are the two parts of the peripheral autonomic system?
sympathetic division (fight or flight) ad parasympathetic (rest and restore)
What is the order of the brain membranes from outer to inner?
- dura mater 2. subdural space 3. arachnoid space 4. subarachnoid space 5. pia mater
What is the order of spinal cord membranes from outer to inner?
- epidural space 2. dura mater 3. subdural space 4. arachnoid membrane 5. subarachnoid space 6. pia mater – adhered to spinal cord
What kind of junctions are at ependymal cells?
tight junctions, no large molecules can get in
What is CSF?
an ultrafiltrate of plasma
What are the ventricles of the brain lined with?
epithelium, ependymal cells, which produce CSF
What is a choroid plexus?
a capillary tuft invaginating into the ventricle and covered by the ependymal lining
What is the blood-brain barrier?
It is where the capillaries of the brain and less permeable than the rest of the body. There is tight junctions of the vascular endothelial cells and transcellular transport occurs here.
What are the spinal nerves of the forelimb?
radial nerve and median nerve
What are the spinal nerves of the hindlimb?
femoral nerve, obturator nerve, sciatic nerve