Endocrine System

Question 1

direct communication

Answer 1

intercellular transmission through GAP junctions, ions and small solutes

Question 2

paracrine communication

Answer 2

intercellular transmission through extracellular fluid space, paracrine factors or mediators

Question 3

neuroendocrine communication

Answer 3

intracellular transmission from neuronal tissue through the bloodstream to target cells, regulatory hormones

Question 4

endocrine communication

Answer 4

intercellular transmission from endocrine tissue through the bloodstream to target cells, hormones

Question 5

synaptic communication

Answer 5

intercellular transmission from nerve cells across synapses to target nerve cells, neurotransmitters

Question 6

How do signaling peptides reach their targets?

Answer 6

except for direct communication, target cells must have the appropriate cell surface receptors

Question 7

What are the parts of the pituitary gland?

Answer 7

neurohypophysis (posterior lobe, an extension of the hypothalamus) and adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)

Question 8

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland separated by?

Answer 8

pars intermedia

Question 9

What is the pituitary gland also called?

Answer 9

hypophysis

Question 10

What is another name for the pineal gland?

Answer 10

epiphysis

Question 11

What does the pineal gland produce?

Answer 11

melatonin

Question 12

What is melatonin and when is it secreted?

Answer 12

has a role in seasonal hormonal fluctuations and it is secreted under control of the endogenous circadian clock in the hypothalamus and is secreted during the night

Question 13

Where is the thyroid gland located and what animal is it palpable on?

Answer 13

on the trachea immediately behind the larynx and cats especially when enlarged

Question 14

What are thyroid gland follicles lined with?

Answer 14

Follicular cells and lined with colloid surrounded by parafollicular cells

Question 15

What do parafollicular cells produce?

Answer 15

calcitonin (regulated calcium levels)

Question 16

How many parathyroid glands are there?

Answer 16

usually 4 (2 on each side)

Question 17

What do follicular cells produce?

Answer 17

thyroxin converted to T4 and T3

Question 18

Where is the adrenal gland?

Answer 18

retroperitoneal, paired and craniomedial to the kidney

Question 19

What does the cortex of the adrenal gland produce?

Answer 19

• mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) sodium, potassium, and water balance
• glucocorticoids (cortisol) “stress hormone”
• sex steroids (androgens)

Question 20

What does the medulla of the adrenal gland produce?

Answer 20

norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline)

Question 21

What are the cells in the pancreas?

Answer 21

islets of langerhans (islet cells)

Question 22

What does the alpha cells of the pancreas create?

Answer 22

glucagon

Question 23

What do beta cells of the pancreas create?

Answer 23

insulin