Neuroanatomy Flashcards

Question

The e erent projections of the arcuate nucleus are most closely associated with the A. Mammillary bodies B. Median eminence C. Nucleus of the diagonal band D. Posterior hypophysis E. Supraoptic nucleus

Answer 1

A. Mammillary bodies **B. Median eminence** C. Nucleus of the diagonal band D. Posterior hypophysis E. Supraoptic nucleus ## Footnote Th e e e re n t p roje ct ion s of t h e a rcu at e n u cle u s h ave b e e n t ra ce d t o t h e external layer of the median eminence. Chemical substances from the arcuate nucleus (including dopamine) play a major role in the regulation of hormonal output from the anterior pituitary. 2

Answer 2

A. I, II, III B. I, III **C. II, IV** D. IV E. All of the above ## Footnote Th e b lin d sp ot of t h e ret in a a n d t h e m on ocu lar t e m p ora l cresce n t , b ot h re ce iving only m onocular visual input, do not contain ocular dom inance colum ns. 2

Answer 3

A. Some of the neurons project directly to the spinal cord. B. The body is somatopically represented. **C. The neurons in this area exhibit movement-related activity only if the motor task is performed with the contralateral limbs. ** D. The threshold for stimulation is higher than for the primary motor cortex (MI). E. Unilateral ablations produce no permanent de cit in the maintenance of posture or capacity for movement. ## Footnote Motor tasks performed with either the ipsilateral or the contralateral limbs can elicit m ovem ent-related activity in the supplem entary area (C is false). Th e ot h e r resp on ses a re cor re ct : some neurons of the SMA project directly to the spinal cord (A), the body is somatopically represented (B), the threshold for stimulation is higher than for primary motor cortex (D), an d unilateral ablations produce no permanent de cit in the maintenance of posture or capacity for movement (E). 2

Answer 4

A. Root bers of spinal ganglia separate into a medial and lateral bundle. B. The central processes of each dorsal root ganglion divide into both ascending and descending branches. C. The lateral bundle conveys impulses from free nerve endings. **D. The medial bundle consists of thinly myelinated or unmyelinated bers, whereas the lateral bundle is thickly myelinated. ** E. The medial bundle conveys impulses from Golgi tendon organs. ## Footnote Th e dorsal roots separate into a lateral and medial bundle (A). Th e m ed ial bundle of dorsal root a erents entering the dorsolateral spinal cord consists of large myelinated bers while the lateral bundle consists of thin, unmyelinated bers (D is false). Th e lateral bundle conveys information from free nerve endings (C) while the medial bundle transmits impulses from encapsulated receptors, such as Golgi tendon organs (E), to th e p osterior colum ns. 2,3

Answer 5

A. I, II, III B. I, III C. II, IV **D. IV** E. All of the above ## Footnote Th e p ron at or qu a d r at u s a n d exor p ollicis lon gu s are in n e r vat e d by t h e an terior interosseous nerve (a purely motor branch of the median nerve). The opponens pollicis (a thenar muscle) is innervated by the median nerve. The adductor pollicis is innervated by the ulnar nerve.

Answer 6

A. Areas 1, 2, 3 B. Area 4 C. Striatum D. Areas 5, 7 E. Area 17 F. Areas 18, 19 G. Areas 41, 42 **H. Cingulate gyrus** I. Prefrontal cortex ## Footnote Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1

Answer 7

A. Areas 1, 2, 3 B. Area 4 C. Striatum D. Areas 5, 7 E. Area 17 F. Areas 18, 19 G. Areas 41, 42 **H. Cingulate gyrus** I. Prefrontal cortex ## Footnote Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1

Answer 8

A. Areas 1, 2, 3 B. Area 4 C. Striatum D. Areas 5, 7 **E. Area 17** F. Areas 18, 19 G. Areas 41, 42 H. Cingulate gyrus I. Prefrontal cortex ## Footnote Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1

Answer 9

A. Areas 1, 2, 3 B. Area 4 C. Striatum **D. Areas 5, 7** E. Area 17 F. Areas 18, 19 G. Areas 41, 42 H. Cingulate gyrus I. Prefrontal cortex ## Footnote Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1

Answer 10

A. Areas 1, 2, 3 B. Area 4 C. Striatum D. Areas 5, 7 E. Area 17 F. Areas 18, 19 **G. Areas 41, 42** H. Cingulate gyrus I. Prefrontal cortex ## Footnote Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1

Answer 11

A. Areas 1, 2, 3 B. Area 4 C. Striatum D. Areas 5, 7 E. Area 17 F. Areas 18, 19 G. Areas 41, 42 H. Cingulate gyrus **I. Prefrontal cortex** ## Footnote Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1

Answer 12

A. Areas 1, 2, 3 B. Area 4 C. Striatum D. Areas 5, 7 E. Area 17 **F. Areas 18, 19** G. Areas 41, 42 H. Cingulate gyrus I. Prefrontal cortex ## Footnote Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1

Answer 13

A. Areas 1, 2, 3 B. Area 4 **C. Striatum** D. Areas 5, 7 E. Area 17 F. Areas 18, 19 G. Areas 41, 42 H. Cingulate gyrus I. Prefrontal cortex ## Footnote Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1

Answer 14

A. Areas 1, 2, 3 **B. Area 4** C. Striatum D. Areas 5, 7 E. Area 17 F. Areas 18, 19 G. Areas 41, 42 H. Cingulate gyrus I. Prefrontal cortex ## Footnote Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1

Answer 15

**A. Areas 1, 2, 3** B. Area 4 C. Striatum D. Areas 5, 7 E. Area 17 F. Areas 18, 19 G. Areas 41, 42 H. Cingulate gyrus I. Prefrontal cortex ## Footnote Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1

Answer 16

**A. Areas 1, 2, 3** B. Area 4 C. Striatum D. Areas 5, 7 E. Area 17 F. Areas 18, 19 G. Areas 41, 42 H. Cingulate gyrus I. Prefrontal cortex ## Footnote Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1

Answer 17

**A. Supraopticohypophysial tract** B. Tuberoinfundibular tract C. Both D. Neither

Answer 18

A. Supraopticohypophysial tract B. Tuberoinfundibular tract C. Both **D. Neither**

Answer 19

A. Supraopticohypophysial tract **B. Tuberoinfundibular tract** C. Both D. Neither ## Footnote Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1

Answer 20

**A. Ansa lenticularis** B. Fasciculus retro exus C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2) D. Postcommissural fornix E. Precommissural fornix F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1) ## Footnote Th e ansa lenticularis (A) represents a bundle of pallidothalamic bers that courses posteriorly, looping around the posterior lim b of the internal capsule from the globus pallidus to the thalam us. Another group of pallidothalam ic bers, the lenticular fasciculus (C), p roject s from t h e globu s p allid u s an d traverses the posterior limb of the internal capsule to reach the thalamus. The thalamic fasciculus (F) r e p r e s e n t s t h e co n u e n ce o f t h e ansa lenticularis (A) and the lenticular fasciculus (C) as they reach the thalam us. The fasciculus retro exus (B) connects the habenula to the midbrain and interpeduncular nuclei. Th e for n ix is t h e m ain e e re n t p at h w ay from t h e h ip p oca m p al for m at ion . At t h e le ve l o f t h e a n t e r io r co m m is s u r e , t h e fo r n ix is d iv id e d in t o a precommissural and postcommissural part, which lie anterior and posterior to the anterior commissure, respectively. The precommissural bers (E) arise primarily from the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and project to the septal area and basal forebrain while the postcommissural bers (D) arise from the subiculum of the hippocampus and project primarily to the mammillary bodies and hypothalamus. 1,3

Answer 21

A. Ansa lenticularis B. Fasciculus retro exus **C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2)** D. Postcommissural fornix E. Precommissural fornix F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1) ## Footnote Th e ansa lenticularis (A) represents a bundle of pallidothalamic bers that courses posteriorly, looping around the posterior lim b of the internal capsule from the globus pallidus to the thalam us. Another group of pallidothalam ic bers, the lenticular fasciculus (C), p roject s from t h e globu s p allid u s an d traverses the posterior limb of the internal capsule to reach the thalamus. The thalamic fasciculus (F) r e p r e s e n t s t h e co n u e n ce o f t h e ansa lenticularis (A) and the lenticular fasciculus (C) as they reach the thalam us. The fasciculus retro exus (B) connects the habenula to the midbrain and interpeduncular nuclei. Th e for n ix is t h e m ain e e re n t p at h w ay from t h e h ip p oca m p al for m at ion . At t h e le ve l o f t h e a n t e r io r co m m is s u r e , t h e fo r n ix is d iv id e d in t o a precommissural and postcommissural part, which lie anterior and posterior to the anterior commissure, respectively. The precommissural bers (E) arise primarily from the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and project to the septal area and basal forebrain while the postcommissural bers (D) arise from the subiculum of the hippocampus and project primarily to the mammillary bodies and hypothalamus. 1,3

Answer 22

A. Ansa lenticularis B. Fasciculus retro exus C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2) D. Postcommissural fornix E. Precommissural fornix **F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1)** ## Footnote Th e ansa lenticularis (A) represents a bundle of pallidothalamic bers that courses posteriorly, looping around the posterior lim b of the internal capsule from the globus pallidus to the thalam us. Another group of pallidothalam ic bers, the lenticular fasciculus (C), p roject s from t h e globu s p allid u s an d traverses the posterior limb of the internal capsule to reach the thalamus. The thalamic fasciculus (F) r e p r e s e n t s t h e co n u e n ce o f t h e ansa lenticularis (A) and the lenticular fasciculus (C) as they reach the thalam us. The fasciculus retro exus (B) connects the habenula to the midbrain and interpeduncular nuclei. Th e for n ix is t h e m ain e e re n t p at h w ay from t h e h ip p oca m p al for m at ion . At t h e le ve l o f t h e a n t e r io r co m m is s u r e , t h e fo r n ix is d iv id e d in t o a precommissural and postcommissural part, which lie anterior and posterior to the anterior commissure, respectively. The precommissural bers (E) arise primarily from the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and project to the septal area and basal forebrain while the postcommissural bers (D) arise from the subiculum of the hippocampus and project primarily to the mammillary bodies and hypothalamus. 1,3

Answer 23

A. Ansa lenticularis **B. Fasciculus retro plexus** C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2) D. Postcommissural fornix E. Precommissural fornix F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1) ## Footnote Th e ansa lenticularis (A) represents a bundle of pallidothalamic bers that courses posteriorly, looping around the posterior lim b of the internal capsule from the globus pallidus to the thalam us. Another group of pallidothalam ic bers, the lenticular fasciculus (C), p roject s from t h e globu s p allid u s an d traverses the posterior limb of the internal capsule to reach the thalamus. The thalamic fasciculus (F) r e p r e s e n t s t h e co n u e n ce o f t h e ansa lenticularis (A) and the lenticular fasciculus (C) as they reach the thalam us. The fasciculus retro exus (B) connects the habenula to the midbrain and interpeduncular nuclei. Th e for n ix is t h e m ain e e re n t p at h w ay from t h e h ip p oca m p al for m at ion . At t h e le ve l o f t h e a n t e r io r co m m is s u r e , t h e fo r n ix is d iv id e d in t o a precommissural and postcommissural part, which lie anterior and posterior to the anterior commissure, respectively. The precommissural bers (E) arise primarily from the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and project to the septal area and basal forebrain while the postcommissural bers (D) arise from the subiculum of the hippocampus and project primarily to the mammillary bodies and hypothalamus. 1,3

Answer 24

A. Ansa lenticularis B. Fasciculus retro exus C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2) D. Postcommissural fornix **E. Precommissural fornix** F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1) ## Footnote Th e ansa lenticularis (A) represents a bundle of pallidothalamic bers that courses posteriorly, looping around the posterior lim b of the internal capsule from the globus pallidus to the thalam us. Another group of pallidothalam ic bers, the lenticular fasciculus (C), p roject s from t h e globu s p allid u s an d traverses the posterior limb of the internal capsule to reach the thalamus. The thalamic fasciculus (F) r e p r e s e n t s t h e co n u e n ce o f t h e ansa lenticularis (A) and the lenticular fasciculus (C) as they reach the thalam us. The fasciculus retro exus (B) connects the habenula to the midbrain and interpeduncular nuclei. Th e for n ix is t h e m ain e e re n t p at h w ay from t h e h ip p oca m p al for m at ion . At t h e le ve l o f t h e a n t e r io r co m m is s u r e , t h e fo r n ix is d iv id e d in t o a precommissural and postcommissural part, which lie anterior and posterior to the anterior commissure, respectively. The precommissural bers (E) arise primarily from the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and project to the septal area and basal forebrain while the postcommissural bers (D) arise from the subiculum of the hippocampus and project primarily to the mammillary bodies and hypothalamus. 1,3

Answer 25

A. Ansa lenticularis B. Fasciculus retro exus C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2) **D. Postcommissural fornix** E. Precommissural fornix F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1) ## Footnote Th e ansa lenticularis (A) represents a bundle of pallidothalamic bers that courses posteriorly, looping around the posterior lim b of the internal capsule from the globus pallidus to the thalam us. Another group of pallidothalam ic bers, the lenticular fasciculus (C), p roject s from t h e globu s p allid u s an d traverses the posterior limb of the internal capsule to reach the thalamus. The thalamic fasciculus (F) r e p r e s e n t s t h e co n u e n ce o f t h e ansa lenticularis (A) and the lenticular fasciculus (C) as they reach the thalam us. The fasciculus retro exus (B) connects the habenula to the midbrain and interpeduncular nuclei. Th e for n ix is t h e m ain e e re n t p at h w ay from t h e h ip p oca m p al for m at ion . At t h e le ve l o f t h e a n t e r io r co m m is s u r e , t h e fo r n ix is d iv id e d in t o a precommissural and postcommissural part, which lie anterior and posterior to the anterior commissure, respectively. The precommissural bers (E) arise primarily from the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and project to the septal area and basal forebrain while the postcommissural bers (D) arise from the subiculum of the hippocampus and project primarily to the mammillary bodies and hypothalamus. 1,3

Answer 26

A. Accessory cuneate nucleus B. Dorsal nucleus of X C. Nucleus ambiguus D. Nucleus of the solitary tract **E. Superior vestibular nucleus** ## Footnote Th e su p e r ior vest ib u lar n u cle u s is fou n d at t h e level of t h e p on s.

Answer 27

A. Diagonal band of Broca B. Fornix C. Mammillothalamic tract D. Medial forebrain bundle **E. Thalamic fasciculus** ## Footnote Th e t h alam ic fa scicu lu s con t a in s p allid ot h ala m ic b e r s an d asce n d in g b e r s from the contralateral deep cerebellar nuclei. It is not a com ponent of the lim bic system

Answer 28

A. Medial surface of the superior frontal gyrus B. Medial surface of the superior parietal lobule **C. Superior bank of the lateral sulcus** D. Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus E. Same area as the primary somatic sensory area ## Footnote Th e se con d a r y som at ose n sor y cor t ex (SII, Brod m an n ’s area 4 3 ) is locat e d on the superior bank of the lateral ssure at the inferior extent of the primary motor and sensory areas. 1

Answer 29

A. Hyperacusis **B. Impairment of lacrimation** C. Impairment of salivary secretions D. Loss of taste in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue E. Paralysis of ipsilateral facial muscles ## Footnote Fib e r s in n e r vat in g t h e la cr im a l gla n d a r ise fr o m p o st ga n glio n ic b e r s fr o m the pterygopalatine ganglion, which is linked to the geniculate ganglion via the greater super cial petrosal nerve. A lesion distal to the geniculate ganglion would not impair lacrimation (B is false). A lesion to t h e facial n er ve ju st distal to the geniculate ganglion would cause paralysis of ipsilateral facial muscles due to disruption of somatic motor neurons (E), hyperacusis due to disruption of the facial nerve proximal to the take-o of the nerve to the stapedius muscle (A), an d impairment of salivary secretions and loss of taste in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue d u e t o d isr u p t ion of t h e facial nerve proximal to the take-o of the chorda tympani nerve (C and D). 1

Answer 30

A. Parasympathetic pelvic nerves **B. Somatic pudendal nerves** C. Sympathetic hypogastric nerves D. A an d B E. B an d C ## Footnote Th e ext e r n al u ret h ra l sp h in ct e r is in n e r vat e d by som at ic m ot or b e r s su p p lie d by the pudendal nerve (S2–S4). The internal urinary sphincter is innervated by sympathetic bers supplied by the vesical (pelvic) nerve plexus. 6

Answer 31

**A. Indusium griseum** B. Median eminence C. Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis D. Pineal gland E. Subfornical organ ## Footnote Re g io n s o f t h e b r a in d e vo id o f a b lo o d – b r a in b a r r ie r in clu d e t h e median eminence (B), the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (C), the pineal gland (D), the subfornical organ (E), t h e area p ost rem a, an d t h e neurohypophysis. The indusium griseum (or supracallosal gyrus) is a vestigial convolution of the dentate gyrus. 1,2,3

Answer 32

A. 1, 3, and 5 B. 1, 4, and 6 **C. 2, 3, and 5** D. 2, 4, and 6 E. 2, 5, and 6 ## Footnote Un crosse d b e r s of t h e op t ic t ract t e r m in at e in layers 2, 3, and 5 (C) of the lateral geniculate nucleus while crossed bers terminate in layers 1, 4, and 6 (B). 2,3

Answer 33

**A. I, II, III** B. I, III C. II, IV D. IV E. All of the above ## Footnote Su bst an ces can cross t h e b lood –b rain b ar r ie r (for m e d by cap illar y e n d ot h elial tight junctions) via active transport, carrier-mediated transport, or di usion. Su bst an ces d o n ot cross t h e blood –brain bar r ie r via vesicu lar t ran sp or t mechanisms. 2,3

Answer 34

A. Arcuate fasciculus **B. Diagonal band of Broca** C. Tapetum D. Uncinate fasciculus ## Footnote The arcuate fasciculus (A) connects Wernicke’s to Broca’s area. The diagonal band of Broca (B) connects the septal (paraolfactory) area to the amygdala. The tapetum (C) is a posterior sect ion of the corpus callosum connect ing the temporal and occipital lobes. The uncinate fasciculus (D) connects the anterior temporal lobe to the orbitofrontal gyrus.

Answer 35

**A. Arcuate fasciculus** B. Diagonal band of Broca C. Tapetum D. Uncinate fasciculus ## Footnote The arcuate fasciculus (A) connects Wernicke’s to Broca’s area. The diagonal band of Broca (B) connects the septal (paraolfactory) area to the amygdala. The tapetum (C) is a posterior sect ion of the corpus callosum connect ing the temporal and occipital lobes. The uncinate fasciculus (D) connects the anterior temporal lobe to the orbitofrontal gyrus.

Answer 36

A. Arcuate fasciculus B. Diagonal band of Broca **C. Tapetum** D. Uncinate fasciculus ## Footnote The arcuate fasciculus (A) connects Wernicke’s to Broca’s area. The diagonal band of Broca (B) connects the septal (paraolfactory) area to the amygdala. The tapetum (C) is a posterior sect ion of the corpus callosum connect ing the temporal and occipital lobes. The uncinate fasciculus (D) connects the anterior temporal lobe to the orbitofrontal gyrus.

Answer 37

A. Arcuate fasciculus B. Diagonal band of Broca C. Tapetum **D. Uncinate fasciculus** ## Footnote The arcuate fasciculus (A) connects Wernicke’s to Broca’s area. The diagonal band of Broca (B) connects the septal (paraolfactory) area to the amygdala. The tapetum (C) is a posterior sect ion of the corpus callosum connect ing the temporal and occipital lobes. The uncinate fasciculus (D) connects the anterior temporal lobe to the orbitofrontal gyrus.

Answer 38

A. Paraventricular nucleus B. Supraoptic nucleus **C. Both** D. Neither

Answer 39

A. Paraventricular nucleus B. Supraoptic nucleus C. Both **D. Neither**

Answer 40

**A. Paraventricular nucleus** B. Supraoptic nucleus C. Both D. Neither

Answer 41

A. Paraventricular nucleus **B. Supraoptic nucleus** C. Both D. Neither

Answer 42

A. Paraventricular nucleus B. Supraoptic nucleus **C. Both** D. Neither

Answer 43

**A. Paraventricular nucleus** B. Supraoptic nucleus C. Both D. Neither ## Footnote Th e supraoptic (B) and paraventricular (A) nuclei of the hypothalamus are both located in the supraoptic region and synthesize vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone [ADH], arginine vasopressin [AVP]) and oxytocin. The supraoptic nucleus is comprised of uniformly large cells (magnocellular). The paraventricular nucleus contains a diverse group or neurons, some of which project to the brainstem and spinal cord. Neither of these structures is located in the tuberal region, which contains the arcuate nucleus, the dorsomedial nucleus, the ventromedial nucleus, and the lateral hypothalamic nucleus. 1

Answer 44

A. Fibers projecting to the posterior column nuclei leave the pyramids and enter these nuclei via the medial lemniscus or reticular formation. B. Fibers projecting to trigeminal sensory nuclei and the nucleus solitarius are derived predominantly from frontoparietal cortical areas. **C. Pseudobulbar palsy can result from unilateral lesions involving corticobulbar bers. ** D. The supranuclear innervation of motor cranial nerve nuclei is largely bilateral. E. Unilateral lesions involving corticobulbar bers produce paralysis of contralateral lower facial muscles only. ## Footnote Pseudobulbar palsy (characterized by weakness of the m uscles involved in chew ing, swallow ing, breathing, and speaking, w ith loss of em otional control) results from bilateral lesions of the corticobulbar bers. 1

Answer 45

A. Abduct the fingers **B. Adduct the fingers** C. Extend the metacarpophalangeal joints and ex the interphalangeal joints D. Flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints E. Perform none of the above ## Footnote Ad d u c t io n o f t h e n g e rs (B) is performed by the palmar interosseus muscles, innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. Fi n g e r a b d u c t i o n (A) is perform ed by the dorsal interossei, also innervated by the ulnar nerve. The lum bricals (m edian nerve) ex the metacarpophalangeal joints while extending the interphalangeal joints (D) of th e 2n d–5th digits. 6

Answer 46

A. Adductor magnus B. Biceps femoris (short head) **C. Gluteus maximus** D. Semimembranosus E. Semitendinosus ## Footnote Th e gluteus maximus (C) is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve. A portion of the adductor magnus (A) is also innervated by the obturator nerve. Th e sciat ic n e r ve in n e r vat es a ll m u scles o f t h e p ost e r ior com p a r t m e n t of the thigh including biceps femoris (B), semimembranosus (D), an d semitendinosus (E). 6

Answer 47

A. Contralateral loss of pain and temperature in the body **B. Contralateral loss of pain and temperature in the face** C. Ipsilateral paralysis of the pharynx and larynx D. Ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome E. Persistent hiccup ## Footnote Th e syn d rom e of PICA occlu sion , or Walle n b e r g lat e ra l m e d u llar y syn d r om e, is characterized by contralateral pain and temperature loss over the body (A), ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome (D), ipsilateral paralysis of the pharynx and larynx (C), an d hiccup (E). Ip silateral, n ot con t ralateral, loss of p ain an d temperature in the face occurs in the syndrome of posteroinferior cerebellar artery (PICA) occlusion (B is false). 7

Answer 48

A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule **B. Genu of the internal capsule** C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule D. None of the above

Answer 49

A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule B. Genu of the internal capsule **C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule** D. None of the above

Answer 50

**A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule** B. Genu of the internal capsule C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule D. None of the above

Answer 51

A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule B. Genu of the internal capsule **C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule** D. None of the above

Answer 52

A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule B. Genu of the internal capsule C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule **D. None of the above**

Answer 53

A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule B. Genu of the internal capsule **C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule** D. None of the above ## Footnote Th e anterior limb of the internal capsule (A) contains the anterior thalam ic radiation and the prefrontal corticopontine tract. The genu of the internal capsule (B) con t ain s cort icobu lbar an d cor t icoret icu lar bers. Th e posterior limb of the internal capsule (C) con t ain s th e su p erior th alam ic rad iat ion , th e fron topontine tract, corticospinal bers, as well as corticorubral and corticotectal projections. The medial forebrain bundle is not part of the internal capsule. 3

Answer 54

A. Ciliary ganglion B. Gasserian ganglion C. Geniculate ganglion D. Otic ganglion E. Scarpa’s ganglion F. Sphenopalatine ganglion **G. Spiral ganglion** H. Submandibular ganglion ## Footnote Th e ciliary ganglion (A) receives parasym pathetic bers of CN III and projects to the pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscle mediating the e erent limb of the pupillary light and accommodation re exes. The gasserian ganglion (B) is also known as the semilunar or trigeminal ganglion and is associated with CN V, w h i c h p r o v i d e s s e n s o r y i n n e r v a t i o n t o t h e f a c e . Th e geniculate ganglion (C) is associated w ith the facial nerve, and transm its inform ation regarding taste (chorda tympani) and visceral sensation from the m iddle ear, nasal cavity, and soft palate, as well as a small area of skin over the external auditory meatus. Th e otic ganglion (D) co n ve ys p a r a sym p at h e t ic m e ssage s t r a n s m it t e d b y CN IX to the parotid gland. Scarpa’s ganglio n (E) includes the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia and is involved in equilibrium . The sphenopalatine ganglion (F) is also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion and transm its parasym pathetics from the facial nerve (via the greater super cial petrosal nerve and vidian nerve) to the lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal cavity and palate. Th e spiral ganglion (G) is associated w ith the organ of Corti and transm its infor m at ion regard in g sou n d to t h e d orsal an d ven t ral coch lear n u clei via CN XIII. Th e submandibular ganglion (H) t ran sm it s p arasym p at h et ic sign als from t h e facial n er ve (ch orda t ym p an i) to t h e su bm an d ibu lar an d su blingu al glan d s. 1

Answer 55

A. Ciliary ganglion B. Gasserian ganglion C. Geniculate ganglion D. Otic ganglion **E. Scarpa’s ganglion** F. Sphenopalatine ganglion G. Spiral ganglion H. Submandibular ganglion ## Footnote Th e ciliary ganglion (A) receives parasym pathetic bers of CN III and projects to the pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscle mediating the e erent limb of the pupillary light and accommodation re exes. The gasserian ganglion (B) is also known as the semilunar or trigeminal ganglion and is associated with CN V, w h i c h p r o v i d e s s e n s o r y i n n e r v a t i o n t o t h e f a c e . Th e geniculate ganglion (C) is associated w ith the facial nerve, and transm its inform ation regarding taste (chorda tympani) and visceral sensation from the m iddle ear, nasal cavity, and soft palate, as well as a small area of skin over the external auditory meatus. Th e otic ganglion (D) co n ve ys p a r a sym p at h e t ic m e ssage s t r a n s m it t e d b y CN IX to the parotid gland. Scarpa’s ganglio n (E) includes the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia and is involved in equilibrium . The sphenopalatine ganglion (F) is also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion and transm its parasym pathetics from the facial nerve (via the greater super cial petrosal nerve and vidian nerve) to the lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal cavity and palate. Th e spiral ganglion (G) is associated w ith the organ of Corti and transm its infor m at ion regard in g sou n d to t h e d orsal an d ven t ral coch lear n u clei via CN XIII. Th e submandibular ganglion (H) t ran sm it s p arasym p at h et ic sign als from t h e facial n er ve (ch orda t ym p an i) to t h e su bm an d ibu lar an d su blingu al glan d s. 1

Answer 56

A. Ciliary ganglion B. Gasserian ganglion C. Geniculate ganglion **D. Otic ganglion** E. Scarpa’s ganglion F. Sphenopalatine ganglion G. Spiral ganglion H. Submandibular ganglion ## Footnote Th e ciliary ganglion (A) receives parasym pathetic bers of CN III and projects to the pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscle mediating the e erent limb of the pupillary light and accommodation re exes. The gasserian ganglion (B) is also known as the semilunar or trigeminal ganglion and is associated with CN V, w h i c h p r o v i d e s s e n s o r y i n n e r v a t i o n t o t h e f a c e . Th e geniculate ganglion (C) is associated w ith the facial nerve, and transm its inform ation regarding taste (chorda tympani) and visceral sensation from the m iddle ear, nasal cavity, and soft palate, as well as a small area of skin over the external auditory meatus. Th e otic ganglion (D) co n ve ys p a r a sym p at h e t ic m e ssage s t r a n s m it t e d b y CN IX to the parotid gland. Scarpa’s ganglio n (E) includes the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia and is involved in equilibrium . The sphenopalatine ganglion (F) is also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion and transm its parasym pathetics from the facial nerve (via the greater super cial petrosal nerve and vidian nerve) to the lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal cavity and palate. Th e spiral ganglion (G) is associated w ith the organ of Corti and transm its infor m at ion regard in g sou n d to t h e d orsal an d ven t ral coch lear n u clei via CN XIII. Th e submandibular ganglion (H) t ran sm it s p arasym p at h et ic sign als from t h e facial n er ve (ch orda t ym p an i) to t h e su bm an d ibu lar an d su blingu al glan d s. 1

Answer 57

**A. Ciliary ganglion** B. Gasserian ganglion C. Geniculate ganglion D. Otic ganglion E. Scarpa’s ganglion F. Sphenopalatine ganglion G. Spiral ganglion H. Submandibular ganglion ## Footnote Th e ciliary ganglion (A) receives parasym pathetic bers of CN III and projects to the pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscle mediating the e erent limb of the pupillary light and accommodation re exes. The gasserian ganglion (B) is also known as the semilunar or trigeminal ganglion and is associated with CN V, w h i c h p r o v i d e s s e n s o r y i n n e r v a t i o n t o t h e f a c e . Th e geniculate ganglion (C) is associated w ith the facial nerve, and transm its inform ation regarding taste (chorda tympani) and visceral sensation from the m iddle ear, nasal cavity, and soft palate, as well as a small area of skin over the external auditory meatus. Th e otic ganglion (D) co n ve ys p a r a sym p at h e t ic m e ssage s t r a n s m it t e d b y CN IX to the parotid gland. Scarpa’s ganglio n (E) includes the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia and is involved in equilibrium . The sphenopalatine ganglion (F) is also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion and transm its parasym pathetics from the facial nerve (via the greater super cial petrosal nerve and vidian nerve) to the lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal cavity and palate. Th e spiral ganglion (G) is associated w ith the organ of Corti and transm its infor m at ion regard in g sou n d to t h e d orsal an d ven t ral coch lear n u clei via CN XIII. Th e submandibular ganglion (H) t ran sm it s p arasym p at h et ic sign als from t h e facial n er ve (ch orda t ym p an i) to t h e su bm an d ibu lar an d su blingu al glan d s. 1

Answer 58

A. Ciliary ganglion **B. Gasserian ganglion** C. Geniculate ganglion D. Otic ganglion E. Scarpa’s ganglion F. Sphenopalatine ganglion G. Spiral ganglion H. Submandibular ganglion ## Footnote Th e ciliary ganglion (A) receives parasym pathetic bers of CN III and projects to the pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscle mediating the e erent limb of the pupillary light and accommodation re exes. The gasserian ganglion (B) is also known as the semilunar or trigeminal ganglion and is associated with CN V, w h i c h p r o v i d e s s e n s o r y i n n e r v a t i o n t o t h e f a c e . Th e geniculate ganglion (C) is associated w ith the facial nerve, and transm its inform ation regarding taste (chorda tympani) and visceral sensation from the m iddle ear, nasal cavity, and soft palate, as well as a small area of skin over the external auditory meatus. Th e otic ganglion (D) co n ve ys p a r a sym p at h e t ic m e ssage s t r a n s m it t e d b y CN IX to the parotid gland. Scarpa’s ganglio n (E) includes the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia and is involved in equilibrium . The sphenopalatine ganglion (F) is also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion and transm its parasym pathetics from the facial nerve (via the greater super cial petrosal nerve and vidian nerve) to the lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal cavity and palate. Th e spiral ganglion (G) is associated w ith the organ of Corti and transm its infor m at ion regard in g sou n d to t h e d orsal an d ven t ral coch lear n u clei via CN XIII. Th e submandibular ganglion (H) t ran sm it s p arasym p at h et ic sign als from t h e facial n er ve (ch orda t ym p an i) to t h e su bm an d ibu lar an d su blingu al glan d s. 1

Answer 59

A. Ciliary ganglion B. Gasserian ganglion **C. Geniculate ganglion** D. Otic ganglion E. Scarpa’s ganglion F. Sphenopalatine ganglion G. Spiral ganglion H. Submandibular ganglion ## Footnote Th e ciliary ganglion (A) receives parasym pathetic bers of CN III and projects to the pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscle mediating the e erent limb of the pupillary light and accommodation re exes. The gasserian ganglion (B) is also known as the semilunar or trigeminal ganglion and is associated with CN V, w h i c h p r o v i d e s s e n s o r y i n n e r v a t i o n t o t h e f a c e . Th e geniculate ganglion (C) is associated w ith the facial nerve, and transm its inform ation regarding taste (chorda tympani) and visceral sensation from the m iddle ear, nasal cavity, and soft palate, as well as a small area of skin over the external auditory meatus. Th e otic ganglion (D) co n ve ys p a r a sym p at h e t ic m e ssage s t r a n s m it t e d b y CN IX to the parotid gland. Scarpa’s ganglio n (E) includes the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia and is involved in equilibrium . The sphenopalatine ganglion (F) is also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion and transm its parasym pathetics from the facial nerve (via the greater super cial petrosal nerve and vidian nerve) to the lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal cavity and palate. Th e spiral ganglion (G) is associated w ith the organ of Corti and transm its infor m at ion regard in g sou n d to t h e d orsal an d ven t ral coch lear n u clei via CN XIII. Th e submandibular ganglion (H) t ran sm it s p arasym p at h et ic sign als from t h e facial n er ve (ch orda t ym p an i) to t h e su bm an d ibu lar an d su blingu al glan d s. 1

Answer 60

A. Ciliary ganglion B. Gasserian ganglion C. Geniculate ganglion D. Otic ganglion E. Scarpa’s ganglion **F. Sphenopalatine ganglion** G. Spiral ganglion H. Submandibular ganglion ## Footnote Th e ciliary ganglion (A) receives parasym pathetic bers of CN III and projects to the pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscle mediating the e erent limb of the pupillary light and accommodation re exes. The gasserian ganglion (B) is also known as the semilunar or trigeminal ganglion and is associated with CN V, w h i c h p r o v i d e s s e n s o r y i n n e r v a t i o n t o t h e f a c e . Th e geniculate ganglion (C) is associated w ith the facial nerve, and transm its inform ation regarding taste (chorda tympani) and visceral sensation from the m iddle ear, nasal cavity, and soft palate, as well as a small area of skin over the external auditory meatus. Th e otic ganglion (D) co n ve ys p a r a sym p at h e t ic m e ssage s t r a n s m it t e d b y CN IX to the parotid gland. Scarpa’s ganglio n (E) includes the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia and is involved in equilibrium . The sphenopalatine ganglion (F) is also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion and transm its parasym pathetics from the facial nerve (via the greater super cial petrosal nerve and vidian nerve) to the lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal cavity and palate. Th e spiral ganglion (G) is associated w ith the organ of Corti and transm its infor m at ion regard in g sou n d to t h e d orsal an d ven t ral coch lear n u clei via CN XIII. Th e submandibular ganglion (H) t ran sm it s p arasym p at h et ic sign als from t h e facial n er ve (ch orda t ym p an i) to t h e su bm an d ibu lar an d su blingu al glan d s. 1

Answer 61

A. Ciliary ganglion B. Gasserian ganglion C. Geniculate ganglion D. Otic ganglion E. Scarpa’s ganglion F. Sphenopalatine ganglion G. Spiral ganglion **H. Submandibular ganglion** ## Footnote Th e ciliary ganglion (A) receives parasym pathetic bers of CN III and projects to the pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscle mediating the e erent limb of the pupillary light and accommodation re exes. The gasserian ganglion (B) is also known as the semilunar or trigeminal ganglion and is associated with CN V, w h i c h p r o v i d e s s e n s o r y i n n e r v a t i o n t o t h e f a c e . Th e geniculate ganglion (C) is associated w ith the facial nerve, and transm its inform ation regarding taste (chorda tympani) and visceral sensation from the m iddle ear, nasal cavity, and soft palate, as well as a small area of skin over the external auditory meatus. Th e otic ganglion (D) co n ve ys p a r a sym p at h e t ic m e ssage s t r a n s m it t e d b y CN IX to the parotid gland. Scarpa’s ganglio n (E) includes the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia and is involved in equilibrium . The sphenopalatine ganglion (F) is also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion and transm its parasym pathetics from the facial nerve (via the greater super cial petrosal nerve and vidian nerve) to the lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal cavity and palate. Th e spiral ganglion (G) is associated w ith the organ of Corti and transm its infor m at ion regard in g sou n d to t h e d orsal an d ven t ral coch lear n u clei via CN XIII. Th e submandibular ganglion (H) t ran sm it s p arasym p at h et ic sign als from t h e facial n er ve (ch orda t ym p an i) to t h e su bm an d ibu lar an d su blingu al glan d s. 1

Answer 62

**A. Crossed and uncrossed fibers of the optic tract terminate on the lateral geniculate body. ** B. Efferent bers from the pretectal olivary nucleus cross in the posterior com m issure and end in visceral cell colum ns of the oculom otor nerve com plex. C. E erent bers from the pretectal olivary nucleus cross ventral to the cerebral aqueduct and end in the visceral cell colum ns of the oculom otor com plex. D. Postganglionic bers from the ciliary ganglion project to the sphincter of the iris. E. Preganglionic bers from the nuclei of the oculomotor complex travel with bers of the third nerve and synapse in the ciliary ganglion. ## Footnote Th e lat e r a l ge n icu lat e b od y is n ot in volve d in t h e p u p illar y ligh t re ex. 1

Answer 63

A. I, II, III **B. I, III** C. II, IV D. IV E. All of the above ## Footnote Ch o r o id p le x u s is lo c a t e d in t h e ca u d a l a s p e c t o f t h e r o o f o f t h e fo u r t h ve n t r icle near the midline, and laterally extends through the lateral recesses of Luschka. 4

Answer 64

**A. Adductor pollicis** B. Flexor carpi radialis C. Opponens pollicis D. Palmaris longus E. Pronator teres ## Footnote Th e adductor pollicis (A) is innervated by the ulnar nerve. The other structures listed are innervated by the median nerve: exor carpi radialis (B), opponens pollicis (C), palmaris longus (D), an d pronator teres (E). 6

Answer 65

**A. I, II, III** B. I, III C. II, IV D. IV E. All of the above ## Footnote Th e amygdala p ar t icip ates in lim bic m od u lat ion of t h e hyp oth alam u s by t w o major pathways that project to the septal nuclei: the stria terminalis and the ventral am ygdalofugal pathway. The habenular nuclei send projections to the septal nuclei via the stria medullaris thalami. The hippocampus projects to the septal area via the fornix. 1

Answer 66

**A. I, II, III** B. I, III C. II, IV D. IV E. All of the above ## Footnote Th e an t e r ior ch oroid a l a r t e r y su p p lies ve n t rolat e r al p a r t s of t h e p ost e r ior lim b of the internal capsule and the retrolenticular internal capsule, not the anterior limb. Th e an terior lim b of t h e in tern al cap su le is su p p lied by t h e lateral striate branches of the m iddle cerebral artery and the m edial striate artery. The anterior choroidal artery may supply a portion of the tail of the caudate and a portion of the thalamus as well as the optic tract. Th e syn drome of anterior choroidal artery infarction consists of contralateral hemiplegia, hemihypesthesia, and homonymous hemianopia. 3,7

Answer 67

A. Nasal half of the visual eld of both eyes B. Nasal half of the right visual eld and temporal half of the left visual eld C. No de cit unless the right optic tract was also a ected D. Temporal half of the visual eld of both eyes **E. Temporal half of the right visual eld and nasal half of the left visual eld** ## Footnote A le s io n t o t h e o p t ic t r a c t r e s u lt s in a co n t r a la t e r a l h o m o n ym o u s h e m ia n o p sia (E), w h ich w ou ld a ect th e tem p oral h alf of th e con t ralateral visu al eld and the nasal half of the ipsilateral visual eld. B describes a left-sided hom onymous hemianopsia, which would occur with a lesion to the right optic tract. D d escr ib es a b it e m p oral h e m ian op sia a s t yp ically occu r s w it h ch iasm al lesions w ith com pression of crossing bers from the nasal retina (temporal eld). A lesion of the occipital cortex typically results in a homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing. 1

Answer 68

**A. Cerebral cortex to globus pallidus** B. Cerebral cortex to putamen C. Substantia nigra to caudate nucleus D. Subthalamic nucleus to globus pallidus E. Thalamus to caudate nucleus ## Footnote Th e st r iat u m (cau d at e an d p u t am e n ) re p rese n t t h e m ajor in p u t ce n t e r s for t h e basal ganglia. There are no direct cortical projections from the cerebral cortex to the globus pallidus (A is false). Co r t i c a l i n p u t s t o t h e b a s a l g a n g l i a ( c o r ticostriate bers) terminate in the caudate and putamen (B) and represent the principle input to the basal ganglia. Thalamostriate bers are the second major input to the basal ganglia arising in the intralaminar nucleus of the thalamus and projecting to the striatum (E). Su bcor t ical st r u ct u res su ch as the subthalamic nucleus project to the globus pallidus (D). Dop am in ergic n igrostriatal bers project from the substantia nigra to the caudate nucleus (C) and have been implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. 1

Answer 69

**A. Amygdala** B. Anterior hypothalamus C. Arcuate nucleus D. Habenula E. Septal nuclei ## Footnote Th e amygdala (A) projects to the hypothalamus via two pathways, the stria terminalis and the ventral amygdalohypothalamic tract. This is not to be confused w ith the stria m edullaris w hich projects from the habenula (D) to the septal nuclei and anterior hypothalamus. 1

Answer 70

A. Trapezoid body B. Probst’s commissure **C. Inferior collicular commissure** ## Footnote Th e trapezoid body (A) co n n e ct s t h e ve n t r a l co ch le a r n u cle i t o t h e co n t r a la t e r a l superior olive. Probst’s com m issure (B) con n ects th e n uclei of th e lateral lem niscus. The inferior collicular commissure (C) connects th e in ferior colliculi. 3

Answer 71

A. Trapezoid body **B. Probst’s commissure** C. Inferior collicular commissure ## Footnote Th e trapezoid body (A) co n n e ct s t h e ve n t r a l co ch le a r n u cle i t o t h e co n t r a la t e r a l superior olive. Probst’s com m issure (B) con n ects th e n uclei of th e lateral lem niscus. The inferior collicular commissure (C) connects th e in ferior colliculi. 3

Answer 72

**A. Trapezoid body** B. Probst’s commissure C. Inferior collicular commissure ## Footnote Th e trapezoid body (A) co n n e ct s t h e ve n t r a l co ch le a r n u cle i t o t h e co n t r a la t e r a l superior olive. Probst’s com m issure (B) con n ects th e n uclei of th e lateral lem niscus. The inferior collicular commissure (C) connects th e in ferior colliculi. 3

Answer 73

A. Anterior hypothalamus B. Lateral hypothalamus C. Posterior hypothalamus **D. Ventromedial hypothalamus** ## Footnote Th e p re op t ic an d an t e r ior h yp ot h alam u s is in volve d in re gu lat ion of b od y temperature. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can result in hyperthermia. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can also result in decreased parasympathetic tone. The lateral hypothalamus (B), or “feed in g center,” causes an increase in appetite w hen stim ulated. The posterior hypothalamus (C) is responsible for sympathetic tone; lesions to this area can result in inability to regulate temperature (poikilotherm ia), decreased sympathetic tone, lethargy, and sleepiness. The ventrom edial nucleus (D) of the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety—lesions here may produce hyperphagia and weight gain.

Answer 74

A. Anterior hypothalamus B. Lateral hypothalamus **C. Posterior hypothalamus** D. Ventromedial hypothalamus ## Footnote Th e p re op t ic an d an t e r ior h yp ot h alam u s is in volve d in re gu lat ion of b od y temperature. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can result in hyperthermia. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can also result in decreased parasympathetic tone. The lateral hypothalamus (B), or “feed in g center,” causes an increase in appetite w hen stim ulated. The posterior hypothalamus (C) is responsible for sympathetic tone; lesions to this area can result in inability to regulate temperature (poikilotherm ia), decreased sympathetic tone, lethargy, and sleepiness. The ventrom edial nucleus (D) of the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety—lesions here may produce hyperphagia and weight gain.

Answer 75

**A. Anterior hypothalamus** B. Lateral hypothalamus C. Posterior hypothalamus D. Ventromedial hypothalamus ## Footnote Th e p re op t ic an d an t e r ior h yp ot h alam u s is in volve d in re gu lat ion of b od y temperature. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can result in hyperthermia. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can also result in decreased parasympathetic tone. The lateral hypothalamus (B), or “feed in g center,” causes an increase in appetite w hen stim ulated. The posterior hypothalamus (C) is responsible for sympathetic tone; lesions to this area can result in inability to regulate temperature (poikilotherm ia), decreased sympathetic tone, lethargy, and sleepiness. The ventrom edial nucleus (D) of the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety—lesions here may produce hyperphagia and weight gain.

Answer 76

A. Anterior hypothalamus B. Lateral hypothalamus **C. Posterior hypothalamus** D. Ventromedial hypothalamus ## Footnote Th e p re op t ic an d an t e r ior h yp ot h alam u s is in volve d in re gu lat ion of b od y temperature. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can result in hyperthermia. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can also result in decreased parasympathetic tone. The lateral hypothalamus (B), or “feed in g center,” causes an increase in appetite w hen stim ulated. The posterior hypothalamus (C) is responsible for sympathetic tone; lesions to this area can result in inability to regulate temperature (poikilotherm ia), decreased sympathetic tone, lethargy, and sleepiness. The ventrom edial nucleus (D) of the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety—lesions here may produce hyperphagia and weight gain.

Answer 77

A. Anterior hypothalamus B. Lateral hypothalamus **C. Posterior hypothalamus** D. Ventromedial hypothalamus ## Footnote Th e p re op t ic an d an t e r ior h yp ot h alam u s is in volve d in re gu lat ion of b od y temperature. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can result in hyperthermia. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can also result in decreased parasympathetic tone. The lateral hypothalamus (B), or “feed in g center,” causes an increase in appetite w hen stim ulated. The posterior hypothalamus (C) is responsible for sympathetic tone; lesions to this area can result in inability to regulate temperature (poikilotherm ia), decreased sympathetic tone, lethargy, and sleepiness. The ventrom edial nucleus (D) of the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety—lesions here may produce hyperphagia and weight gain.

Answer 78

A. Anterior hypothalamus **B. Lateral hypothalamus** C. Posterior hypothalamus D. Ventromedial hypothalamus ## Footnote Th e p re op t ic an d an t e r ior h yp ot h alam u s is in volve d in re gu lat ion of b od y temperature. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can result in hyperthermia. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can also result in decreased parasympathetic tone. The lateral hypothalamus (B), or “feed in g center,” causes an increase in appetite w hen stim ulated. The posterior hypothalamus (C) is responsible for sympathetic tone; lesions to this area can result in inability to regulate temperature (poikilotherm ia), decreased sympathetic tone, lethargy, and sleepiness. The ventrom edial nucleus (D) of the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety—lesions here may produce hyperphagia and weight gain.

Answer 79

**A. Anterior hypothalamus** B. Lateral hypothalamus C. Posterior hypothalamus D. Ventromedial hypothalamus ## Footnote Th e p re op t ic an d an t e r ior h yp ot h alam u s is in volve d in re gu lat ion of b od y temperature. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can result in hyperthermia. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can also result in decreased parasympathetic tone. The lateral hypothalamus (B), or “feed in g center,” causes an increase in appetite w hen stim ulated. The posterior hypothalamus (C) is responsible for sympathetic tone; lesions to this area can result in inability to regulate temperature (poikilotherm ia), decreased sympathetic tone, lethargy, and sleepiness. The ventrom edial nucleus (D) of the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety—lesions here may produce hyperphagia and weight gain.

Answer 80

A. Nodose ganglion B. Jugular ganglion C. Petrosal ganglion **D. Superior ganglion of cranial nerve (CN) IX** ## Footnote Th e in fe r ior ga n glion of CN IX is calle d t h e petrosal ganglion (B) an d re ce ives input from the carotid sinus and body as well as from taste receptors in the posterior one-third of the tongue. The superior ganglion of CN IX (D) contains the cell bodies of neurons that provide general somatic sensory innervation to the pinna of the ear and a portion of the external acoustic meatus. The inferior ganglion of cranial nerve CN X is called the nodose ganglion (A) and receives taste and other visceral information. The superior ganglion of CN X is called the jugular ganglion (B) an d h ou ses th e cell bodies of gen eral som atic a erent neurons innervating a portion of the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane via the vagus nerve. Both superior ganglia are involved with somatic sensation. 1,3

Answer 81

A. Nodose ganglion **B. Jugular ganglion** C. Petrosal ganglion D. Superior ganglion of cranial nerve (CN) IX ## Footnote Th e in fe r ior ga n glion of CN IX is calle d t h e petrosal ganglion (B) an d re ce ives input from the carotid sinus and body as well as from taste receptors in the posterior one-third of the tongue. The superior ganglion of CN IX (D) contains the cell bodies of neurons that provide general somatic sensory innervation to the pinna of the ear and a portion of the external acoustic meatus. The inferior ganglion of cranial nerve CN X is called the nodose ganglion (A) and receives taste and other visceral information. The superior ganglion of CN X is called the jugular ganglion (B) an d h ou ses th e cell bodies of gen eral som atic a erent neurons innervating a portion of the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane via the vagus nerve. Both superior ganglia are involved with somatic sensation. 1,3

Answer 82

A. Nodose ganglion B. Jugular ganglion **C. Petrosal ganglion** D. Superior ganglion of cranial nerve (CN) IX ## Footnote Th e in fe r ior ga n glion of CN IX is calle d t h e petrosal ganglion (B) an d re ce ives input from the carotid sinus and body as well as from taste receptors in the posterior one-third of the tongue. The superior ganglion of CN IX (D) contains the cell bodies of neurons that provide general somatic sensory innervation to the pinna of the ear and a portion of the external acoustic meatus. The inferior ganglion of cranial nerve CN X is called the nodose ganglion (A) and receives taste and other visceral information. The superior ganglion of CN X is called the jugular ganglion (B) an d h ou ses th e cell bodies of gen eral som atic a erent neurons innervating a portion of the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane via the vagus nerve. Both superior ganglia are involved with somatic sensation. 1,3

Answer 83

**A. Nodose ganglion** B. Jugular ganglion C. Petrosal ganglion D. Superior ganglion of cranial nerve (CN) IX ## Footnote Th e in fe r ior ga n glion of CN IX is calle d t h e petrosal ganglion (B) an d re ce ives input from the carotid sinus and body as well as from taste receptors in the posterior one-third of the tongue. The superior ganglion of CN IX (D) contains the cell bodies of neurons that provide general somatic sensory innervation to the pinna of the ear and a portion of the external acoustic meatus. The inferior ganglion of cranial nerve CN X is called the nodose ganglion (A) and receives taste and other visceral information. The superior ganglion of CN X is called the jugular ganglion (B) an d h ou ses th e cell bodies of gen eral som atic a erent neurons innervating a portion of the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane via the vagus nerve. Both superior ganglia are involved with somatic sensation. 1,3

Answer 84

A. Amygdala B. Caudate C. Claustrum **D. Globus pallidus** E. Putamen ## Footnote Th e t ele n ce p h alon is t h e an t e r ior - m ost p or t ion of t h e p rose n ce p h alon a n d gives rise to the cerebral hem ispheres. The hippocampal form ation, cerebral hemispheres and cortex, as well as the amygdala (A), caudate (B), putamen (E), an d claustrum (C) are telen cep h alic st r u ct u res. Th e cau dal p or t ion of t h e prosencephalon, the diencephalon, gives rise to the thalamus, globus pallidus (D), p oster ior hyp op hysis, in fu n d ibu lu m , opt ic n er ve, ret in a, p oster ior com missure, and habenular commissure. 1,3

Answer 85

A. Axillary nerve B. Dorsal scapular nerve C. Median nerve **D. Musculocutaneous nerve** E. Suprascapular nerve ## Footnote Th e musculocutaneous nerve (D) in n e r vat es t h e m u scles of t h e an te r ior com partment of the arm including the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis m uscles. The axillary nerve (A) innervates the teres m inor and deltoid muscles. The dorsal scapular nerve (B) in n e r vat e s t h e r h o m b o id s. Th e median nerve (C) innervates the muscles of the anterior compartm ent of the forearm except the exor carpi ulnaris and the ulnar half of the exor digitorum profundus, as well as ve hand intrinsics on the thenar aspect of the hand. The suprascapular nerve (E) in n er vates th e su praspin at u s an d in fraspin at u s m u scles. 6

Answer 86

A. I B. II **C. III** D. IV E. V ## Footnote Ce lls t h a t g ive r is e t o co m m is s u r a l b e r s t h a t in t e r co n n e c t h o m o lo go u s co r t ic a l areas via the corpus callosum are found in layer III (C) of the cerebral cortex (the external pyram idal layer). La y e r I (A) is th e p lexifor m m olecu lar layer an d consists m ainly of nerve cell processes. La y e r II ( B) is t h e ext e r n al gran u lar layer comprised mostly of small granule cells. La y e r IV ( D) , t h e in ter n al gran u lar layer, is important for a erent signaling and is thicker in the prim ary sensory area. La y e r V ( E) , th e in tern al pyram idal layer, is t h e sou rce of th e m ajorit y of output bers for the cerebral cortex. Layer VI is the fusiform layer and lies adjacent to underlying w hite m atter and consists prim arily of association neurons. 1

Answer 87

A. Adrenal medulla B. Dorsal root ganglion of cranial and spinal nerves **C. Neurons of the cerebral cortex** D. Pigmented layers of the retina E. Sympathetic ganglia of the autonomic nervous system ## Footnote Th e n e u r al crest is a n a r row st r ip of cells at t h e e dge of t h e d evelop in g n e u ra l plate that gives rise to several structures including, neurons of the dorsal root ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves (B), adrenal medulla (A), melanocytes of the retina (D), Sch w an n cells, m en in ges, as w ell as t h e sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia (E). Co r t i c a l n e u r o n s ( C) are derived from neuroectoderm that forms from the neural tube. 1

Answer 88

A. Mesencephalon to rhombencephalon to medulla B. Prosencephalon to diencephalon to midbrain C. Prosencephalon to telencephalon to thalami **D. Rhombencephalon to metencephalon to cerebellum** E. Rhombencephalon to myelencephalon to pons ## Footnote Th e p r im ar y b r ain d ivision s in clu d e t h e rh om b e n ce p h alon (h in d b r ain ), m esencephalon (midbrain), and prosencephalon (forebrain). The rhombencephalon gives rise to the myelencephalon and m etencephalon. The prosencephalon gives rise to the diencephalon and telencephalon. The myelencephalon gives rise to the medulla and inferior cerebral peduncles. The metencephalon gives rise to the pons, cerebellum, and middle and superior cerebellar peduncles. Th e m ese n ce p h a lon gives r ise t o t h e ce reb ra l p e d u n cles, m id b ra in t e ct u m , and tegmentum. The diencephalon gives rise to the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The telencephalon gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres including the corpus striatum and rostral aspect of the hypothalam us. D is t h e only correct response. 1

Answer 89

A. Amygdala and globus pallidus **B. Globus pallidus and substantia nigra** C. Substantia nigra and amygdala D. Substantia nigra and thalamus E. Thalamus and globus pallidus ## Footnote Eff e r e n t t r a n sm issio n fr o m t h e st r iat u m is lim it e d t o o n ly t w o t a r ge t s: the globus pallidus and substantia nigra (B) via the striatopallidal bers and striatonigral bers. The striatum does not have any direct projections to the amygdala (A, C) or thalamus (D, E). 1

Answer 90

**A. I, II, III** B. I, III C. II, IV D. IV E. All of the above ## Footnote Th e n u cle u s am b igu ou s con t r ib u t es b e r s t o cra n ial n e r ves IX, X, an d XI, b u t not VII. The contribution of the nucleus ambiguous to the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) is special visceral e erent bers to the stylopharyngeus and pharyngeal constrictor muscles as well as receiving general visceral a erent input from the m iddle ear, phar ynx, tongue, and carot id sinus. The nucleus am biguous provides special visceral e erent bers to the vagus nerve (X) fo r m u scle s of the larynx and pharynx. The nucleus ambiguous provides special visceral e erent bers to the spinal accessory nerve (XI) for the control of laryngeal muscles. The facial nerve (VII) is n ot a sso ciat e d w it h t h e n u cle u s a m b igu o u s. 1

Answer 91

A. I, II, III B. I, III C. II, IV D. IV **E. All of the above** ## Footnote Fu n c t io n a l co m p o n e n t s o f t h e fa cia l n e r ve a n d n e r v u s in t e r m e d iu s in clu d e special visceral e erent bers to th e m u scles of facial exp ression an d st apedius muscles, general visceral e erent (parasympathetic) bers to the lacrimal and sublingual glands, special visceral a erent input from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, general visceral a erent inputs from the middle ear, nasal cavity, and soft palate, as well as general somatic a erents from the external auditory meatus and posterior auricular area.

Answer 92

A. Dorsal to the mammillary bodies B. Dorsal to the habenula C. Lateral to the infundibulum D. Ventral to the infundibulum **E. Ventral to the mammillary bodies** ## Footnote Th e in fu n d ib u lar re cess of t h e t h ird ve n t r icle is locat e d in t h e oor of t h e t h ird ventricle ventral to the m am illary bodies (E).

Answer 93

A. Bilateral complete deafness **B. Bilateral partial deafness, greater in the contralateral ear** C. Bilateral partial deafness, greater in the ipsilateral ear D. Unilateral, contralateral deafness E. Unilateral, ipsilateral deafness ## Footnote Th e m ajor it y of se con d - ord e r n e u ron s fr om t h e coch lear n u cle i d e cu ssat e in the trapezoid body to the contralateral superior olivary nucleus, w hile a smaller number of bers ascend to the ipsilateral superior olivary nucleus. Th is b ilat e r al in p u t t o t h e su p e r ior oliva r y n u cle i con t r ib u t es t o sou n d localization and determ ination of directional intensity. The lateral lem niscus is the m ain ascending pathway of the auditory system in the brainstem . Due to the presence of both crossed and uncrossed bers, a lesion to the lateral lem niscus causes bilateral partial deafness, worse in the contralateral ear (B). 1

Answer 94

A. III, IV, and VI only **B. III, IV, VI, and V1 only** C. III, IV, VI, V1, and V2 only D. II, III, IV, VI, V1, and V2 only E. II, III, IV, VI, and V1 only ## Footnote Th e lat e ra l se ct or of t h e su p e r ior or b it a l ssu re (SOF) con t a in s t h e trochlear (IV), frontal (branch of V1), an d lacrimal nerves (branch of V1), w h ich all pass outside the annular tendon of Zinn. The superior ophthalmic vein also passes inferior to the nerves in this portion of the ssure to reach the cavernous sinus. The central portion of the SOF (oculomotor foramen) contains the oculomotor nerve (III), nasociliary nerve (branch of V1), abducens nerve (VI), an d root s of t h e ciliar y ganglion —all of w h ich p ass th rough th e an n u lu s of Zinn. The optic nerve and ophthalmic artery course medially to the oculomotor foramen passing through the optic foramen. The maxillary nerve (V2) exits the cranial vault via foramen rotundum before entering the orbit via the inferior orbital ssure, not the superior orbital ssure. 4

Answer 95

A. Inferior orbital ssure B. Foramen magnum C. Foramen ovale **D. Superior orbital ssure** E. None of the above ## Footnote Th e superior orbital ssure (D) transm its cranial nerves (CN) III, IV, V1, and VI. Th e inferior orbital ssure (A) transmits CN V2 (maxillary nerve) into the orbit after it has exited the skull via the foramen rotundum. The foram en ovale (C) t r a n sm it s CN V3 (m a n d ib u la r n e r ve ), a n d t h e foram en m agnum (B) transmits CN XI as it ascends to join the vagus nerve prior to exiting the skull through the jugular foramen. 1

Answer 96

A. Inferior orbital ssure B. Foramen magnum C. Foramen ovale **D. Superior orbital ssure** E. None of the above ## Footnote Th e superior orbital ssure (D) transm its cranial nerves (CN) III, IV, V1, and VI. Th e inferior orbital ssure (A) transmits CN V2 (maxillary nerve) into the orbit after it has exited the skull via the foramen rotundum. The foram en ovale (C) t r a n sm it s CN V3 (m a n d ib u la r n e r ve ), a n d t h e foram en m agnum (B) transmits CN XI as it ascends to join the vagus nerve prior to exiting the skull through the jugular foramen. 1

Answer 97

**A. Inferior orbital ssure** B. Foramen magnum C. Foramen ovale D. Superior orbital ssure E. None of the above ## Footnote Th e superior orbital ssure (D) transm its cranial nerves (CN) III, IV, V1, and VI. Th e inferior orbital ssure (A) transmits CN V2 (maxillary nerve) into the orbit after it has exited the skull via the foramen rotundum. The foram en ovale (C) t r a n sm it s CN V3 (m a n d ib u la r n e r ve ), a n d t h e foram en m agnum (B) transmits CN XI as it ascends to join the vagus nerve prior to exiting the skull through the jugular foramen. 1

Answer 98

A. Inferior orbital ssure B. Foramen magnum **C. Foramen ovale** D. Superior orbital ssure E. None of the above ## Footnote Th e superior orbital ssure (D) transm its cranial nerves (CN) III, IV, V1, and VI. Th e inferior orbital ssure (A) transmits CN V2 (maxillary nerve) into the orbit after it has exited the skull via the foramen rotundum. The foram en ovale (C) t r a n sm it s CN V3 (m a n d ib u la r n e r ve ), a n d t h e foram en m agnum (B) transmits CN XI as it ascends to join the vagus nerve prior to exiting the skull through the jugular foramen. 1

Answer 99

A. Inferior orbital ssure **B. Foramen magnum** C. Foramen ovale D. Superior orbital ssure E. None of the above ## Footnote Th e superior orbital ssure (D) transm its cranial nerves (CN) III, IV, V1, and VI. Th e inferior orbital ssure (A) transmits CN V2 (maxillary nerve) into the orbit after it has exited the skull via the foramen rotundum. The foram en ovale (C) t r a n sm it s CN V3 (m a n d ib u la r n e r ve ), a n d t h e foram en m agnum (B) transmits CN XI as it ascends to join the vagus nerve prior to exiting the skull through the jugular foramen. 1

Answer 100

A. Pudendal nerve B. Splanchnic nerve **C. Nervi erigentes** ## Footnote Th e pudendal nerve (A) arises from S2, 3, and 4 and provides som atic innervation to the skin of the perineum and of the m uscles of the perineum and pelvic oor including the external urethral and anal sphincters. The sacral splanchnic nerves (B) provide sympathetic innervation to the pelvis. The nervi erigentes (C), or p elvic sp lan ch n ic n er ves, p rovid e p arasym p ath et ic in nervation to the structures of the pelvis. 6

Answer 101

A. Pudendal nerve **B. Splanchnic nerve** C. Nervi erigentes ## Footnote Th e pudendal nerve (A) arises from S2, 3, and 4 and provides som atic innervation to the skin of the perineum and of the m uscles of the perineum and pelvic oor including the external urethral and anal sphincters. The sacral splanchnic nerves (B) provide sympathetic innervation to the pelvis. The nervi erigentes (C), or p elvic sp lan ch n ic n er ves, p rovid e p arasym p ath et ic in nervation to the structures of the pelvis. 6

Answer 102

**A. Pudendal nerve** B. Splanchnic nerve C. Nervi erigentes ## Footnote Th e pudendal nerve (A) arises from S2, 3, and 4 and provides som atic innervation to the skin of the perineum and of the m uscles of the perineum and pelvic oor including the external urethral and anal sphincters. The sacral splanchnic nerves (B) provide sympathetic innervation to the pelvis. The nervi erigentes (C), or p elvic sp lan ch n ic n er ves, p rovid e p arasym p ath et ic in nervation to the structures of the pelvis. 6

Answer 103

**A. Cochlear nucleus** B. Inferior colliculus C. Lateral lemniscus D. Medial geniculate E. Superior olivary nucleus ## Footnote Fir st - o r d e r n e u r o n s o f t h e a u d it o r y p at h w ay p r oje ct fr o m t h e sp ir a l ga n glio n and terminate in the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus (A). Secon d -ord er bers from the cochlear nucleus m ay either ascend to the ipsilateral superior olivary nucleus or decussate in the trapezoid body to form three acoustic striae: the dorsal, intermediate, and ventral acoustic striae. The superior olivary nucleus (E) projects third-order neurons into both the ipsilateral and bilateral lateral lemniscus (C). Th e inferior colliculus (B) receives inp u t from t h e lateral lem niscus and is involved in sound localization. The inferior colliculus then projects to the ipsilateral medial geniculate nucleus (D) via the brachium of the inferior colliculus. The m edial geniculate nucleus gives o the auditory radiations, which project to the auditory cortex. 1

Answer 104

A. Cochlear nucleus B. Inferior colliculus C. Lateral lemniscus D. Medial geniculate **E. Superior olivary nucleus** ## Footnote Fir st - o r d e r n e u r o n s o f t h e a u d it o r y p at h w ay p r oje ct fr o m t h e sp ir a l ga n glio n and terminate in the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus (A). Secon d -ord er bers from the cochlear nucleus m ay either ascend to the ipsilateral superior olivary nucleus or decussate in the trapezoid body to form three acoustic striae: the dorsal, intermediate, and ventral acoustic striae. The superior olivary nucleus (E) projects third-order neurons into both the ipsilateral and bilateral lateral lemniscus (C). Th e inferior colliculus (B) receives inp u t from t h e lateral lem niscus and is involved in sound localization. The inferior colliculus then projects to the ipsilateral medial geniculate nucleus (D) via the brachium of the inferior colliculus. The m edial geniculate nucleus gives o the auditory radiations, which project to the auditory cortex. 1

Answer 105

A. Cochlear nucleus B. Inferior colliculus C. Lateral lemniscus D. Medial geniculate **E. Superior olivary nucleus** ## Footnote Fir st - o r d e r n e u r o n s o f t h e a u d it o r y p at h w ay p r oje ct fr o m t h e sp ir a l ga n glio n and terminate in the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus (A). Secon d -ord er bers from the cochlear nucleus m ay either ascend to the ipsilateral superior olivary nucleus or decussate in the trapezoid body to form three acoustic striae: the dorsal, intermediate, and ventral acoustic striae. The superior olivary nucleus (E) projects third-order neurons into both the ipsilateral and bilateral lateral lemniscus (C). Th e inferior colliculus (B) receives inp u t from t h e lateral lem niscus and is involved in sound localization. The inferior colliculus then projects to the ipsilateral medial geniculate nucleus (D) via the brachium of the inferior colliculus. The m edial geniculate nucleus gives o the auditory radiations, which project to the auditory cortex. 1

Answer 106

A. Cochlear nucleus B. Inferior colliculus C. Lateral lemniscus D. Medial geniculate **E. Superior olivary nucleus** ## Footnote Fir st - o r d e r n e u r o n s o f t h e a u d it o r y p at h w ay p r oje ct fr o m t h e sp ir a l ga n glio n and terminate in the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus (A). Secon d -ord er bers from the cochlear nucleus m ay either ascend to the ipsilateral superior olivary nucleus or decussate in the trapezoid body to form three acoustic striae: the dorsal, intermediate, and ventral acoustic striae. The superior olivary nucleus (E) projects third-order neurons into both the ipsilateral and bilateral lateral lemniscus (C). Th e inferior colliculus (B) receives inp u t from t h e lateral lem niscus and is involved in sound localization. The inferior colliculus then projects to the ipsilateral medial geniculate nucleus (D) via the brachium of the inferior colliculus. The m edial geniculate nucleus gives o the auditory radiations, which project to the auditory cortex. 1

Answer 107

**A. I, II, III** B. I, III C. II, IV D. IV E. All of the above ## Footnote Th e st r ia m e d u llar is t h alam i is a b id ire ct ion a l p at h w ay t h at con n e ct s t h e hypothalamus, preoptic region, and septal nuclei with the habenula. The stria medullaris does not contain bers from the amygdala.

Answer 108

**A. Cells in the centromedian nucleus project to the caudate. ** B. Corticostriate projections use glutamate as their transmitter. C. Nigrostriatal bers arise from cells in the pars compacta. D. Serotonergic projections arise from the dorsal nucleus of the raphe. E. Thalamostriate bers arise largely from cells in the centromedian parafascicular nucleus ## Footnote Ce lls in t h e ce n t r o m e d ia n n u cle u s p r o je c t t o t h e p u t a m e n (A is false), an d cells in the parafascicular nucleus project to the caudate. The other responses are true. Corticostriate projections use glutamate as their transmitter, nigrostriatal bers arise from cells in the pars compacta, serotonergic projections arise from the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, and thalamostriate bers arise largely from cells in the centrom edian parafascicular nucleus. 1,2

Answer 109

A. Mesencephalic nucleus B. Motor nucleus C. Principal sensory nucleus **D. Spinal trigeminal nucleus** E. Trigeminal ganglion ## Footnote Th e mesencephalic nucleus (A) is unique because it is a sensory ganglion containing the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons that are responsible for conveyin g p rop r iocep t ive in for m at ion from t h e m u scles of t h e face. Th e motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (B) contains the cell bodies of the neurons that innervate the muscles of mastication. Th e p ri n c i p l e s e n s o ry nucleus (C) is homologous to the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus and sends the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract to the ipsilateral VPM of the thalamus, conveying tactile and pressure sense. The spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) is the largest of the trigem inal sensory nuclei, and consists of a pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis. The ventral trigem inothalam ic tract carries projections from the m ain sensory nucleus to the thalam us regarding tactile and pressure sense, and carries projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) regarding pain an d tem perat ure sen se. Th e trigeminal ganglion (E) houses cell bodies of pseudounipolar sensory neurons; it lies in Meckel’s cave in the petrous temporal bone. 1

Answer 110

A. Mesencephalic nucleus B. Motor nucleus C. Principal sensory nucleus **D. Spinal trigeminal nucleus** E. Trigeminal ganglion ## Footnote Th e mesencephalic nucleus (A) is unique because it is a sensory ganglion containing the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons that are responsible for conveyin g p rop r iocep t ive in for m at ion from t h e m u scles of t h e face. Th e motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (B) contains the cell bodies of the neurons that innervate the muscles of mastication. Th e p ri n c i p l e s e n s o ry nucleus (C) is homologous to the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus and sends the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract to the ipsilateral VPM of the thalamus, conveying tactile and pressure sense. The spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) is the largest of the trigem inal sensory nuclei, and consists of a pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis. The ventral trigem inothalam ic tract carries projections from the m ain sensory nucleus to the thalam us regarding tactile and pressure sense, and carries projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) regarding pain an d tem perat ure sen se. Th e trigeminal ganglion (E) houses cell bodies of pseudounipolar sensory neurons; it lies in Meckel’s cave in the petrous temporal bone. 1

Answer 111

**A. Mesencephalic nucleus** B. Motor nucleus C. Principal sensory nucleus D. Spinal trigeminal nucleus E. Trigeminal ganglion ## Footnote Th e mesencephalic nucleus (A) is unique because it is a sensory ganglion containing the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons that are responsible for conveyin g p rop r iocep t ive in for m at ion from t h e m u scles of t h e face. Th e motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (B) contains the cell bodies of the neurons that innervate the muscles of mastication. Th e p ri n c i p l e s e n s o ry nucleus (C) is homologous to the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus and sends the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract to the ipsilateral VPM of the thalamus, conveying tactile and pressure sense. The spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) is the largest of the trigem inal sensory nuclei, and consists of a pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis. The ventral trigem inothalam ic tract carries projections from the m ain sensory nucleus to the thalam us regarding tactile and pressure sense, and carries projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) regarding pain an d tem perat ure sen se. Th e trigeminal ganglion (E) houses cell bodies of pseudounipolar sensory neurons; it lies in Meckel’s cave in the petrous temporal bone. 1

Answer 112

A. Mesencephalic nucleus B. Motor nucleus C. Principal sensory nucleus **D. Spinal trigeminal nucleus** E. Trigeminal ganglion ## Footnote Th e mesencephalic nucleus (A) is unique because it is a sensory ganglion containing the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons that are responsible for conveyin g p rop r iocep t ive in for m at ion from t h e m u scles of t h e face. Th e motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (B) contains the cell bodies of the neurons that innervate the muscles of mastication. Th e p ri n c i p l e s e n s o ry nucleus (C) is homologous to the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus and sends the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract to the ipsilateral VPM of the thalamus, conveying tactile and pressure sense. The spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) is the largest of the trigem inal sensory nuclei, and consists of a pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis. The ventral trigem inothalam ic tract carries projections from the m ain sensory nucleus to the thalam us regarding tactile and pressure sense, and carries projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) regarding pain an d tem perat ure sen se. Th e trigeminal ganglion (E) houses cell bodies of pseudounipolar sensory neurons; it lies in Meckel’s cave in the petrous temporal bone. 1

Answer 113

A. Mesencephalic nucleus B. Motor nucleus **C. Principal sensory nucleus** D. Spinal trigeminal nucleus E. Trigeminal ganglion ## Footnote Th e mesencephalic nucleus (A) is unique because it is a sensory ganglion containing the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons that are responsible for conveyin g p rop r iocep t ive in for m at ion from t h e m u scles of t h e face. Th e motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (B) contains the cell bodies of the neurons that innervate the muscles of mastication. Th e p ri n c i p l e s e n s o ry nucleus (C) is homologous to the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus and sends the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract to the ipsilateral VPM of the thalamus, conveying tactile and pressure sense. The spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) is the largest of the trigem inal sensory nuclei, and consists of a pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis. The ventral trigem inothalam ic tract carries projections from the m ain sensory nucleus to the thalam us regarding tactile and pressure sense, and carries projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) regarding pain an d tem perat ure sen se. Th e trigeminal ganglion (E) houses cell bodies of pseudounipolar sensory neurons; it lies in Meckel’s cave in the petrous temporal bone. 1

Answer 114

**A. Mesencephalic nucleus** B. Motor nucleus C. Principal sensory nucleus D. Spinal trigeminal nucleus E. Trigeminal ganglion ## Footnote Th e mesencephalic nucleus (A) is unique because it is a sensory ganglion containing the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons that are responsible for conveyin g p rop r iocep t ive in for m at ion from t h e m u scles of t h e face. Th e motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (B) contains the cell bodies of the neurons that innervate the muscles of mastication. Th e p ri n c i p l e s e n s o ry nucleus (C) is homologous to the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus and sends the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract to the ipsilateral VPM of the thalamus, conveying tactile and pressure sense. The spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) is the largest of the trigem inal sensory nuclei, and consists of a pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis. The ventral trigem inothalam ic tract carries projections from the m ain sensory nucleus to the thalam us regarding tactile and pressure sense, and carries projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) regarding pain an d tem perat ure sen se. Th e trigeminal ganglion (E) houses cell bodies of pseudounipolar sensory neurons; it lies in Meckel’s cave in the petrous temporal bone. 1

Answer 115

A. Mesencephalic nucleus B. Motor nucleus **C. Principal sensory nucleus** D. Spinal trigeminal nucleus E. Trigeminal ganglion ## Footnote Th e mesencephalic nucleus (A) is unique because it is a sensory ganglion containing the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons that are responsible for conveyin g p rop r iocep t ive in for m at ion from t h e m u scles of t h e face. Th e motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (B) contains the cell bodies of the neurons that innervate the muscles of mastication. Th e p ri n c i p l e s e n s o ry nucleus (C) is homologous to the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus and sends the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract to the ipsilateral VPM of the thalamus, conveying tactile and pressure sense. The spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) is the largest of the trigem inal sensory nuclei, and consists of a pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis. The ventral trigem inothalam ic tract carries projections from the m ain sensory nucleus to the thalam us regarding tactile and pressure sense, and carries projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) regarding pain an d tem perat ure sen se. Th e trigeminal ganglion (E) houses cell bodies of pseudounipolar sensory neurons; it lies in Meckel’s cave in the petrous temporal bone. 1

Answer 116

**A. They indirectly project to the ipsilateral cerebellar cortex.** B. They indirectly project to the ipsilateral primary motor cortex. C. They leave the cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle. D. They project somatotopically on the ventral anterior thalamic nucleus. E. They project to the ipsilateral red nucleus. ## Footnote E e r e n t b e r s fr o m t h e d e n t at e n u cle u s le ave via t h e su p e r io r ce r eb ella r peduncle (C is false), d ecu ssate in t h e cau d al m esen cep h alon , an d p roject to the contralateral red nucleus (B and E are false) and ventral lateral and ventral posterolateral thalam ic nuclei (D is false). Th ese t h alam ic n u clei th en project to the primary motor cortex. Fibers forming the descending part of the superior cerebellar peduncle project to reticular nuclei and the inferior olivary nucleus, which in turn projects back to the ipsilateral cerebellar cortex (A is true). 1

Answer 117

A. Superior gluteal nerve B. Inferior gluteal nerve **C. Sciatic nerve** D. Femoral nerve

Answer 118

A. Superior gluteal nerve B. Inferior gluteal nerve C. Sciatic nerve **D. Femoral nerve** ## Footnote Th e superior gluteal nerve (A) innervates gluteus m edius, gluteus m inim us, and the tensor of the fascia lata, which adduct and medially rotate the thigh. Th e inferior gluteal nerve (B) innervates gluteus maximus, which extends the thigh at the hip. The sciatic nerve (C) innervates no gluteal muscles, all muscles of posterior thigh, and all the muscles of the leg and foot. The adductor magnus is in the medial compartment of the thigh and is considered to be one of the ve adductors of the thigh. The medial compartment of the thigh is innervated primarily by the obturator nerve. The adductor part of adductor magnus is innervated by the obturator nerve, but the hamstrings part of adductor magnus is innervated by the sciatic nerve (C). Th e fem oral nerve (D) innervates the muscles of the anterior thigh, which consist primarily of hip exors and knee extensors such as pectineus, iliacus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius). 6

Answer 119

**A. Superior gluteal nerve** B. Inferior gluteal nerve C. Sciatic nerve D. Femoral nerve ## Footnote Th e superior gluteal nerve (A) innervates gluteus m edius, gluteus m inim us, and the tensor of the fascia lata, which adduct and medially rotate the thigh. Th e inferior gluteal nerve (B) innervates gluteus maximus, which extends the thigh at the hip. The sciatic nerve (C) innervates no gluteal muscles, all muscles of posterior thigh, and all the muscles of the leg and foot. The adductor magnus is in the medial compartment of the thigh and is considered to be one of the ve adductors of the thigh. The medial compartment of the thigh is innervated primarily by the obturator nerve. The adductor part of adductor magnus is innervated by the obturator nerve, but the hamstrings part of adductor magnus is innervated by the sciatic nerve (C). Th e fem oral nerve (D) innervates the muscles of the anterior thigh, which consist primarily of hip exors and knee extensors such as pectineus, iliacus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius). 6

Answer 120

A. Superior gluteal nerve **B. Inferior gluteal nerve** C. Sciatic nerve D. Femoral nerve ## Footnote Th e superior gluteal nerve (A) innervates gluteus m edius, gluteus m inim us, and the tensor of the fascia lata, which adduct and medially rotate the thigh. Th e inferior gluteal nerve (B) innervates gluteus maximus, which extends the thigh at the hip. The sciatic nerve (C) innervates no gluteal muscles, all muscles of posterior thigh, and all the muscles of the leg and foot. The adductor magnus is in the medial compartment of the thigh and is considered to be one of the ve adductors of the thigh. The medial compartment of the thigh is innervated primarily by the obturator nerve. The adductor part of adductor magnus is innervated by the obturator nerve, but the hamstrings part of adductor magnus is innervated by the sciatic nerve (C). Th e fem oral nerve (D) innervates the muscles of the anterior thigh, which consist primarily of hip exors and knee extensors such as pectineus, iliacus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius). 6

Answer 121

A. Lateral cord B. Medial cord **C. Posterior cord** D. Radial nerve E. Ulnar nerve ## Footnote Th e lateral cord (A) is formed by the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks and gives rise to the lateral pectoral nerve, the musculocutaneous nerve, and the lateral root of the median nerve. The medial cord (B) consists of the anterior division of the inferior trunk and gives rise to the medial pectoral nerve, the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm, and the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm; the medial cord (B) ultimately terminates into the ulnar nerve and the m edial root of the m edian nerve. The posterior cord (C) receives contributions from the posterior divisions of the superior, middle, and inferior trunks, and ultimately branches into the axillary and radial nerves. The posterior cord (C) gives o th e u p p er an d low er su bscap u lar nerves (teres major muscle) and the thoracodorsal nerve (latissimus dorsi muscle). The radial nerve (D) is the larger terminal branch of the posterior cord and innervates the extensor com partm ents of the arm and forearm . The ulnar nerve (E) is the larger terminal branch of the medial cord and innervates exor carpi ulnaris, the ulnar half of exor digitorum profundus, and most of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. 6

Answer 122

A. Lateral cord **B. Medial cord** C. Posterior cord D. Radial nerve E. Ulnar nerve ## Footnote Th e lateral cord (A) is formed by the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks and gives rise to the lateral pectoral nerve, the musculocutaneous nerve, and the lateral root of the median nerve. The medial cord (B) consists of the anterior division of the inferior trunk and gives rise to the medial pectoral nerve, the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm, and the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm; the medial cord (B) ultimately terminates into the ulnar nerve and the m edial root of the m edian nerve. The posterior cord (C) receives contributions from the posterior divisions of the superior, middle, and inferior trunks, and ultimately branches into the axillary and radial nerves. The posterior cord (C) gives o th e u p p er an d low er su bscap u lar nerves (teres major muscle) and the thoracodorsal nerve (latissimus dorsi muscle). The radial nerve (D) is the larger terminal branch of the posterior cord and innervates the extensor com partm ents of the arm and forearm . The ulnar nerve (E) is the larger terminal branch of the medial cord and innervates exor carpi ulnaris, the ulnar half of exor digitorum profundus, and most of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. 6

Answer 123

A. Lateral cord B. Medial cord **C. Posterior cord** D. Radial nerve E. Ulnar nerve ## Footnote Th e lateral cord (A) is formed by the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks and gives rise to the lateral pectoral nerve, the musculocutaneous nerve, and the lateral root of the median nerve. The medial cord (B) consists of the anterior division of the inferior trunk and gives rise to the medial pectoral nerve, the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm, and the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm; the medial cord (B) ultimately terminates into the ulnar nerve and the m edial root of the m edian nerve. The posterior cord (C) receives contributions from the posterior divisions of the superior, middle, and inferior trunks, and ultimately branches into the axillary and radial nerves. The posterior cord (C) gives o th e u p p er an d low er su bscap u lar nerves (teres major muscle) and the thoracodorsal nerve (latissimus dorsi muscle). The radial nerve (D) is the larger terminal branch of the posterior cord and innervates the extensor com partm ents of the arm and forearm . The ulnar nerve (E) is the larger terminal branch of the medial cord and innervates exor carpi ulnaris, the ulnar half of exor digitorum profundus, and most of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. 6

Answer 124

**A. Lateral cord** B. Medial cord C. Posterior cord D. Radial nerve E. Ulnar nerve ## Footnote Th e lateral cord (A) is formed by the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks and gives rise to the lateral pectoral nerve, the musculocutaneous nerve, and the lateral root of the median nerve. The medial cord (B) consists of the anterior division of the inferior trunk and gives rise to the medial pectoral nerve, the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm, and the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm; the medial cord (B) ultimately terminates into the ulnar nerve and the m edial root of the m edian nerve. The posterior cord (C) receives contributions from the posterior divisions of the superior, middle, and inferior trunks, and ultimately branches into the axillary and radial nerves. The posterior cord (C) gives o th e u p p er an d low er su bscap u lar nerves (teres major muscle) and the thoracodorsal nerve (latissimus dorsi muscle). The radial nerve (D) is the larger terminal branch of the posterior cord and innervates the extensor com partm ents of the arm and forearm . The ulnar nerve (E) is the larger terminal branch of the medial cord and innervates exor carpi ulnaris, the ulnar half of exor digitorum profundus, and most of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. 6

Answer 125

A. Lateral cord B. Medial cord **C. Posterior cord** D. Radial nerve E. Ulnar nerve ## Footnote Th e lateral cord (A) is formed by the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks and gives rise to the lateral pectoral nerve, the musculocutaneous nerve, and the lateral root of the median nerve. The medial cord (B) consists of the anterior division of the inferior trunk and gives rise to the medial pectoral nerve, the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm, and the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm; the medial cord (B) ultimately terminates into the ulnar nerve and the m edial root of the m edian nerve. The posterior cord (C) receives contributions from the posterior divisions of the superior, middle, and inferior trunks, and ultimately branches into the axillary and radial nerves. The posterior cord (C) gives o th e u p p er an d low er su bscap u lar nerves (teres major muscle) and the thoracodorsal nerve (latissimus dorsi muscle). The radial nerve (D) is the larger terminal branch of the posterior cord and innervates the extensor com partm ents of the arm and forearm . The ulnar nerve (E) is the larger terminal branch of the medial cord and innervates exor carpi ulnaris, the ulnar half of exor digitorum profundus, and most of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. 6

Answer 126

A. Fibers terminate on the ventral lateral and ventral posterolateral thalamic nuclei. **B. In the thalamus, the extremities are represented dorsally and the back ventrally.** C. In the thalamus, the head is represented medially and the caudal thorax laterally. D. Some bers project to the rostral interlaminar nuclei. E. These bers originate from both the dentate and the interposed nuclei. ## Footnote Th e ext re m it ies are re p rese n t e d ve n t ra lly a n d t h e b ack d or sally in t h e t h a la mus (B is false). Th e ot h er st atem en t s regard in g cerebellar p roject ion s to t h e thalamus are true. Fibers terminate on the ventral lateral and ventral posterolateral thalam ic nuclei (A), in t h e t h alam u s th e h ead is rep resen ted m ed ially and the caudal thorax represented laterally (C), som e bers p roject to th e rostral interlaminar nuclei (D), an d th ese bers origin ate from th e d en t ate and interposed nuclei (E). Fibers from t h e fast igial n u cleu s p roject to eith er the lateral or inferior vestibular nuclei or the brainstem reticular formation. 1

Answer 127

A. Amygdala **B. Centromedian nucleus of the thalamus** C. Epithalamus D. Hypothalamus E. Septal nuclei ## Footnote Th e centromedian nucleus of the thalamus (B) is most closely related to motor functions in that it receives input from the motor and premotor cortex and from the globus pallidus and projects mainly to the striatum. The other responses are considered part of the lim bic system including the amygdala (A), epithalamus (C), hypothalamus (D), an d septal nuclei (E). 1

Answer 128

A. Choroid plexus B. Red nuclei C. Region of the amygdala D. Septum pellucidum **E. Ventral medulla** ## Footnote Melanocytes are located in the pia mater and are concentrated in the region of the ventral medulla and upper spinal cord. These may represent the cells of origin for melanom as seen in patients with no history of prim ary skin m elanom a. 8

Answer 129

A. Contralateral loss of pain and temperature **B. Contralateral loss of position and vibration** C. Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature D. Ipsilateral loss of position and vibration E. Loss of pain and temperature bilaterally ## Footnote In for m at ion regard in g p osit ion an d vibrat ion is car r ied in t h e d orsal colu m n s via rst-order sensory neurons that then synapse in the nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus. These second-order neurons decussate in the caudal m edulla as the internal arcuate bers before ascending in the medial lemniscus before synapsing in the ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus. A lesion to the medial lemniscus would cause contralateral loss of position and vibration sense (B). A lesion to t h e d orsal colu m n s at t h e level of t h e sp in al cord w ou ld cause an ipsilateral loss of position and vibration sense (D). Th e d ecu ssat ion for t h e sp in ot h alam ic t ract (p ain an d t em p erat u re) occu rs in t h e an te r ior com missure of the spinal cord, so a unilateral lesion to the spinal cord or brainstem would cause contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation (A). 9

Answer 130

**A. Fornix** B. Hypothalamus C. Mammillary bodies D. Pineal gland E. Stria medullaris thalami ## Footnote Th e d ie n ce p h a lon is t h e cau d a l p or t ion of t h e p rose n ce p h a lon (foreb r ain ) a n d gives rise to the epithalam us (habenula [D], stria medullaris [E], an d pineal gland [D]), thalamus, and hypothalamus (B). Th e telen cep h alon is t h e rost ral portion of the prosencephalon and gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres including the hippocam pal form ation and fornix (A). 1

Answer 131

**A. Maxillary branch of CN V** B. Nasopalatine nerve C. Mandibular branch of CN V D. Abducens nerve E. Mental nerve F. Middle meningeal artery ## Footnote Th e su p e r ior or b it al ssu re t ra n sm it s cr an ia l n e r ves (CN) III, IV, V1 , an d VI (D). Th e in fe r ior or b it a l ssu re t r an sm it s CN V2 ( m a x i l l a r y n e r v e [ A] ) into the orbit after it has exited the skull via foramen rotundum. The foramen ovale transm its CN V3 ( m a n d i b u l a r n e r v e [ C] ) . Th e nasopalatine nerve (B) traverses the incisive foramen and the mental nerve (E) t raverses t h e m en t al foram en . Th e middle meningeal artery (F) enters the skull via foramen spinosum. The abducens (D) n er ve t raverses Dorello’s can al as p ar t of it s lon g intracranial course. 1

Answer 132

A. Maxillary branch of CN V B. Nasopalatine nerve C. Mandibular branch of CN V **D. Abducens nerve** E. Mental nerve F. Middle meningeal artery ## Footnote Th e su p e r ior or b it al ssu re t ra n sm it s cr an ia l n e r ves (CN) III, IV, V1 , an d VI (D). Th e in fe r ior or b it a l ssu re t r an sm it s CN V2 ( m a x i l l a r y n e r v e [ A] ) into the orbit after it has exited the skull via foramen rotundum. The foramen ovale transm its CN V3 ( m a n d i b u l a r n e r v e [ C] ) . Th e nasopalatine nerve (B) traverses the incisive foramen and the mental nerve (E) t raverses t h e m en t al foram en . Th e middle meningeal artery (F) enters the skull via foramen spinosum. The abducens (D) n er ve t raverses Dorello’s can al as p ar t of it s lon g intracranial course. 1

Answer 133

A. Maxillary branch of CN V B. Nasopalatine nerve C. Mandibular branch of CN V D. Abducens nerve E. Mental nerve **F. Middle meningeal artery** ## Footnote Th e su p e r ior or b it al ssu re t ra n sm it s cr an ia l n e r ves (CN) III, IV, V1 , an d VI (D). Th e in fe r ior or b it a l ssu re t r an sm it s CN V2 ( m a x i l l a r y n e r v e [ A] ) into the orbit after it has exited the skull via foramen rotundum. The foramen ovale transm its CN V3 ( m a n d i b u l a r n e r v e [ C] ) . Th e nasopalatine nerve (B) traverses the incisive foramen and the mental nerve (E) t raverses t h e m en t al foram en . Th e middle meningeal artery (F) enters the skull via foramen spinosum. The abducens (D) n er ve t raverses Dorello’s can al as p ar t of it s lon g intracranial course. 1

Answer 134

**A. Maxillary branch of CN V** B. Nasopalatine nerve C. Mandibular branch of CN V D. Abducens nerve E. Mental nerve F. Middle meningeal artery ## Footnote Th e su p e r ior or b it al ssu re t ra n sm it s cr an ia l n e r ves (CN) III, IV, V1 , an d VI (D). Th e in fe r ior or b it a l ssu re t r an sm it s CN V2 ( m a x i l l a r y n e r v e [ A] ) into the orbit after it has exited the skull via foramen rotundum. The foramen ovale transm its CN V3 ( m a n d i b u l a r n e r v e [ C] ) . Th e nasopalatine nerve (B) traverses the incisive foramen and the mental nerve (E) t raverses t h e m en t al foram en . Th e middle meningeal artery (F) enters the skull via foramen spinosum. The abducens (D) n er ve t raverses Dorello’s can al as p ar t of it s lon g intracranial course. 1

Answer 135

A. Maxillary branch of CN V B. Nasopalatine nerve **C. Mandibular branch of CN V** D. Abducens nerve E. Mental nerve F. Middle meningeal artery ## Footnote Th e su p e r ior or b it al ssu re t ra n sm it s cr an ia l n e r ves (CN) III, IV, V1 , an d VI (D). Th e in fe r ior or b it a l ssu re t r an sm it s CN V2 ( m a x i l l a r y n e r v e [ A] ) into the orbit after it has exited the skull via foramen rotundum. The foramen ovale transm its CN V3 ( m a n d i b u l a r n e r v e [ C] ) . Th e nasopalatine nerve (B) traverses the incisive foramen and the mental nerve (E) t raverses t h e m en t al foram en . Th e middle meningeal artery (F) enters the skull via foramen spinosum. The abducens (D) n er ve t raverses Dorello’s can al as p ar t of it s lon g intracranial course. 1

Answer 136

A. Maxillary branch of CN V B. Nasopalatine nerve C. Mandibular branch of CN V **D. Abducens nerve** E. Mental nerve F. Middle meningeal artery ## Footnote Th e su p e r ior or b it al ssu re t ra n sm it s cr an ia l n e r ves (CN) III, IV, V1 , an d VI (D). Th e in fe r ior or b it a l ssu re t r an sm it s CN V2 ( m a x i l l a r y n e r v e [ A] ) into the orbit after it has exited the skull via foramen rotundum. The foramen ovale transm its CN V3 ( m a n d i b u l a r n e r v e [ C] ) . Th e nasopalatine nerve (B) traverses the incisive foramen and the mental nerve (E) t raverses t h e m en t al foram en . Th e middle meningeal artery (F) enters the skull via foramen spinosum. The abducens (D) n er ve t raverses Dorello’s can al as p ar t of it s lon g intracranial course. 1

Answer 137

A. Maxillary branch of CN V **B. Nasopalatine nerve** C. Mandibular branch of CN V D. Abducens nerve E. Mental nerve F. Middle meningeal artery ## Footnote Th e su p e r ior or b it al ssu re t ra n sm it s cr an ia l n e r ves (CN) III, IV, V1 , an d VI (D). Th e in fe r ior or b it a l ssu re t r an sm it s CN V2 ( m a x i l l a r y n e r v e [ A] ) into the orbit after it has exited the skull via foramen rotundum. The foramen ovale transm its CN V3 ( m a n d i b u l a r n e r v e [ C] ) . Th e nasopalatine nerve (B) traverses the incisive foramen and the mental nerve (E) t raverses t h e m en t al foram en . Th e middle meningeal artery (F) enters the skull via foramen spinosum. The abducens (D) n er ve t raverses Dorello’s can al as p ar t of it s lon g intracranial course. 1

Answer 138

A. Maxillary branch of CN V B. Nasopalatine nerve C. Mandibular branch of CN V D. Abducens nerve **E. Mental nerve** F. Middle meningeal artery ## Footnote Th e su p e r ior or b it al ssu re t ra n sm it s cr an ia l n e r ves (CN) III, IV, V1 , an d VI (D). Th e in fe r ior or b it a l ssu re t r an sm it s CN V2 ( m a x i l l a r y n e r v e [ A] ) into the orbit after it has exited the skull via foramen rotundum. The foramen ovale transm its CN V3 ( m a n d i b u l a r n e r v e [ C] ) . Th e nasopalatine nerve (B) traverses the incisive foramen and the mental nerve (E) t raverses t h e m en t al foram en . Th e middle meningeal artery (F) enters the skull via foramen spinosum. The abducens (D) n er ve t raverses Dorello’s can al as p ar t of it s lon g intracranial course. 1

Answer 139

A. Inferior vestibular nucleus B. Interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve C. Lateral vestibular nucleus **D. Medial vestibular nucleus** E. Superior vestibular nucleus ## Footnote Th e inferior vestibular nucleus (A) r e ce ive s b e r s fr o m t h e in fe r io r ve s t ib u la r ganglion and sends projections to the reticular form ation and cerebellum . Th e i n t e rs t i t i a l n u cl e u s o f t h e ve s t i b u l a r n e rve ( B) consists of cell bodies that lie among bers of the vestibular root. The lateral vestibular nucleus (C), Deiter’s n ucleus, receives input from th e superior vest ibu lar ganglion an d for m s t h e lateral vest ibu losp in al t ract , w h ich p roject s to all sp in al levels and is responsible for extensor tone. The medial vestibular nucleus (D), Sch w a lb e’s n u cle u s, is t h e la r gest of t h e vest ib u la r n u cle i an d se n d s p roje ctions to contralateral extraocular nuclei via the MLF. The superior vestibular nucleus (E), Bech terew ’s n u cleu s, gives rise to u n crossed ascen d in g bers to the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei traveling in the MLF. Second-order vestibulocerebellar projections arise from the caudal aspect of the inferior cerebellar nucleus and the medial vestibular nucleus (D). 1,2

Answer 140

A. Inferior vestibular nucleus B. Interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve **C. Lateral vestibular nucleus** D. Medial vestibular nucleus E. Superior vestibular nucleus ## Footnote Th e inferior vestibular nucleus (A) r e ce ive s b e r s fr o m t h e in fe r io r ve s t ib u la r ganglion and sends projections to the reticular form ation and cerebellum . Th e i n t e rs t i t i a l n u cl e u s o f t h e ve s t i b u l a r n e rve ( B) consists of cell bodies that lie among bers of the vestibular root. The lateral vestibular nucleus (C), Deiter’s n ucleus, receives input from th e superior vest ibu lar ganglion an d for m s t h e lateral vest ibu losp in al t ract , w h ich p roject s to all sp in al levels and is responsible for extensor tone. The medial vestibular nucleus (D), Sch w a lb e’s n u cle u s, is t h e la r gest of t h e vest ib u la r n u cle i an d se n d s p roje ctions to contralateral extraocular nuclei via the MLF. The superior vestibular nucleus (E), Bech terew ’s n u cleu s, gives rise to u n crossed ascen d in g bers to the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei traveling in the MLF. Second-order vestibulocerebellar projections arise from the caudal aspect of the inferior cerebellar nucleus and the medial vestibular nucleus (D). 1,2

Answer 141

**A. Inferior vestibular nucleus** B. Interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve C. Lateral vestibular nucleus D. Medial vestibular nucleus E. Superior vestibular nucleus ## Footnote Th e inferior vestibular nucleus (A) r e ce ive s b e r s fr o m t h e in fe r io r ve s t ib u la r ganglion and sends projections to the reticular form ation and cerebellum . Th e i n t e rs t i t i a l n u cl e u s o f t h e ve s t i b u l a r n e rve ( B) consists of cell bodies that lie among bers of the vestibular root. The lateral vestibular nucleus (C), Deiter’s n ucleus, receives input from th e superior vest ibu lar ganglion an d for m s t h e lateral vest ibu losp in al t ract , w h ich p roject s to all sp in al levels and is responsible for extensor tone. The medial vestibular nucleus (D), Sch w a lb e’s n u cle u s, is t h e la r gest of t h e vest ib u la r n u cle i an d se n d s p roje ctions to contralateral extraocular nuclei via the MLF. The superior vestibular nucleus (E), Bech terew ’s n u cleu s, gives rise to u n crossed ascen d in g bers to the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei traveling in the MLF. Second-order vestibulocerebellar projections arise from the caudal aspect of the inferior cerebellar nucleus and the medial vestibular nucleus (D). 1,2

Answer 142

A. Inferior vestibular nucleus B. Interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve **C. Lateral vestibular nucleus** D. Medial vestibular nucleus E. Superior vestibular nucleus ## Footnote Th e inferior vestibular nucleus (A) r e ce ive s b e r s fr o m t h e in fe r io r ve s t ib u la r ganglion and sends projections to the reticular form ation and cerebellum . Th e i n t e rs t i t i a l n u cl e u s o f t h e ve s t i b u l a r n e rve ( B) consists of cell bodies that lie among bers of the vestibular root. The lateral vestibular nucleus (C), Deiter’s n ucleus, receives input from th e superior vest ibu lar ganglion an d for m s t h e lateral vest ibu losp in al t ract , w h ich p roject s to all sp in al levels and is responsible for extensor tone. The medial vestibular nucleus (D), Sch w a lb e’s n u cle u s, is t h e la r gest of t h e vest ib u la r n u cle i an d se n d s p roje ctions to contralateral extraocular nuclei via the MLF. The superior vestibular nucleus (E), Bech terew ’s n u cleu s, gives rise to u n crossed ascen d in g bers to the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei traveling in the MLF. Second-order vestibulocerebellar projections arise from the caudal aspect of the inferior cerebellar nucleus and the medial vestibular nucleus (D). 1,2

Answer 143

A. Inferior vestibular nucleus B. Interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve C. Lateral vestibular nucleus **D. Medial vestibular nucleus** E. Superior vestibular nucleus ## Footnote Th e inferior vestibular nucleus (A) r e ce ive s b e r s fr o m t h e in fe r io r ve s t ib u la r ganglion and sends projections to the reticular form ation and cerebellum . Th e i n t e rs t i t i a l n u cl e u s o f t h e ve s t i b u l a r n e rve ( B) consists of cell bodies that lie among bers of the vestibular root. The lateral vestibular nucleus (C), Deiter’s n ucleus, receives input from th e superior vest ibu lar ganglion an d for m s t h e lateral vest ibu losp in al t ract , w h ich p roject s to all sp in al levels and is responsible for extensor tone. The medial vestibular nucleus (D), Sch w a lb e’s n u cle u s, is t h e la r gest of t h e vest ib u la r n u cle i an d se n d s p roje ctions to contralateral extraocular nuclei via the MLF. The superior vestibular nucleus (E), Bech terew ’s n u cleu s, gives rise to u n crossed ascen d in g bers to the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei traveling in the MLF. Second-order vestibulocerebellar projections arise from the caudal aspect of the inferior cerebellar nucleus and the medial vestibular nucleus (D). 1,2

Answer 144

A. Inferior vestibular nucleus B. Interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve C. Lateral vestibular nucleus D. Medial vestibular nucleus **E. Superior vestibular nucleus** ## Footnote Th e inferior vestibular nucleus (A) r e ce ive s b e r s fr o m t h e in fe r io r ve s t ib u la r ganglion and sends projections to the reticular form ation and cerebellum . Th e i n t e rs t i t i a l n u cl e u s o f t h e ve s t i b u l a r n e rve ( B) consists of cell bodies that lie among bers of the vestibular root. The lateral vestibular nucleus (C), Deiter’s n ucleus, receives input from th e superior vest ibu lar ganglion an d for m s t h e lateral vest ibu losp in al t ract , w h ich p roject s to all sp in al levels and is responsible for extensor tone. The medial vestibular nucleus (D), Sch w a lb e’s n u cle u s, is t h e la r gest of t h e vest ib u la r n u cle i an d se n d s p roje ctions to contralateral extraocular nuclei via the MLF. The superior vestibular nucleus (E), Bech terew ’s n u cleu s, gives rise to u n crossed ascen d in g bers to the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei traveling in the MLF. Second-order vestibulocerebellar projections arise from the caudal aspect of the inferior cerebellar nucleus and the medial vestibular nucleus (D). 1,2

Answer 145

A. Inferior vestibular nucleus **B. Interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve** C. Lateral vestibular nucleus D. Medial vestibular nucleus E. Superior vestibular nucleus ## Footnote Th e inferior vestibular nucleus (A) r e ce ive s b e r s fr o m t h e in fe r io r ve s t ib u la r ganglion and sends projections to the reticular form ation and cerebellum . Th e i n t e rs t i t i a l n u cl e u s o f t h e ve s t i b u l a r n e rve ( B) consists of cell bodies that lie among bers of the vestibular root. The lateral vestibular nucleus (C), Deiter’s n ucleus, receives input from th e superior vest ibu lar ganglion an d for m s t h e lateral vest ibu losp in al t ract , w h ich p roject s to all sp in al levels and is responsible for extensor tone. The medial vestibular nucleus (D), Sch w a lb e’s n u cle u s, is t h e la r gest of t h e vest ib u la r n u cle i an d se n d s p roje ctions to contralateral extraocular nuclei via the MLF. The superior vestibular nucleus (E), Bech terew ’s n u cleu s, gives rise to u n crossed ascen d in g bers to the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei traveling in the MLF. Second-order vestibulocerebellar projections arise from the caudal aspect of the inferior cerebellar nucleus and the medial vestibular nucleus (D). 1,2

Answer 146

A. Inferior vestibular nucleus B. Interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve C. Lateral vestibular nucleus **D. Medial vestibular nucleus** E. Superior vestibular nucleus ## Footnote Th e inferior vestibular nucleus (A) r e ce ive s b e r s fr o m t h e in fe r io r ve s t ib u la r ganglion and sends projections to the reticular form ation and cerebellum . Th e i n t e rs t i t i a l n u cl e u s o f t h e ve s t i b u l a r n e rve ( B) consists of cell bodies that lie among bers of the vestibular root. The lateral vestibular nucleus (C), Deiter’s n ucleus, receives input from th e superior vest ibu lar ganglion an d for m s t h e lateral vest ibu losp in al t ract , w h ich p roject s to all sp in al levels and is responsible for extensor tone. The medial vestibular nucleus (D), Sch w a lb e’s n u cle u s, is t h e la r gest of t h e vest ib u la r n u cle i an d se n d s p roje ctions to contralateral extraocular nuclei via the MLF. The superior vestibular nucleus (E), Bech terew ’s n u cleu s, gives rise to u n crossed ascen d in g bers to the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei traveling in the MLF. Second-order vestibulocerebellar projections arise from the caudal aspect of the inferior cerebellar nucleus and the medial vestibular nucleus (D). 1,2

Answer 147

**A. Mesencephalic nucleus** B. Motor nucleus C. Principal sensory nucleus D. Spinal trigeminal nucleus E. Trigeminal ganglion ## Footnote Th e mesencephalic nucleus (A) is unique because it is a sensory ganglion containing the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons that are responsible for conveyin g p rop r iocep t ive in for m at ion from t h e m u scles of t h e face; it is the most rostral of the nuclei listed. The motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (B) co n t a in s t h e cell b o d ie s o f t h e n e u r o n s t h at in n e r vat e t h e m u scle s o f mastication. Th e p ri n c i p a l s e n s o ry n u cl e u s ( C) is h om ologou s t o t h e n u cle u s gracilis and nucleus cuneatus and sends the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract to the ipsilateral VPM of the thalamus, conveying tactile and pressure sense; it receives ascending processes from trigem inal ganglion cells. The spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) is the largest of the trigeminal sensory nuclei and consists of a pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis. The pars caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) is the most caudal of the nuclei listed and receives descending bers from the trigeminal ganglion cells. The ventral trigeminothalamic tract carries projections from the main sensory nucleus to the thalamus regarding tactile and pressure sense, and carries projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) regarding pain and temperature sense. The trigeminal ganglion (E) h ou se s cell b od ie s o f p se u d o u n ip o la r se n sory neurons. It lies in Meckel’s cave in the petrous temporal bone. 1

Answer 148

A. Mesencephalic nucleus B. Motor nucleus C. Principal sensory nucleus **D. Spinal trigeminal nucleus** E. Trigeminal ganglion ## Footnote Th e mesencephalic nucleus (A) is unique because it is a sensory ganglion containing the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons that are responsible for conveyin g p rop r iocep t ive in for m at ion from t h e m u scles of t h e face; it is the most rostral of the nuclei listed. The motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (B) co n t a in s t h e cell b o d ie s o f t h e n e u r o n s t h at in n e r vat e t h e m u scle s o f mastication. Th e p ri n c i p a l s e n s o ry n u cl e u s ( C) is h om ologou s t o t h e n u cle u s gracilis and nucleus cuneatus and sends the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract to the ipsilateral VPM of the thalamus, conveying tactile and pressure sense; it receives ascending processes from trigem inal ganglion cells. The spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) is the largest of the trigeminal sensory nuclei and consists of a pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis. The pars caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) is the most caudal of the nuclei listed and receives descending bers from the trigeminal ganglion cells. The ventral trigeminothalamic tract carries projections from the main sensory nucleus to the thalamus regarding tactile and pressure sense, and carries projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) regarding pain and temperature sense. The trigeminal ganglion (E) h ou se s cell b od ie s o f p se u d o u n ip o la r se n sory neurons. It lies in Meckel’s cave in the petrous temporal bone. 1

Answer 149

**A. Mesencephalic nucleus** B. Motor nucleus C. Principal sensory nucleus D. Spinal trigeminal nucleus E. Trigeminal ganglion ## Footnote Th e mesencephalic nucleus (A) is unique because it is a sensory ganglion containing the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons that are responsible for conveyin g p rop r iocep t ive in for m at ion from t h e m u scles of t h e face; it is the most rostral of the nuclei listed. The motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (B) co n t a in s t h e cell b o d ie s o f t h e n e u r o n s t h at in n e r vat e t h e m u scle s o f mastication. Th e p ri n c i p a l s e n s o ry n u cl e u s ( C) is h om ologou s t o t h e n u cle u s gracilis and nucleus cuneatus and sends the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract to the ipsilateral VPM of the thalamus, conveying tactile and pressure sense; it receives ascending processes from trigem inal ganglion cells. The spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) is the largest of the trigeminal sensory nuclei and consists of a pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis. The pars caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) is the most caudal of the nuclei listed and receives descending bers from the trigeminal ganglion cells. The ventral trigeminothalamic tract carries projections from the main sensory nucleus to the thalamus regarding tactile and pressure sense, and carries projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) regarding pain and temperature sense. The trigeminal ganglion (E) h ou se s cell b od ie s o f p se u d o u n ip o la r se n sory neurons. It lies in Meckel’s cave in the petrous temporal bone. 1

Answer 150

A. Mesencephalic nucleus B. Motor nucleus **C. Principal sensory nucleus** D. Spinal trigeminal nucleus E. Trigeminal ganglion ## Footnote Th e mesencephalic nucleus (A) is unique because it is a sensory ganglion containing the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons that are responsible for conveyin g p rop r iocep t ive in for m at ion from t h e m u scles of t h e face; it is the most rostral of the nuclei listed. The motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (B) co n t a in s t h e cell b o d ie s o f t h e n e u r o n s t h at in n e r vat e t h e m u scle s o f mastication. Th e p ri n c i p a l s e n s o ry n u cl e u s ( C) is h om ologou s t o t h e n u cle u s gracilis and nucleus cuneatus and sends the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract to the ipsilateral VPM of the thalamus, conveying tactile and pressure sense; it receives ascending processes from trigem inal ganglion cells. The spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) is the largest of the trigeminal sensory nuclei and consists of a pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis. The pars caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) is the most caudal of the nuclei listed and receives descending bers from the trigeminal ganglion cells. The ventral trigeminothalamic tract carries projections from the main sensory nucleus to the thalamus regarding tactile and pressure sense, and carries projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) regarding pain and temperature sense. The trigeminal ganglion (E) h ou se s cell b od ie s o f p se u d o u n ip o la r se n sory neurons. It lies in Meckel’s cave in the petrous temporal bone. 1

Answer 151

A. Mesencephalic nucleus B. Motor nucleus C. Principal sensory nucleus **D. Spinal trigeminal nucleus** E. Trigeminal ganglion ## Footnote Th e mesencephalic nucleus (A) is unique because it is a sensory ganglion containing the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons that are responsible for conveyin g p rop r iocep t ive in for m at ion from t h e m u scles of t h e face; it is the most rostral of the nuclei listed. The motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (B) co n t a in s t h e cell b o d ie s o f t h e n e u r o n s t h at in n e r vat e t h e m u scle s o f mastication. Th e p ri n c i p a l s e n s o ry n u cl e u s ( C) is h om ologou s t o t h e n u cle u s gracilis and nucleus cuneatus and sends the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract to the ipsilateral VPM of the thalamus, conveying tactile and pressure sense; it receives ascending processes from trigem inal ganglion cells. The spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) is the largest of the trigeminal sensory nuclei and consists of a pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis. The pars caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) is the most caudal of the nuclei listed and receives descending bers from the trigeminal ganglion cells. The ventral trigeminothalamic tract carries projections from the main sensory nucleus to the thalamus regarding tactile and pressure sense, and carries projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus (D) regarding pain and temperature sense. The trigeminal ganglion (E) h ou se s cell b od ie s o f p se u d o u n ip o la r se n sory neurons. It lies in Meckel’s cave in the petrous temporal bone. 1

Answer 152

**A. I, II, III** B. I, III C. II, IV D. IV E. All of the above ## Footnote Th e solit ar y t ra ct is for m e d by visce r al a e re n t b e r s from t h e vagu s, glosso pharyngeal, and facial (intermediate) nerves. The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) is associated with the hypoglossal nucleus, not the nucleus of the solitary tract. 1

Answer 153

A. Hip extension **B. Hip flexion** C. Knee exion D. Thigh abduction E. Thigh adduction ## Footnote Th e fe m ora l n e r ve in n e r vat es t h e m u scles of t h e an t e r ior t h igh , w h ich con sist primarily of hip exors (B) and knee extensors such as pectineus, iliacus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius). 6

Answer 154

**A. Anterior lobe of the pituitary** B. Diaphragma sellae C. Intermediate lobe of the pituitary D. Pituitary stalk E. Posterior lobe of the pituitary ## Footnote Th e p ar s t u b e r a lis, a p a r t of t h e a n t e r ior p it u it ar y (ad e n oh yp op h ysis), surrounds the lower portion of the pituitary stalk and is derived from Rat h ke ’s p o u ch , a lon g w it h p a r s d ist a lis a n d p a r s in t e r m e d ia . Th e n e u r oh ypophysis (median eminence, pituitary stalk, and pars nervosa) arises from the infundibulum.

Answer 155

A. Cerebellar cortex B. Inferior olive C. Red nucleus D. Reticulotegmental nucleus **E. Subthalamic nucleus** ## Footnote Th e m ajor ou t p u t fr om t h e d e n t at e n u cle u s is via t h e b r ach iu m con ju n ct ivum to the contralateral VL nucleus of the thalamus. The VL sends projections to the motor and premotor areas of the cerebral cortex, which then project back to the cerebellar cortex (A). A p or t ion of th e bers leave th e dentate nucleus via the brachium conjunctivum, decussate and synapse on the red nucleus (C). Th e red n u cleu s t h en sen d s p roject ion s to t h e ip silateral inferior olivary nucleus (B). In d irect p roject ion s also arr ive in t h e reticulotegmental nucleus (D), so th e d en t ate m ay p ar t icip ate in regu lat ion of saccadic eye m ovements. The dentate nucleus does not send projections to the subthalamic nucleus (E). 1,2

Answer 156

A. I, II, III B. I, III **C. II, IV** D. IV E. All of the above ## Footnote Th e su p e r ior ce reb ellar p e d u n cle con t ain s m ost ly e e re n t b e r s from t h e ce r ebellum including the dentorubrothalamic, interpositorubrothalamic (both in the brachium conjunctivum), fastigiothalamic, and fastigiovestibular tracts. Th e ventral lateral (VL) a n d ventral anterior (VA) n u cle i se r ve as m ot or relay stations. The VL nucleus is divided into an anterior and posterior portion: ventral lateral anterior (VLa) and ventral lateral posterior (VLp). Th e VLp receives projections from the contralateral dentate nucleus via the brachium conjunctivum . The VLp should not be confused w ith the ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL), w hich is a sensory relay station that receives spinothalam ic inputs. The ventral anterior nucleus of the thalam us (VA) receives input from the substantia nigra and the globus pallidus, not the cerebellum . Th e rostral intralam inar nuclei receive their input from the ascending sensory systems and basal ganglia primarily, not the cerebellum. 1

Answer 157

**A. Amygdala** B. Cingulate gyrus C. Dentate gyrus D. Parahippocampal gyrus E. Subcallosal gyrus ## Footnote Th e amygdala (A) is p a r t o f t h e lim b ic s yst e m b u t n o t t h e lim b ic lo b e . Th e lim bic system consists of the limbic lobe plus all subcortical nuclei and pathways. Th e lim b ic lob e con sist s of t h e cingulate gyrus (B), subcallosal gyrus (E), parahippocampal gyrus (D), an d h ip p ocam p al form at ion . Th e h ip p ocam pal formation includes the dentate gyrus (C), t h e h ip p ocam p u s p rop er, an d the subiculum. 1

Answer 158

A. Ethmoid and frontal bones B. Ethmoid and sphenoid bones **C. Ethmoid and vomer bones** D. Frontal and vomer bones E. Sphenoid and vomer bones ## Footnote Th e n asa l se p t u m is com p r ise d of a b on y p ar t a n d a ca r t ilagin ou s p ar t . Th e bony nasal septum is comprised primarily of perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer bone. 6

Answer 159

A. Abductor pollicis brevis **B. Abductor pollicis longus** C. Adductor pollicis D. Flexor pollicis longus E. Opponens pollicis ## Footnote Th e p ost e r ior in t e rosse ou s n e r ve (PIN) is t h e m ot or b r a n ch of t h e r ad ial nerve in the forearm providing innervation to all muscles located in the posterior compartment of the forearm including the abductor pollicis longus (B). Th e a b d u c t o r p o l l i c i s b re v i s (A) and opponens pollicis (E) are thenar muscles innervated by the recurrent branch of the median nerve. The adductor pollicis (C) is a t h en ar m u scle in n er vated by t h e d eep bran ch of t h e ulnar nerve. The anterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the median nerve, innervates the exor pollicis longus (D), t h e rad ial h alf of t h e exor d igito rum profundus, and the pronator quadratus. 6

Answer 160

A. Choroidal vein B. Epithalamic vein **C. Great cerebral vein of Galen** D. Septal vein E. Thalamostriate vein ## Footnote Th e p a ire d in t e r n al ce reb r al ve in s are for m e d by t h e u n ion of t h e thalamostriate (E), choroidal (A), septal (D), epithalamic (B), an d lateral ven tricular veins. They run in the tela choroidea in the roof of the third ventricle before coursing over the thalamus into the quadrigeminal cistern where they join to contribute to the vein of Galen (C). 3

Answer 161

**A. 17** B. 18 C. 19 D. 41 E. 42 ## Footnote Th e st r iat e cor t ex refe r s t o t h e p r im a r y visu a l cor t ex, Bro dm an n’s area 17 (A). Are as 1 8 (B) an d 1 9 (C) are visu al associat ion cor tex. Are as 4 1 (D) and 42 (E) are primary auditory cortex. 1

Answer 162

**A. I, II, III** B. I, III C. II, IV D. IV E. All of the above ## Footnote Th e in t e r n al cap su le re ce ives b lood su p p ly from t h e anterior cerebral artery via the recurrent artery of Huebner, the middle cerebral artery via lenticulostriate perforators, and the internal carotid artery via the anterior choroidal artery. The posterior cerebral artery does not contribute to the internal capsule. 3

Answer 163

A. Anterior commissure B. Arcuate fasciculus C. Cingulate fasciculus D. Corpus callosum **E. Uncinate fasciculus** ## Footnote Th e anterior commissure (A) connects the temporal lobes of the two hem ispheres. The arcuate fasciculus (B) lin ks Broca’s area to Wern icke’s area. Th e cingulate fasciculus (C) connects the anterior perforated substance to the parahippocampal gyrus. The corpus callosum (D) connects the bilateral cerebral hemispheres; the tapetum is a subset of bers connecting the temporal and occipital lobes. The uncinate fasciculus (E) co n n e ct s t h e a n t e r io r t e m p o ral lobe to the orbitofrontal gyrus. 1,3

Answer 164

A. Anterior commissure B. Arcuate fasciculus **C. Cingulate fasciculus** D. Corpus callosum E. Uncinate fasciculus ## Footnote Th e anterior commissure (A) connects the temporal lobes of the two hem ispheres. The arcuate fasciculus (B) lin ks Broca’s area to Wern icke’s area. Th e cingulate fasciculus (C) connects the anterior perforated substance to the parahippocampal gyrus. The corpus callosum (D) connects the bilateral cerebral hemispheres; the tapetum is a subset of bers connecting the temporal and occipital lobes. The uncinate fasciculus (E) co n n e ct s t h e a n t e r io r t e m p o ral lobe to the orbitofrontal gyrus. 1,3

Answer 165

A. Anterior commissure **B. Arcuate fasciculus** C. Cingulate fasciculus D. Corpus callosum E. Uncinate fasciculus ## Footnote Th e anterior commissure (A) connects the temporal lobes of the two hem ispheres. The arcuate fasciculus (B) lin ks Broca’s area to Wern icke’s area. Th e cingulate fasciculus (C) connects the anterior perforated substance to the parahippocampal gyrus. The corpus callosum (D) connects the bilateral cerebral hemispheres; the tapetum is a subset of bers connecting the temporal and occipital lobes. The uncinate fasciculus (E) co n n e ct s t h e a n t e r io r t e m p o ral lobe to the orbitofrontal gyrus. 1,3

Answer 166

A. Anterior commissure B. Arcuate fasciculus C. Cingulate fasciculus **D. Corpus callosum** E. Uncinate fasciculus ## Footnote Th e anterior commissure (A) connects the temporal lobes of the two hem ispheres. The arcuate fasciculus (B) lin ks Broca’s area to Wern icke’s area. Th e cingulate fasciculus (C) connects the anterior perforated substance to the parahippocampal gyrus. The corpus callosum (D) connects the bilateral cerebral hemispheres; the tapetum is a subset of bers connecting the temporal and occipital lobes. The uncinate fasciculus (E) co n n e ct s t h e a n t e r io r t e m p o ral lobe to the orbitofrontal gyrus. 1,3

Answer 167

**A. Anterior commissure** B. Arcuate fasciculus C. Cingulate fasciculus D. Corpus callosum E. Uncinate fasciculus ## Footnote Th e anterior commissure (A) connects the temporal lobes of the two hem ispheres. The arcuate fasciculus (B) lin ks Broca’s area to Wern icke’s area. Th e cingulate fasciculus (C) connects the anterior perforated substance to the parahippocampal gyrus. The corpus callosum (D) connects the bilateral cerebral hemispheres; the tapetum is a subset of bers connecting the temporal and occipital lobes. The uncinate fasciculus (E) co n n e ct s t h e a n t e r io r t e m p o ral lobe to the orbitofrontal gyrus. 1,3

Answer 168

A. Restiform body B. Juxtarestiform body **C. Brachium conjunctivum** D. Brachium pontis ## Footnote Th e restiform (A) an d ju xtarestifo rm (B) body m ake up the inferior cerebellar peduncle. The restiform body (A) contains a erent bers from the spinal cord and brainstem . The ju xtarestifo rm bo dy (B) contains mostly a erent bers but also some e erent bers from the cerebellum. The brachium conjunctivum (C) travels in the superior cerebellar peduncle and represents the principle e erent pathway from the cerebellum (dentorubrothalamic and interpositorubrothalamic pathways). The brachium pontis (D) is the middle cerebellar peduncle and consists of a erent bers from the pons— pontocerebellar bers. 1,3

Answer 169

A. Restiform body B. Juxtarestiform body C. Brachium conjunctivum **D. Brachium pontis** ## Footnote Th e restiform (A) an d ju xtarestifo rm (B) body m ake up the inferior cerebellar peduncle. The restiform body (A) contains a erent bers from the spinal cord and brainstem . The ju xtarestifo rm bo dy (B) contains mostly a erent bers but also some e erent bers from the cerebellum. The brachium conjunctivum (C) travels in the superior cerebellar peduncle and represents the principle e erent pathway from the cerebellum (dentorubrothalamic and interpositorubrothalamic pathways). The brachium pontis (D) is the middle cerebellar peduncle and consists of a erent bers from the pons— pontocerebellar bers. 1,3

Answer 170

**A. Restiform body** B. Juxtarestiform body C. Brachium conjunctivum D. Brachium pontis ## Footnote Th e restiform (A) an d ju xtarestifo rm (B) body m ake up the inferior cerebellar peduncle. The restiform body (A) contains a erent bers from the spinal cord and brainstem . The ju xtarestifo rm bo dy (B) contains mostly a erent bers but also some e erent bers from the cerebellum. The brachium conjunctivum (C) travels in the superior cerebellar peduncle and represents the principle e erent pathway from the cerebellum (dentorubrothalamic and interpositorubrothalamic pathways). The brachium pontis (D) is the middle cerebellar peduncle and consists of a erent bers from the pons— pontocerebellar bers. 1,3

Answer 171

A. Both eyes away from the lesion **B. Both eyes toward the lesion** C. The contralateral eye toward the lesion D. The ipsilateral eye away from the lesion E. The ipsilateral eye toward the lesion ## Footnote Th e ab d u ce n s n u cle u s con t a in s t w o su bset s of n e u ron s. On e set is m ad e u p of motor neurons and projects to the ipsilateral lateral rectus muscle, and the other population is made up of interneurons that project to the contralateral oculomotor nucleus via the MLF. Therefore, damage to the abducens nucleus causes lateral gaze paralysis ipsilateral to the side of the lesion (B). A lesion to the abducens nerve causes an ipsilateral lateral rectus palsy (E). It is the only cranial nerve in which lesions of the root bers and nucleus do not produce the same e ects. 1

Answer 172

A. Geniculate ganglion B. Otic ganglion **C. Pterygopalatine ganglion** D. Sublingual ganglion E. Submandibular ganglion ## Footnote Postganglionic parasym path et ic bers dest in ed for th e lacrim al glan d are derived from the pterygopalatine ganglion (C). Preganglion ic p arasym p at h et ic bers from the superior salivatory nucleus run in the nervus intermedius (along w ith pseudounipolar SVA taste bers from the tongue and GSA bers from the ear). The parasym pathet ics for the lacrim al gland run w ith the greater super cial petrosal nerve, which branches in the facial canal proximal to the geniculate ganglion. The bers of the GSPN join the bers of the nerve of the pterygoid canal (vidian nerve) and synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion (C). Th ese bers reach th e lacrim al glan d via t h e lacrim al n er ve. Th e geniculate ganglion (A) is associated w ith general and special visceral a erent and general somatic a erent bers traveling with the facial nerve and mediates taste and nasopharyngeal sensation. The otic ganglion (B) transmits parasympathetic signals from the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) to the parotid gland. The submandibular (D) and sublingual (E) ganglia convey parasympathetics transmitted from CN VII via the chorda tympani nerve. 1

Answer 173

A. Caudate **B. Globus pallidus** C. Putamen D. Superior colliculus E. Thalamus ## Footnote Th e su bst an t ia n igr a se n d s p roje ct ion s t o t h e thalamus (E), t h e st r iat u m (caudate [A] and putamen [C]), t h e superior colliculus (D), an d tegm en t al area. Th e substantia nigra does not send direct projections to the globus pallidus (B).

Answer 174

A. Astrocytic foot processes B. Basement membrane C. Ependymal lining cells D. Microglia **E. Tight junctions of the capillary endothelium** ## Footnote Th e b lood – b r a in b ar r ie r is for m e d by t igh t ju n ct ion s of ca p illar y e n d ot h eliu m . 1

Answer 175

A. Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane B. Apical ligament C. Cruciate ligament **D. Tectorial ligament** E. Transverse ligament ## Footnote Th e tectorial ligament (D) is the rostral extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament. The anterior atlanto-occipital membrane (A) is the rostral extension of the anterior longitudinal ligament. The apical ligament (B) extends from the tip of the dens to the basion. The transverse ligament (E) extends between the tubercles of the lateral masses of C1 and holds the dens against the anterior arch of C1. The cruciate ligaments (C) em erge from the transverse ligament, connecting the transverse ligament to the posterior basion and posterior body of C2. 3

Answer 176

**A. 3%** B. 30% C. 40% D. 60% E. 90% ## Footnote Gian t pyram idal cells, or Bet z cells, m ake u p ap p roxim ately 3% of corticospinal bers and are located exclusively in primary motor cortex. Ap p r ox im a t e ly 30% arise from area 4, 30% from area 6, and the remainder (40%) arise from the parietal lobe. Approximately 40% of corticospinal tract axons are poorly myelinated. 1

Answer 177

A. 3% **B. 30%** C. 40% D. 60% E. 90% ## Footnote Gian t pyram idal cells, or Bet z cells, m ake u p ap p roxim ately 3% of corticospinal bers and are located exclusively in primary motor cortex. Ap p r ox im a t e ly 30% arise from area 4, 30% from area 6, and the remainder (40%) arise from the parietal lobe. Approximately 40% of corticospinal tract axons are poorly myelinated. 1

Answer 178

A. 3% **B. 30%** C. 40% D. 60% E. 90% ## Footnote Gian t pyram idal cells, or Bet z cells, m ake u p ap p roxim ately 3% of corticospinal bers and are located exclusively in primary motor cortex. Ap p r ox im a t e ly 30% arise from area 4, 30% from area 6, and the remainder (40%) arise from the parietal lobe. Approximately 40% of corticospinal tract axons are poorly myelinated. 1

Answer 179

A. 3% B. 30% **C. 40%** D. 60% E. 90% ## Footnote Gian t pyram idal cells, or Bet z cells, m ake u p ap p roxim ately 3% of corticospinal bers and are located exclusively in primary motor cortex. Ap p r ox im a t e ly 30% arise from area 4, 30% from area 6, and the remainder (40%) arise from the parietal lobe. Approximately 40% of corticospinal tract axons are poorly myelinated. 1

Answer 180

A. 3% B. 30% **C. 40%** D. 60% E. 90% ## Footnote Gian t pyram idal cells, or Bet z cells, m ake u p ap p roxim ately 3% of corticospinal bers and are located exclusively in primary motor cortex. Ap p r ox im a t e ly 30% arise from area 4, 30% from area 6, and the remainder (40%) arise from the parietal lobe. Approximately 40% of corticospinal tract axons are poorly myelinated. 1

Answer 181

**A. Anterior belly of the digastric** B. Buccinator C. Platysma D. Stapedius E. Stylohyoid ## Footnote Th e facial n e r ve in n e r vat es a ll of t h e m u scles of facia l exp ression in clu d in g the buccinator (B) a n d platysma (C). Th e facial n er ve also in n er vates t h e p osterior belly of the digastric, the stylohyoid (E), an d m ylohyoid m u scles. Th e nerve to the stapedius (D) leaves CN VII in the facial canal to innervate the stapedius muscle. CN V innervates the anterior belly of the digastric (A) an d the muscles of mastication. 3

Answer 182

A. Chondri cation of the centrum of the vertebral body B. Myotome **C. Notochord** D. Primitive streak E. Sclerotome ## Footnote Th e n u cle u s p u lp osu s of t h e in t e r ve r t eb ra l d isks a re for m e d by notochord remnants (C). Notoch ord rem n an t s are also th ough t to be t h e cells of origin for chordomas. 3

Answer 183

A. Anterior perforated substance B. Entorhinal cortex C. Mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus D. Orbitofrontal cortex **E. Pyriform cortex** ## Footnote Th e p y ri fo rm c o rt e x ( E) (lateral olfactory gyrus) and periamygdaloid areaconstitute the prim ary olfactory cortex, and the entorhinal cortex (B) constitutes the secondary olfactory cortical area. 1

Answer 184

**A. Nucleus ambiguus** B. Principal sensory nucleus of CN V C. Solitary nucleus D. Spinal trigeminal nucleus E. Vestibular nucleus ## Footnote Th e ve n t ra l b a sal p lat e a n d d or sa l a la r p lat e are d ivid e d by t h e su lcu s lim itans. The basal plate tends to di erentiate toward motor functions and the alar plate tends to di erentiate toward sensory functions (Alar 5 A erent). Th e nucleus ambiguus (A) contains special visceral e erent m otor bers involved in the swallow ing re ex and is a basal plate derivative. The basal plate of the metencephalon gives rise to the nucleus of the abducens nerve, parasympathetics of the facial nerve, and motor nuclei of trigeminal and facial nerves. The alar plate of the metencephalon gives rise to the neurons of the trigeminal (B, D) and vestibulocochlear (E) nerves. Basal plate of the mesencephalon gives rise to the red nucleus, substantia nigra, oculomotor, and trochlear nuclei. The nucleus of the tractus solitarius (C) receives a erent bers and is a product of the alar plate. 1

Answer 185

**A. Downgaze to the opposite side** B. Downgaze to the same side C. Upgaze to the opposite side D. Upgaze to the same side E. Lateral gaze to the opposite side ## Footnote Th e t roch lea r n e r ve is u n iqu e b e ca u se it is t h e on ly cr an ia l n e r ve t o or igin at e totally from the contralateral nucleus and the only cranial nerve to emerge from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem . A lesion to the trochlear ner ve causes an ipsilateral superior oblique palsy, while a lesion to the trochlear nucleus causes a contralateral superior oblique palsy. Norm al contraction of the superior oblique muscle results in intorsion with simultaneous depression and lateral m ovem ent of the eye (dow n and out). This diplopia is exacerbated by downward, medial (contralateral) gaze, particularly when descending stairs or reading. 1

Answer 186

**A. Superior olive** B. Inferior olivary complex C. Both D. Neither ## Footnote Th e superior olivary nuclear complex (A) is involved in the processing of auditory information and helps determine the direction that a sound is coming from and the sound’s intensity. The inferior olivary nucleus (B) is a relay nucleus of the cortico-olivocerebellar pathway, functions as a cerebellar relay nucleus, and is important for learning new motor tasks. 1

Answer 187

A. Superior olive **B. Inferior olivary complex** C. Both D. Neither ## Footnote Th e superior olivary nuclear complex (A) is involved in the processing of auditory information and helps determine the direction that a sound is coming from and the sound’s intensity. The inferior olivary nucleus (B) is a relay nucleus of the cortico-olivocerebellar pathway, functions as a cerebellar relay nucleus, and is important for learning new motor tasks. 1

Answer 188

A. Superior salivatory nucleus B. Inferior salivatory nucleus **C. Both** D. Neither ## Footnote Th e superior (A) and inferior (B) salivatory nuclei both transmit general visceral e erent parasympathetic bers and are located in the brainstem reticular formation. The superior salivatory nucleus (A) sen d s it s bers via t h e nervus intermedius of the facial nerve; a portion of its bers travel to the pterygopalatine ganglion via the GSPN and vidian nerve, and another portion travels to the submandibular ganglion via the chorda tympani nerve. The inferior salivatory nucleus (B) sen ds it s bers w ith th e lesser pet rosal n er ve of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) to ultimately reach the otic ganglion and parotid gland. 1

Answer 189

**A. Superior salivatory nucleus** B. Inferior salivatory nucleus C. Both D. Neither ## Footnote Th e superior (A) and inferior (B) salivatory nuclei both transmit general visceral e erent parasympathetic bers and are located in the brainstem reticular formation. The superior salivatory nucleus (A) sen d s it s bers via t h e nervus intermedius of the facial nerve; a portion of its bers travel to the pterygopalatine ganglion via the GSPN and vidian nerve, and another portion travels to the submandibular ganglion via the chorda tympani nerve. The inferior salivatory nucleus (B) sen ds it s bers w ith th e lesser pet rosal n er ve of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) to ultimately reach the otic ganglion and parotid gland. 1

Answer 190

A. Superior salivatory nucleus **B. Inferior salivatory nucleus** C. Both D. Neither ## Footnote Th e superior (A) and inferior (B) salivatory nuclei both transmit general visceral e erent parasympathetic bers and are located in the brainstem reticular formation. The superior salivatory nucleus (A) sen d s it s bers via t h e nervus intermedius of the facial nerve; a portion of its bers travel to the pterygopalatine ganglion via the GSPN and vidian nerve, and another portion travels to the submandibular ganglion via the chorda tympani nerve. The inferior salivatory nucleus (B) sen ds it s bers w ith th e lesser pet rosal n er ve of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) to ultimately reach the otic ganglion and parotid gland. 1

Answer 191

A. Superior salivatory nucleus B. Inferior salivatory nucleus **C. Both** D. Neither ## Footnote Th e superior (A) and inferior (B) salivatory nuclei both transmit general visceral e erent parasympathetic bers and are located in the brainstem reticular formation. The superior salivatory nucleus (A) sen d s it s bers via t h e nervus intermedius of the facial nerve; a portion of its bers travel to the pterygopalatine ganglion via the GSPN and vidian nerve, and another portion travels to the submandibular ganglion via the chorda tympani nerve. The inferior salivatory nucleus (B) sen ds it s bers w ith th e lesser pet rosal n er ve of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) to ultimately reach the otic ganglion and parotid gland. 1

Answer 192

**A. Superior salivatory nucleus** B. Inferior salivatory nucleus C. Both D. Neither ## Footnote Th e superior (A) and inferior (B) salivatory nuclei both transmit general visceral e erent parasympathetic bers and are located in the brainstem reticular formation. The superior salivatory nucleus (A) sen d s it s bers via t h e nervus intermedius of the facial nerve; a portion of its bers travel to the pterygopalatine ganglion via the GSPN and vidian nerve, and another portion travels to the submandibular ganglion via the chorda tympani nerve. The inferior salivatory nucleus (B) sen ds it s bers w ith th e lesser pet rosal n er ve of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) to ultimately reach the otic ganglion and parotid gland. 1

Answer 193

A. Parasympathetic B. Sympathetic **C. Both**

Answer 194

A. Parasympathetic **B. Sympathetic** C. Both ## Footnote Th e sh or t ciliar y n e r ves are m a in ly com p ose d of p ar asym p at h et ic b e r s from the ciliary ganglion to the eye, but some sympathetic bers are also present. The long ciliary nerves carry sympathetic bers that m ediate pupillary dilatation. 1

Answer 195

A. Anterior spinothalamic tract B. Cuneocerebellar tract **C. Dorsal spinocerebellar tract** D. Lateral spinothalamic tract E. Ventral spinocerebellar tract ## Footnote Th e lateral spinothalamic tract (D) arises from cells in laminae I, IV, and V, and transmits pain and temperature sensation. Fibers in this tract cross in the anterior white commissure, usually within one spinal segment. The anterior spinothalamic tract (A) a ls o a r is e s fr o m ce lls in la m in a e I, IV, a n d V, a n d cr o s s es in a decussation that involves several segments. It transmits light touch. The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C) is u n crosse d a n d a r ises from cells of t h e d orsal nucleus of Clarke (from C8 to L2). The ventral spinocerebellar tract (E) is crossed, whereas the cuneocerebellar (B) tract is uncrossed. The latter three tracts transmit unconscious exteroceptive impulses concerned with movement and posture. The cuneocerebellar tract (B) transmits impulses from the upper extremity, whereas the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C) transm its im pulses from the lower extrem ity. 2

Answer 196

A. Anterior spinothalamic tract **B. Cuneocerebellar tract** C. Dorsal spinocerebellar tract D. Lateral spinothalamic tract E. Ventral spinocerebellar tract ## Footnote Th e lateral spinothalamic tract (D) arises from cells in laminae I, IV, and V, and transmits pain and temperature sensation. Fibers in this tract cross in the anterior white commissure, usually within one spinal segment. The anterior spinothalamic tract (A) a ls o a r is e s fr o m ce lls in la m in a e I, IV, a n d V, a n d cr o s s es in a decussation that involves several segments. It transmits light touch. The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C) is u n crosse d a n d a r ises from cells of t h e d orsal nucleus of Clarke (from C8 to L2). The ventral spinocerebellar tract (E) is crossed, whereas the cuneocerebellar (B) tract is uncrossed. The latter three tracts transmit unconscious exteroceptive impulses concerned with movement and posture. The cuneocerebellar tract (B) transmits impulses from the upper extremity, whereas the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C) transm its im pulses from the lower extrem ity. 2

Answer 197

**A. Anterior spinothalamic tract** B. Cuneocerebellar tract C. Dorsal spinocerebellar tract D. Lateral spinothalamic tract E. Ventral spinocerebellar tract ## Footnote Th e lateral spinothalamic tract (D) arises from cells in laminae I, IV, and V, and transmits pain and temperature sensation. Fibers in this tract cross in the anterior white commissure, usually within one spinal segment. The anterior spinothalamic tract (A) a ls o a r is e s fr o m ce lls in la m in a e I, IV, a n d V, a n d cr o s s es in a decussation that involves several segments. It transmits light touch. The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C) is u n crosse d a n d a r ises from cells of t h e d orsal nucleus of Clarke (from C8 to L2). The ventral spinocerebellar tract (E) is crossed, whereas the cuneocerebellar (B) tract is uncrossed. The latter three tracts transmit unconscious exteroceptive impulses concerned with movement and posture. The cuneocerebellar tract (B) transmits impulses from the upper extremity, whereas the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C) transm its im pulses from the lower extrem ity. 2

Answer 198

A. Anterior spinothalamic tract B. Cuneocerebellar tract C. Dorsal spinocerebellar tract D. Lateral spinothalamic tract **E. Ventral spinocerebellar tract** ## Footnote Th e lateral spinothalamic tract (D) arises from cells in laminae I, IV, and V, and transmits pain and temperature sensation. Fibers in this tract cross in the anterior white commissure, usually within one spinal segment. The anterior spinothalamic tract (A) a ls o a r is e s fr o m ce lls in la m in a e I, IV, a n d V, a n d cr o s s es in a decussation that involves several segments. It transmits light touch. The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C) is u n crosse d a n d a r ises from cells of t h e d orsal nucleus of Clarke (from C8 to L2). The ventral spinocerebellar tract (E) is crossed, whereas the cuneocerebellar (B) tract is uncrossed. The latter three tracts transmit unconscious exteroceptive impulses concerned with movement and posture. The cuneocerebellar tract (B) transmits impulses from the upper extremity, whereas the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C) transm its im pulses from the lower extrem ity. 2

Answer 199

A. Anterior spinothalamic tract B. Cuneocerebellar tract C. Dorsal spinocerebellar tract **D. Lateral spinothalamic tract** E. Ventral spinocerebellar tract ## Footnote Th e lateral spinothalamic tract (D) arises from cells in laminae I, IV, and V, and transmits pain and temperature sensation. Fibers in this tract cross in the anterior white commissure, usually within one spinal segment. The anterior spinothalamic tract (A) a ls o a r is e s fr o m ce lls in la m in a e I, IV, a n d V, a n d cr o s s es in a decussation that involves several segments. It transmits light touch. The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C) is u n crosse d a n d a r ises from cells of t h e d orsal nucleus of Clarke (from C8 to L2). The ventral spinocerebellar tract (E) is crossed, whereas the cuneocerebellar (B) tract is uncrossed. The latter three tracts transmit unconscious exteroceptive impulses concerned with movement and posture. The cuneocerebellar tract (B) transmits impulses from the upper extremity, whereas the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C) transm its im pulses from the lower extrem ity. 2

Answer 200

A. Anterior spinothalamic tract B. Cuneocerebellar tract C. Dorsal spinocerebellar tract D. Lateral spinothalamic tract **E. Ventral spinocerebellar tract** ## Footnote Th e lateral spinothalamic tract (D) arises from cells in laminae I, IV, and V, and transmits pain and temperature sensation. Fibers in this tract cross in the anterior white commissure, usually within one spinal segment. The anterior spinothalamic tract (A) a ls o a r is e s fr o m ce lls in la m in a e I, IV, a n d V, a n d cr o s s es in a decussation that involves several segments. It transmits light touch. The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C) is u n crosse d a n d a r ises from cells of t h e d orsal nucleus of Clarke (from C8 to L2). The ventral spinocerebellar tract (E) is crossed, whereas the cuneocerebellar (B) tract is uncrossed. The latter three tracts transmit unconscious exteroceptive impulses concerned with movement and posture. The cuneocerebellar tract (B) transmits impulses from the upper extremity, whereas the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C) transm its im pulses from the lower extrem ity. 2

Answer 201

A. Anterior spinothalamic tract B. Cuneocerebellar tract C. Dorsal spinocerebellar tract D. Lateral spinothalamic tract **E. Ventral spinocerebellar tract** ## Footnote Th e lateral spinothalamic tract (D) arises from cells in laminae I, IV, and V, and transmits pain and temperature sensation. Fibers in this tract cross in the anterior white commissure, usually within one spinal segment. The anterior spinothalamic tract (A) a ls o a r is e s fr o m ce lls in la m in a e I, IV, a n d V, a n d cr o s s es in a decussation that involves several segments. It transmits light touch. The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C) is u n crosse d a n d a r ises from cells of t h e d orsal nucleus of Clarke (from C8 to L2). The ventral spinocerebellar tract (E) is crossed, whereas the cuneocerebellar (B) tract is uncrossed. The latter three tracts transmit unconscious exteroceptive impulses concerned with movement and posture. The cuneocerebellar tract (B) transmits impulses from the upper extremity, whereas the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C) transm its im pulses from the lower extrem ity. 2

Answer 202

A. Corticospinal tract B. Reticulospinal tract C. Rubrospinal tract **D. Tectospinal tract** E. Vestibulospinal tract ## Footnote Th e corticospinal tract (A) divides into a large crossed lateral corticospinal tract, small uncrossed anterior corticospinal tract, and a minute ( 2% of bers) uncrossed anterolateral corticospinal tract at the junction of the medulla and spinal cord. The tectospinal tract (D) arises from cells in the superior colliculus, terminates in the upper four cervical levels, and mediates re ex postural movements in response to visual stimuli. The rubrospinal tract (C) arises from the magnocellular region of the red nucleus, and its most important function is in the control of exor muscle tone. The vestibulospinal tract (E) arises mainly from the lateral vestibular nucleus. Th is t r act fa cilit at es sp in a l re ex act ivit y an d sp in a l m e ch an ism s t h at con trol extensor tone. The tectospinal and rubrospinal tracts are both crossed, whereas the vestibulospinal tract is uncrossed. The reticulospinal tracts (B) arise from the pontine tegm entum (pontine reticulospinal tract) and the medulla (medullary reticulospinal tract). The former is uncrossed, whereas the latter consists of crossed and uncrossed components. Stimulation of the brainstem reticular formation can facilitate and inhibit voluntary movement, cortically induced m ovem ent, and re ex activity, am ong other e ects. 2

Answer 203

A. Corticospinal tract **B. Reticulospinal tract** C. Rubrospinal tract D. Tectospinal tract E. Vestibulospinal tract ## Footnote Th e corticospinal tract (A) divides into a large crossed lateral corticospinal tract, small uncrossed anterior corticospinal tract, and a minute ( 2% of bers) uncrossed anterolateral corticospinal tract at the junction of the medulla and spinal cord. The tectospinal tract (D) arises from cells in the superior colliculus, terminates in the upper four cervical levels, and mediates re ex postural movements in response to visual stimuli. The rubrospinal tract (C) arises from the magnocellular region of the red nucleus, and its most important function is in the control of exor muscle tone. The vestibulospinal tract (E) arises mainly from the lateral vestibular nucleus. Th is t r act fa cilit at es sp in a l re ex act ivit y an d sp in a l m e ch an ism s t h at con trol extensor tone. The tectospinal and rubrospinal tracts are both crossed, whereas the vestibulospinal tract is uncrossed. The reticulospinal tracts (B) arise from the pontine tegm entum (pontine reticulospinal tract) and the medulla (medullary reticulospinal tract). The former is uncrossed, whereas the latter consists of crossed and uncrossed components. Stimulation of the brainstem reticular formation can facilitate and inhibit voluntary movement, cortically induced m ovem ent, and re ex activity, am ong other e ects. 2

Answer 204

**A. Corticospinal tract** B. Reticulospinal tract C. Rubrospinal tract D. Tectospinal tract E. Vestibulospinal tract ## Footnote Th e corticospinal tract (A) divides into a large crossed lateral corticospinal tract, small uncrossed anterior corticospinal tract, and a minute ( 2% of bers) uncrossed anterolateral corticospinal tract at the junction of the medulla and spinal cord. The tectospinal tract (D) arises from cells in the superior colliculus, terminates in the upper four cervical levels, and mediates re ex postural movements in response to visual stimuli. The rubrospinal tract (C) arises from the magnocellular region of the red nucleus, and its most important function is in the control of exor muscle tone. The vestibulospinal tract (E) arises mainly from the lateral vestibular nucleus. Th is t r act fa cilit at es sp in a l re ex act ivit y an d sp in a l m e ch an ism s t h at con trol extensor tone. The tectospinal and rubrospinal tracts are both crossed, whereas the vestibulospinal tract is uncrossed. The reticulospinal tracts (B) arise from the pontine tegm entum (pontine reticulospinal tract) and the medulla (medullary reticulospinal tract). The former is uncrossed, whereas the latter consists of crossed and uncrossed components. Stimulation of the brainstem reticular formation can facilitate and inhibit voluntary movement, cortically induced m ovem ent, and re ex activity, am ong other e ects. 2

Answer 205

A. Corticospinal tract B. Reticulospinal tract **C. Rubrospinal tract** D. Tectospinal tract E. Vestibulospinal tract ## Footnote Th e corticospinal tract (A) divides into a large crossed lateral corticospinal tract, small uncrossed anterior corticospinal tract, and a minute ( 2% of bers) uncrossed anterolateral corticospinal tract at the junction of the medulla and spinal cord. The tectospinal tract (D) arises from cells in the superior colliculus, terminates in the upper four cervical levels, and mediates re ex postural movements in response to visual stimuli. The rubrospinal tract (C) arises from the magnocellular region of the red nucleus, and its most important function is in the control of exor muscle tone. The vestibulospinal tract (E) arises mainly from the lateral vestibular nucleus. Th is t r act fa cilit at es sp in a l re ex act ivit y an d sp in a l m e ch an ism s t h at con trol extensor tone. The tectospinal and rubrospinal tracts are both crossed, whereas the vestibulospinal tract is uncrossed. The reticulospinal tracts (B) arise from the pontine tegm entum (pontine reticulospinal tract) and the medulla (medullary reticulospinal tract). The former is uncrossed, whereas the latter consists of crossed and uncrossed components. Stimulation of the brainstem reticular formation can facilitate and inhibit voluntary movement, cortically induced m ovem ent, and re ex activity, am ong other e ects. 2

Answer 206

A. Corticospinal tract B. Reticulospinal tract C. Rubrospinal tract D. Tectospinal tract **E. Vestibulospinal tract** ## Footnote Th e corticospinal tract (A) divides into a large crossed lateral corticospinal tract, small uncrossed anterior corticospinal tract, and a minute ( 2% of bers) uncrossed anterolateral corticospinal tract at the junction of the medulla and spinal cord. The tectospinal tract (D) arises from cells in the superior colliculus, terminates in the upper four cervical levels, and mediates re ex postural movements in response to visual stimuli. The rubrospinal tract (C) arises from the magnocellular region of the red nucleus, and its most important function is in the control of exor muscle tone. The vestibulospinal tract (E) arises mainly from the lateral vestibular nucleus. Th is t r act fa cilit at es sp in a l re ex act ivit y an d sp in a l m e ch an ism s t h at con trol extensor tone. The tectospinal and rubrospinal tracts are both crossed, whereas the vestibulospinal tract is uncrossed. The reticulospinal tracts (B) arise from the pontine tegm entum (pontine reticulospinal tract) and the medulla (medullary reticulospinal tract). The former is uncrossed, whereas the latter consists of crossed and uncrossed components. Stimulation of the brainstem reticular formation can facilitate and inhibit voluntary movement, cortically induced m ovem ent, and re ex activity, am ong other e ects. 2

Answer 207

A. Deep peroneal B. Femoral Nerve C. Inferior Gluteal Nerve **D. Obutrator Nerve** E. Sciatic F. Super cial peroneal G. Superior gluteal H. Tibial ## Footnote Th e superior gluteal nerve (G) innervates gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the tensor of the fascia lata, which adduct and medially rotate the thigh. The inferior gluteal nerve (C) innervates gluteus maximus, which extends the thigh at the hip. The sciatic nerve (E) innervates no gluteal muscles, all muscles of posterior thigh, and all the muscles of the leg and foot (via it s bran ch es). Th e ad d u ctor m agn u s is in t h e m ed ial com p ar t ment of the thigh and is considered to be one of the ve adductors of the thigh. The medial compartment of the thigh is innervated primarily by the obturator nerve (D). Th e ad d u ctor p ar t of ad d u ctor m agn u s is in n er vated by the obturator nerve, but the hamstrings part of adductor magnus is innervated by the sciatic nerve (E). Th e fem oral nerve (B) innervates the m uscles of the anterior thigh, which consist primarily of hip exors and knee extensors such as iliopsoas, pectineus, iliacus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris (rectus fem oris, vastus lateralis, vastus m edialis, and vastus interm edius). A portion of the adductor magnus is also innervated by the obturator nerve. The sciatic nerve branches into the tibial nerve (H), w h ich su p p lies t h e m u scles of the posterior compartment of the leg such as gastrocnemius and exor digitorum longus, and the peroneal nerve. Th e p eron eal n er ve h as a su p er cial and a deep branch. The super cial peroneal nerve (F) supplies the m uscles of the lateral compartment of the leg such as peroneus longus and brevis. The deep peroneal nerve (A) supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg including the extensor hallucis longus. 6

Answer 208

A. Deep peroneal B. Femoral Nerve C. Inferior Gluteal Nerve D. Obutrator Nerve **E. Sciatic** F. Super cial peroneal G. Superior gluteal H. Tibial ## Footnote Th e superior gluteal nerve (G) innervates gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the tensor of the fascia lata, which adduct and medially rotate the thigh. The inferior gluteal nerve (C) innervates gluteus maximus, which extends the thigh at the hip. The sciatic nerve (E) innervates no gluteal muscles, all muscles of posterior thigh, and all the muscles of the leg and foot (via it s bran ch es). Th e ad d u ctor m agn u s is in t h e m ed ial com p ar t ment of the thigh and is considered to be one of the ve adductors of the thigh. The medial compartment of the thigh is innervated primarily by the obturator nerve (D). Th e ad d u ctor p ar t of ad d u ctor m agn u s is in n er vated by the obturator nerve, but the hamstrings part of adductor magnus is innervated by the sciatic nerve (E). Th e fem oral nerve (B) innervates the m uscles of the anterior thigh, which consist primarily of hip exors and knee extensors such as iliopsoas, pectineus, iliacus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris (rectus fem oris, vastus lateralis, vastus m edialis, and vastus interm edius). A portion of the adductor magnus is also innervated by the obturator nerve. The sciatic nerve branches into the tibial nerve (H), w h ich su p p lies t h e m u scles of the posterior compartment of the leg such as gastrocnemius and exor digitorum longus, and the peroneal nerve. Th e p eron eal n er ve h as a su p er cial and a deep branch. The super cial peroneal nerve (F) supplies the m uscles of the lateral compartment of the leg such as peroneus longus and brevis. The deep peroneal nerve (A) supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg including the extensor hallucis longus. 6

Answer 209

**A. Deep peroneal ** B. Femoral Nerve C. Inferior Gluteal Nerve D. Obutrator Nerve E. Sciatic F. Super cial peroneal G. Superior gluteal H. Tibial ## Footnote Th e superior gluteal nerve (G) innervates gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the tensor of the fascia lata, which adduct and medially rotate the thigh. The inferior gluteal nerve (C) innervates gluteus maximus, which extends the thigh at the hip. The sciatic nerve (E) innervates no gluteal muscles, all muscles of posterior thigh, and all the muscles of the leg and foot (via it s bran ch es). Th e ad d u ctor m agn u s is in t h e m ed ial com p ar t ment of the thigh and is considered to be one of the ve adductors of the thigh. The medial compartment of the thigh is innervated primarily by the obturator nerve (D). Th e ad d u ctor p ar t of ad d u ctor m agn u s is in n er vated by the obturator nerve, but the hamstrings part of adductor magnus is innervated by the sciatic nerve (E). Th e fem oral nerve (B) innervates the m uscles of the anterior thigh, which consist primarily of hip exors and knee extensors such as iliopsoas, pectineus, iliacus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris (rectus fem oris, vastus lateralis, vastus m edialis, and vastus interm edius). A portion of the adductor magnus is also innervated by the obturator nerve. The sciatic nerve branches into the tibial nerve (H), w h ich su p p lies t h e m u scles of the posterior compartment of the leg such as gastrocnemius and exor digitorum longus, and the peroneal nerve. Th e p eron eal n er ve h as a su p er cial and a deep branch. The super cial peroneal nerve (F) supplies the m uscles of the lateral compartment of the leg such as peroneus longus and brevis. The deep peroneal nerve (A) supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg including the extensor hallucis longus. 6

Answer 210

A. Deep peroneal B. Femoral Nerve C. Inferior Gluteal Nerve D. Obutrator Nerve E. Sciatic F. Super cial peroneal **G. Superior gluteal** H. Tibial ## Footnote Th e superior gluteal nerve (G) innervates gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the tensor of the fascia lata, which adduct and medially rotate the thigh. The inferior gluteal nerve (C) innervates gluteus maximus, which extends the thigh at the hip. The sciatic nerve (E) innervates no gluteal muscles, all muscles of posterior thigh, and all the muscles of the leg and foot (via it s bran ch es). Th e ad d u ctor m agn u s is in t h e m ed ial com p ar t ment of the thigh and is considered to be one of the ve adductors of the thigh. The medial compartment of the thigh is innervated primarily by the obturator nerve (D). Th e ad d u ctor p ar t of ad d u ctor m agn u s is in n er vated by the obturator nerve, but the hamstrings part of adductor magnus is innervated by the sciatic nerve (E). Th e fem oral nerve (B) innervates the m uscles of the anterior thigh, which consist primarily of hip exors and knee extensors such as iliopsoas, pectineus, iliacus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris (rectus fem oris, vastus lateralis, vastus m edialis, and vastus interm edius). A portion of the adductor magnus is also innervated by the obturator nerve. The sciatic nerve branches into the tibial nerve (H), w h ich su p p lies t h e m u scles of the posterior compartment of the leg such as gastrocnemius and exor digitorum longus, and the peroneal nerve. Th e p eron eal n er ve h as a su p er cial and a deep branch. The super cial peroneal nerve (F) supplies the m uscles of the lateral compartment of the leg such as peroneus longus and brevis. The deep peroneal nerve (A) supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg including the extensor hallucis longus. 6

Answer 211

A. Deep peroneal B. Femoral Nerve **C. Inferior Gluteal Nerve** D. Obutrator Nerve E. Sciatic F. Super cial peroneal G. Superior gluteal H. Tibial ## Footnote Th e superior gluteal nerve (G) innervates gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the tensor of the fascia lata, which adduct and medially rotate the thigh. The inferior gluteal nerve (C) innervates gluteus maximus, which extends the thigh at the hip. The sciatic nerve (E) innervates no gluteal muscles, all muscles of posterior thigh, and all the muscles of the leg and foot (via it s bran ch es). Th e ad d u ctor m agn u s is in t h e m ed ial com p ar t ment of the thigh and is considered to be one of the ve adductors of the thigh. The medial compartment of the thigh is innervated primarily by the obturator nerve (D). Th e ad d u ctor p ar t of ad d u ctor m agn u s is in n er vated by the obturator nerve, but the hamstrings part of adductor magnus is innervated by the sciatic nerve (E). Th e fem oral nerve (B) innervates the m uscles of the anterior thigh, which consist primarily of hip exors and knee extensors such as iliopsoas, pectineus, iliacus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris (rectus fem oris, vastus lateralis, vastus m edialis, and vastus interm edius). A portion of the adductor magnus is also innervated by the obturator nerve. The sciatic nerve branches into the tibial nerve (H), w h ich su p p lies t h e m u scles of the posterior compartment of the leg such as gastrocnemius and exor digitorum longus, and the peroneal nerve. Th e p eron eal n er ve h as a su p er cial and a deep branch. The super cial peroneal nerve (F) supplies the m uscles of the lateral compartment of the leg such as peroneus longus and brevis. The deep peroneal nerve (A) supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg including the extensor hallucis longus. 6

Answer 212

A. Deep peroneal B. Femoral Nerve C. Inferior Gluteal Nerve D. Obutrator Nerve E. Sciatic F. Super cial peroneal G. Superior gluteal **H. Tibial** ## Footnote Th e superior gluteal nerve (G) innervates gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the tensor of the fascia lata, which adduct and medially rotate the thigh. The inferior gluteal nerve (C) innervates gluteus maximus, which extends the thigh at the hip. The sciatic nerve (E) innervates no gluteal muscles, all muscles of posterior thigh, and all the muscles of the leg and foot (via it s bran ch es). Th e ad d u ctor m agn u s is in t h e m ed ial com p ar t ment of the thigh and is considered to be one of the ve adductors of the thigh. The medial compartment of the thigh is innervated primarily by the obturator nerve (D). Th e ad d u ctor p ar t of ad d u ctor m agn u s is in n er vated by the obturator nerve, but the hamstrings part of adductor magnus is innervated by the sciatic nerve (E). Th e fem oral nerve (B) innervates the m uscles of the anterior thigh, which consist primarily of hip exors and knee extensors such as iliopsoas, pectineus, iliacus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris (rectus fem oris, vastus lateralis, vastus m edialis, and vastus interm edius). A portion of the adductor magnus is also innervated by the obturator nerve. The sciatic nerve branches into the tibial nerve (H), w h ich su p p lies t h e m u scles of the posterior compartment of the leg such as gastrocnemius and exor digitorum longus, and the peroneal nerve. Th e p eron eal n er ve h as a su p er cial and a deep branch. The super cial peroneal nerve (F) supplies the m uscles of the lateral compartment of the leg such as peroneus longus and brevis. The deep peroneal nerve (A) supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg including the extensor hallucis longus. 6

Answer 213

A. Deep peroneal **B. Femoral Nerve** C. Inferior Gluteal Nerve D. Obutrator Nerve E. Sciatic F. Super cial peroneal G. Superior gluteal H. Tibial ## Footnote Th e superior gluteal nerve (G) innervates gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the tensor of the fascia lata, which adduct and medially rotate the thigh. The inferior gluteal nerve (C) innervates gluteus maximus, which extends the thigh at the hip. The sciatic nerve (E) innervates no gluteal muscles, all muscles of posterior thigh, and all the muscles of the leg and foot (via it s bran ch es). Th e ad d u ctor m agn u s is in t h e m ed ial com p ar t ment of the thigh and is considered to be one of the ve adductors of the thigh. The medial compartment of the thigh is innervated primarily by the obturator nerve (D). Th e ad d u ctor p ar t of ad d u ctor m agn u s is in n er vated by the obturator nerve, but the hamstrings part of adductor magnus is innervated by the sciatic nerve (E). Th e fem oral nerve (B) innervates the m uscles of the anterior thigh, which consist primarily of hip exors and knee extensors such as iliopsoas, pectineus, iliacus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris (rectus fem oris, vastus lateralis, vastus m edialis, and vastus interm edius). A portion of the adductor magnus is also innervated by the obturator nerve. The sciatic nerve branches into the tibial nerve (H), w h ich su p p lies t h e m u scles of the posterior compartment of the leg such as gastrocnemius and exor digitorum longus, and the peroneal nerve. Th e p eron eal n er ve h as a su p er cial and a deep branch. The super cial peroneal nerve (F) supplies the m uscles of the lateral compartment of the leg such as peroneus longus and brevis. The deep peroneal nerve (A) supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg including the extensor hallucis longus. 6

Answer 214

A. Deep peroneal B. Femoral Nerve C. Inferior Gluteal Nerve D. Obutrator Nerve E. Sciatic F. Super cial peroneal G. Superior gluteal **H. Tibial** ## Footnote Th e superior gluteal nerve (G) innervates gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the tensor of the fascia lata, which adduct and medially rotate the thigh. The inferior gluteal nerve (C) innervates gluteus maximus, which extends the thigh at the hip. The sciatic nerve (E) innervates no gluteal muscles, all muscles of posterior thigh, and all the muscles of the leg and foot (via it s bran ch es). Th e ad d u ctor m agn u s is in t h e m ed ial com p ar t ment of the thigh and is considered to be one of the ve adductors of the thigh. The medial compartment of the thigh is innervated primarily by the obturator nerve (D). Th e ad d u ctor p ar t of ad d u ctor m agn u s is in n er vated by the obturator nerve, but the hamstrings part of adductor magnus is innervated by the sciatic nerve (E). Th e fem oral nerve (B) innervates the m uscles of the anterior thigh, which consist primarily of hip exors and knee extensors such as iliopsoas, pectineus, iliacus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris (rectus fem oris, vastus lateralis, vastus m edialis, and vastus interm edius). A portion of the adductor magnus is also innervated by the obturator nerve. The sciatic nerve branches into the tibial nerve (H), w h ich su p p lies t h e m u scles of the posterior compartment of the leg such as gastrocnemius and exor digitorum longus, and the peroneal nerve. Th e p eron eal n er ve h as a su p er cial and a deep branch. The super cial peroneal nerve (F) supplies the m uscles of the lateral compartment of the leg such as peroneus longus and brevis. The deep peroneal nerve (A) supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg including the extensor hallucis longus. 6

Answer 215

A. Deep peroneal B. Femoral Nerve C. Inferior Gluteal Nerve D. Obutrator Nerve E. Sciatic **F. Super cial peroneal** G. Superior gluteal H. Tibial ## Footnote Th e superior gluteal nerve (G) innervates gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the tensor of the fascia lata, which adduct and medially rotate the thigh. The inferior gluteal nerve (C) innervates gluteus maximus, which extends the thigh at the hip. The sciatic nerve (E) innervates no gluteal muscles, all muscles of posterior thigh, and all the muscles of the leg and foot (via it s bran ch es). Th e ad d u ctor m agn u s is in t h e m ed ial com p ar t ment of the thigh and is considered to be one of the ve adductors of the thigh. The medial compartment of the thigh is innervated primarily by the obturator nerve (D). Th e ad d u ctor p ar t of ad d u ctor m agn u s is in n er vated by the obturator nerve, but the hamstrings part of adductor magnus is innervated by the sciatic nerve (E). Th e fem oral nerve (B) innervates the m uscles of the anterior thigh, which consist primarily of hip exors and knee extensors such as iliopsoas, pectineus, iliacus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris (rectus fem oris, vastus lateralis, vastus m edialis, and vastus interm edius). A portion of the adductor magnus is also innervated by the obturator nerve. The sciatic nerve branches into the tibial nerve (H), w h ich su p p lies t h e m u scles of the posterior compartment of the leg such as gastrocnemius and exor digitorum longus, and the peroneal nerve. Th e p eron eal n er ve h as a su p er cial and a deep branch. The super cial peroneal nerve (F) supplies the m uscles of the lateral compartment of the leg such as peroneus longus and brevis. The deep peroneal nerve (A) supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg including the extensor hallucis longus. 6

Answer 216

A. Deep peroneal **B. Femoral Nerve ** C. Inferior Gluteal Nerve D. Obutrator Nerve E. Sciatic F. Super cial peroneal G. Superior gluteal H. Tibial ## Footnote Th e superior gluteal nerve (G) innervates gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the tensor of the fascia lata, which adduct and medially rotate the thigh. The inferior gluteal nerve (C) innervates gluteus maximus, which extends the thigh at the hip. The sciatic nerve (E) innervates no gluteal muscles, all muscles of posterior thigh, and all the muscles of the leg and foot (via it s bran ch es). Th e ad d u ctor m agn u s is in t h e m ed ial com p ar t ment of the thigh and is considered to be one of the ve adductors of the thigh. The medial compartment of the thigh is innervated primarily by the obturator nerve (D). Th e ad d u ctor p ar t of ad d u ctor m agn u s is in n er vated by the obturator nerve, but the hamstrings part of adductor magnus is innervated by the sciatic nerve (E). Th e fem oral nerve (B) innervates the m uscles of the anterior thigh, which consist primarily of hip exors and knee extensors such as iliopsoas, pectineus, iliacus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris (rectus fem oris, vastus lateralis, vastus m edialis, and vastus interm edius). A portion of the adductor magnus is also innervated by the obturator nerve. The sciatic nerve branches into the tibial nerve (H), w h ich su p p lies t h e m u scles of the posterior compartment of the leg such as gastrocnemius and exor digitorum longus, and the peroneal nerve. Th e p eron eal n er ve h as a su p er cial and a deep branch. The super cial peroneal nerve (F) supplies the m uscles of the lateral compartment of the leg such as peroneus longus and brevis. The deep peroneal nerve (A) supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg including the extensor hallucis longus. 6

Answer 217

A. Active transport requiring energy B. Carrier-mediated transport **C. Both** D. Neither ## Footnote Molecules also move across the blood–brain barrier by di usion. Substances that cross the blood–brain barrier by di usion include water and alcohol. D-glucose and large neutral am ino acids are transported into the brain by carrier-m ediated transport. Active transport is used to m ove weak organic acids, halides, and extracellular K 1 from the brain and cerebrospinal uid into plasm a. 2

Answer 218

**A. Arcuate nucleus to median eminence** B. Arcuate nucleus to posterior hypophysis C. Dorsomedial nucleus to posterior hypophysis D. Supraoptic nucleus to median eminence E. Supraoptic nucleus to posterior hypophysis ## Footnote Th e t u b e roh yp op h ysial or t u b e roin fu n d ib u la r t r act a r ises from t h e t u beral region (mainly the arcuate nucleus) and can be traced to the median eminence (A) and infundibular stem where hormones are released into the hypophyseal portal system . The supraopticohypophyseal tract carries oxytocin or vasopressin from the supraoptic and periventricular nuclei to the posterior hypophysis (E). 1

Answer 219

**A. Apical ligament** B. Alar ligaments C. Dentate ligaments D. Tectorial membrane E. Superior cruciate ligaments F. Inferior cruciate ligaments G. Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane H. Transverse ligament ## Footnote Th e tectorial membrane (D) is the rostral extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament. The anterior atlanto-occipital membrane (G) is the rostral extension of the anterior longitudinal ligament. The apical ligament (A) extends from the tip of the dens to the basion. The alar ligament (B) exten d s from the dens to the lateral foram en m agnum . The transverse ligament (H) extends between the tubercles of the lateral masses of C1 and holds the dens against the anterior arch of C1. The cruciate ligaments emerge from the transverse ligament, connecting the transverse ligament to the posterior basion (superior cruciate ligaments [E]) and posterior body of C2 (inferior cruciate ligaments [F]). Th e dentate ligaments (C) are bilateral extensions of pia connecting the lateral spinal cord to the dura.

Answer 220

A. Apical ligament **B. Alar ligaments** C. Dentate ligaments D. Tectorial membrane E. Superior cruciate ligaments F. Inferior cruciate ligaments G. Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane H. Transverse ligament ## Footnote Th e tectorial membrane (D) is the rostral extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament. The anterior atlanto-occipital membrane (G) is the rostral extension of the anterior longitudinal ligament. The apical ligament (A) extends from the tip of the dens to the basion. The alar ligament (B) exten d s from the dens to the lateral foram en m agnum . The transverse ligament (H) extends between the tubercles of the lateral masses of C1 and holds the dens against the anterior arch of C1. The cruciate ligaments emerge from the transverse ligament, connecting the transverse ligament to the posterior basion (superior cruciate ligaments [E]) and posterior body of C2 (inferior cruciate ligaments [F]). Th e dentate ligaments (C) are bilateral extensions of pia connecting the lateral spinal cord to the dura.

Answer 221

A. Apical ligament B. Alar ligaments **C. Dentate ligaments** D. Tectorial membrane E. Superior cruciate ligaments F. Inferior cruciate ligaments G. Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane H. Transverse ligament ## Footnote Th e tectorial membrane (D) is the rostral extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament. The anterior atlanto-occipital membrane (G) is the rostral extension of the anterior longitudinal ligament. The apical ligament (A) extends from the tip of the dens to the basion. The alar ligament (B) exten d s from the dens to the lateral foram en m agnum . The transverse ligament (H) extends between the tubercles of the lateral masses of C1 and holds the dens against the anterior arch of C1. The cruciate ligaments emerge from the transverse ligament, connecting the transverse ligament to the posterior basion (superior cruciate ligaments [E]) and posterior body of C2 (inferior cruciate ligaments [F]). Th e dentate ligaments (C) are bilateral extensions of pia connecting the lateral spinal cord to the dura.

Answer 222

A. Apical ligament B. Alar ligaments C. Dentate ligaments **D. Tectorial membrane** E. Superior cruciate ligaments F. Inferior cruciate ligaments G. Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane H. Transverse ligament ## Footnote Th e tectorial membrane (D) is the rostral extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament. The anterior atlanto-occipital membrane (G) is the rostral extension of the anterior longitudinal ligament. The apical ligament (A) extends from the tip of the dens to the basion. The alar ligament (B) exten d s from the dens to the lateral foram en m agnum . The transverse ligament (H) extends between the tubercles of the lateral masses of C1 and holds the dens against the anterior arch of C1. The cruciate ligaments emerge from the transverse ligament, connecting the transverse ligament to the posterior basion (superior cruciate ligaments [E]) and posterior body of C2 (inferior cruciate ligaments [F]). Th e dentate ligaments (C) are bilateral extensions of pia connecting the lateral spinal cord to the dura.

Answer 223

A. Apical ligament B. Alar ligaments C. Dentate ligaments D. Tectorial membrane E. Superior cruciate ligaments F. Inferior cruciate ligaments **G. Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane** H. Transverse ligament ## Footnote Th e tectorial membrane (D) is the rostral extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament. The anterior atlanto-occipital membrane (G) is the rostral extension of the anterior longitudinal ligament. The apical ligament (A) extends from the tip of the dens to the basion. The alar ligament (B) exten d s from the dens to the lateral foram en m agnum . The transverse ligament (H) extends between the tubercles of the lateral masses of C1 and holds the dens against the anterior arch of C1. The cruciate ligaments emerge from the transverse ligament, connecting the transverse ligament to the posterior basion (superior cruciate ligaments [E]) and posterior body of C2 (inferior cruciate ligaments [F]). Th e dentate ligaments (C) are bilateral extensions of pia connecting the lateral spinal cord to the dura.

Answer 224

A. Apical ligament B. Alar ligaments C. Dentate ligaments D. Tectorial membrane E. Superior cruciate ligaments F. Inferior cruciate ligaments G. Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane **H. Transverse ligament** ## Footnote Th e tectorial membrane (D) is the rostral extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament. The anterior atlanto-occipital membrane (G) is the rostral extension of the anterior longitudinal ligament. The apical ligament (A) extends from the tip of the dens to the basion. The alar ligament (B) exten d s from the dens to the lateral foram en m agnum . The transverse ligament (H) extends between the tubercles of the lateral masses of C1 and holds the dens against the anterior arch of C1. The cruciate ligaments emerge from the transverse ligament, connecting the transverse ligament to the posterior basion (superior cruciate ligaments [E]) and posterior body of C2 (inferior cruciate ligaments [F]). Th e dentate ligaments (C) are bilateral extensions of pia connecting the lateral spinal cord to the dura.

Answer 225

A. Apical ligament B. Alar ligaments C. Dentate ligaments D. Tectorial membrane **E. Superior cruciate ligaments** F. Inferior cruciate ligaments G. Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane H. Transverse ligament ## Footnote Th e tectorial membrane (D) is the rostral extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament. The anterior atlanto-occipital membrane (G) is the rostral extension of the anterior longitudinal ligament. The apical ligament (A) extends from the tip of the dens to the basion. The alar ligament (B) exten d s from the dens to the lateral foram en m agnum . The transverse ligament (H) extends between the tubercles of the lateral masses of C1 and holds the dens against the anterior arch of C1. The cruciate ligaments emerge from the transverse ligament, connecting the transverse ligament to the posterior basion (superior cruciate ligaments [E]) and posterior body of C2 (inferior cruciate ligaments [F]). Th e dentate ligaments (C) are bilateral extensions of pia connecting the lateral spinal cord to the dura.

Answer 226

A. Apical ligament B. Alar ligaments C. Dentate ligaments D. Tectorial membrane E. Superior cruciate ligaments **F. Inferior cruciate ligaments** G. Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane H. Transverse ligament ## Footnote Th e tectorial membrane (D) is the rostral extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament. The anterior atlanto-occipital membrane (G) is the rostral extension of the anterior longitudinal ligament. The apical ligament (A) extends from the tip of the dens to the basion. The alar ligament (B) exten d s from the dens to the lateral foram en m agnum . The transverse ligament (H) extends between the tubercles of the lateral masses of C1 and holds the dens against the anterior arch of C1. The cruciate ligaments emerge from the transverse ligament, connecting the transverse ligament to the posterior basion (superior cruciate ligaments [E]) and posterior body of C2 (inferior cruciate ligaments [F]). Th e dentate ligaments (C) are bilateral extensions of pia connecting the lateral spinal cord to the dura.

Answer 227

A. Mammillary nucleus B. Medial preoptic nucleus **C. Paraventricular nucleus** D. Periventricular nucleus E. Supraoptic nucleus ## Footnote Descending hypothalamic autonomic bers arise from multiple hypothalamic nuclei, but the principle source of these descending autonomic bers is the parvocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus (C). Some of the paraventricular neurons project to both sympathet ic and parasympathetic targets. The mammillary nucleus (A) is associated with the processing of information related to emot ional expression. The medial preoptic nucleus (B) regulates the release of reproductive hormones from the adenohypophysis. The periventricular nucleus (D) produces hypothalamic releasing and inhibit ing hormones. The supraoptic nucleus (E) cont ributes to the production of ADH and oxytocin.1

Answer 228

A. Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus B. Edinger-Westphal nucleus C. S2-S4 nucleus D. Superior and inferior salivatory nuclei **E. T1-L2 of the spinal cord** ## Footnote Th e h yp ot h a lam u s se n d s d esce n d in g au t on om ic p roje ct ion s t o a va r iet y of structures. Fibers from the posterior and lateral hypothalamus project to the preganglionic sympathetic neurons from T1-L2 of the spinal cord to provide sympathetic control (E is false). Fibers from t h e an terior an d m ed ial hyp othalamus project to the Ed i n g e r-We s t p h al n u cle u s (B) , t h e superior and inferior salivatory nuclei (D), t h e dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (A), an d the S2-S4 parasym path e tic n u cle u s (C) to drive parasym path etic con t rol. 1

Answer 229

A. Sympathetic system **B. Parasympathetic system** C. Both D. Neither ## Footnote Th e h yp ot h a lam u s se n d s d esce n d in g au t on om ic p roje ct ion s t o a va r iet y of structures. Fibers from the posterior and lateral hypothalamus project to the preganglionic sympathetic neurons from T1-L2 of the spinal cord to provide sympathetic control (A). Fibers from t h e an ter ior an d m ed ial hyp ot h alam u s project to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei, the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, and the S2-S4 parasympathetic nucleus to drive parasympathetic control (B). 1

Answer 230

A. Sympathetic system **B. Parasympathetic system** C. Both D. Neither ## Footnote Th e h yp ot h a lam u s se n d s d esce n d in g au t on om ic p roje ct ion s t o a va r iet y of structures. Fibers from the posterior and lateral hypothalamus project to the preganglionic sympathetic neurons from T1-L2 of the spinal cord to provide sympathetic control (A). Fibers from t h e an ter ior an d m ed ial hyp ot h alam u s project to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei, the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, and the S2-S4 parasympathetic nucleus to drive parasympathetic control (B). 1

Answer 231

A. Sympathetic system **B. Parasympathetic system** C. Both D. Neither ## Footnote Th e h yp ot h a lam u s se n d s d esce n d in g au t on om ic p roje ct ion s t o a va r iet y of structures. Fibers from the posterior and lateral hypothalamus project to the preganglionic sympathetic neurons from T1-L2 of the spinal cord to provide sympathetic control (A). Fibers from t h e an ter ior an d m ed ial hyp ot h alam u s project to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei, the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, and the S2-S4 parasympathetic nucleus to drive parasympathetic control (B). 1

Answer 232

**A. Sympathetic system** B. Parasympathetic system C. Both D. Neither ## Footnote Th e h yp ot h a lam u s se n d s d esce n d in g au t on om ic p roje ct ion s t o a va r iet y of structures. Fibers from the posterior and lateral hypothalamus project to the preganglionic sympathetic neurons from T1-L2 of the spinal cord to provide sympathetic control (A). Fibers from t h e an ter ior an d m ed ial hyp ot h alam u s project to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei, the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, and the S2-S4 parasympathetic nucleus to drive parasympathetic control (B). 1

Answer 233

**A. Sympathetic system** B. Parasympathetic system C. Both D. Neither ## Footnote Th e h yp ot h a lam u s se n d s d esce n d in g au t on om ic p roje ct ion s t o a va r iet y of structures. Fibers from the posterior and lateral hypothalamus project to the preganglionic sympathetic neurons from T1-L2 of the spinal cord to provide sympathetic control (A). Fibers from t h e an ter ior an d m ed ial hyp ot h alam u s project to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei, the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, and the S2-S4 parasympathetic nucleus to drive parasympathetic control (B). 1

Answer 234

A. Sympathetic system **B. Parasympathetic system** C. Both D. Neither ## Footnote Th e h yp ot h a lam u s se n d s d esce n d in g au t on om ic p roje ct ion s t o a va r iet y of structures. Fibers from the posterior and lateral hypothalamus project to the preganglionic sympathetic neurons from T1-L2 of the spinal cord to provide sympathetic control (A). Fibers from t h e an ter ior an d m ed ial hyp ot h alam u s project to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei, the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, and the S2-S4 parasympathetic nucleus to drive parasympathetic control (B). 1

Answer 235

A. Sympathetic system **B. Parasympathetic system** C. Both D. Neither ## Footnote Th e h yp ot h a lam u s se n d s d esce n d in g au t on om ic p roje ct ion s t o a va r iet y of structures. Fibers from the posterior and lateral hypothalamus project to the preganglionic sympathetic neurons from T1-L2 of the spinal cord to provide sympathetic control (A). Fibers from t h e an ter ior an d m ed ial hyp ot h alam u s project to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei, the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, and the S2-S4 parasympathetic nucleus to drive parasympathetic control (B). 1

Answer 236

A. Second-order neurons as the anterior white commissure **B. Second-order neurons as the internal arcuate fibers** C. Second-order neurons as the lateral lemniscus D. Second-order neurons as the medial lemniscus E. Second-order neurons as the pyramidal decussation ## Footnote In t h e d orsal colu m n –m ed ial lem n iscal system , rst -ord er n eu ron s ter m in ate in the nucleus gracilis and cuneatus, w here the cell bodies of second-order neurons are located. These second-order neurons form the internal arcuate bers (B) that curve ventromedially and decussate through the reticular for m at ion . Th ese sam e secon d -ord er n eu ron s t h en ascen d in t h e cau d al medulla as the medial lemniscus (D), u lt im ately syn ap sing w it h t h ird -ord er neurons in the ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus. Fibers of the spinothalam ic tract decussate as second-order neurons in the anterior white commissure (A) of the spinal cord. The lateral lemniscus (C) contains both second- and third-order neurons, and is the major ascending auditory pathway in the brainstem. The pyramidal decussation (E) is associated w ith the descending motor system. 1

Answer 237

A. Basal forebrain B. Leptomeninges of the cerebral convexities **C. Leptomeninges of the ventral medulla** D. Substantia nigra E. None of the above ## Footnote Melanocytes are most often found in the leptomeninges of the ventral medulla (C) an d cer vical cord . Th ese are t h e p resu m ed cells of or igin for focal or disseminated CNS melanoma when there is no history of a primary skin lesion. The pigm entation in the substantia nigra (D) is due to accum ulation of neuromelanin, a catecholamine waste product, in dopaminergic neurons. Th e ot h e r resp on ses a re in cor re ct .

Answer 238

A. Anosognosia B. Contralateral hemineglect C. Disorientation to time and direction **D. Global aphasia** E. Visuospatial de cits ## Footnote Th e d e cit s se e n in in ju r ies t o t h e n on d om in an t h e m isp h e re m ay b e d u e, in part, to de cits of perception and attention. These patients may be unaware of their de cit (anosognosia [A]). Th ey m ay also n eglect object s an d p erson s on the contralateral side of their body or contralateral visual eld (contralateral hemi-neglect [B]). Disorientation to tim e and direction (C) is characteristic, and m ay even occur w hen the patient is oriented to person and place. Vis u o s pat ial pro ble m s (E) are common including di culty remembering shapes and even faces (prosopagnosia). True aphasias are associated with injury to the dominant hemisphere (D is false). 7

Answer 239

A. First-order bers decussate in the anterior white commissure of the spinal cord. **B. Projections of rst-order neurons form Lissauer’s tract (dorsolateral fascicu lu s). ** C. Second-order interneurons project to Clarke’s column conveying pain and temperature sensation. D. Thinly myelinated C bers are fast conducting bers. E. Unmyelinated A-delta bers are slow conducting bers. ## Footnote Th e an t e rolat e r a l syst e m t r a n sm it s in for m at ion a b ou t p a in , t e m p e rat u re, a n d crude touch to the brain. The rst-order bers consist m ainly of thinly myelinated, fast conducting A-delta bers (E is false) an d unmyelinated, slow conducting C bers (D is false). Th ese rst -ord er p seu d ou n ip olar n eu ron s enter the dorsal horn and form the tract of Lissauer or dorsolateral fasciculus (B), w h ich ascen d or d escen d on e to th ree sp in al levels. Th e second-order neurons then decussate in the anterior white commissure (A is false) before ascen d in g to t h eir t arget s. Th e anterolateral system does not interact with Clarke’s column (nucleus dorsalis), w h ich is located in lam in a VII of spinal cord levels C8-L2,3 and is involved in proprioception (C is false). 1

Answer 240

A. Dorsal column–medial lemniscal system **B. Clarke’s column and dorsal spinocerebellar tract** C. Nucleus cuneatus and cuneocerebellar tract D. Nucleus gracilis and dorsal spinocerebellar tract E. Nucleus of Clarke homologue and rostral spinocerebellar tract ## Footnote Proprioceptive inform ation from the trunk and lower lim b is carried by rstorder pseudounipolar neurons to the nucleus dorsalis (Clarke’s column), which is located in lamina VII of spinal cord levels C8-L2,3. Clarke’s column contains second-order neurons that project rostrally to form the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (B). Low er lim b p rop r iocept ion is car ried in th e lateral Cla r ke ’s co lu m n n e u r o n s , n o t in t h e posterior columns (A). Th e nucleus cuneatus and cuneocerebellar tract (C) car r y p rop r iocept ive in for m at ion from the neck and upper limbs to the cerebellum. The nucleus of Clarke homologue in the cervical region and the rostral spinocerebellar tract (E) carry proprioceptive information from the head and upper limb to the cerebellum. Ch o i c e B is a bet ter an sw er th an choice D. 1,3

Answer 241

A. Is also known as the tract of Vicq d’Azyr B. Is a part of the proposed Papez circuit **C. Is a thin bundle of unmyelinated bers ** D. Projects from the mammillary body to the anterior nuclear group of the thalamus E. Serves as a landmark for deep brain stimulation implantation ## Footnote Th e m am m illot h alam ic t ra ct , also kn ow n as t h e tract of Vicq d’Azyr (A), is a heavily myelinated (C is false) bu n d le of bers t h at p roject s from th e m ed ial and lateral mammillary nucleus of the mammillary body to the anterior nuclear group of the thalamus (D). Th e Papez circuit (B) consists of the hippocampus, fornix, mammillary body, mammillothalamic tract, anterior nucleus of the thalamus, and cingulated gyrus. The mammillothalamic tract can be a useful landmark during planning for subthalamic nucleus targeting (E), as it is u su ally sit u ated at th e level of th e an ter ior bord er of t h e STN.

Answer 242

A. Ambient cistern and crural cistern B. Ambient cistern and quadrigeminal cistern **C. Interpeduncular and chiasmatic cistern** D. Interpeduncular and prepontine cistern E. Lamina terminalis cistern and interpeduncular cistern ## Footnote On pn eum oen ceph alogram , air is preven ted from ascen ding in th e subarach noid space around the optic chiasm by a thick layer of arachnoid, Liliequist’s membrane. The two cisterns separated by the membrane of Liliequist are the chiasmatic cistern and the interpeduncular cistern (C). 10

Answer 243

A. Choroid ssure B. Foramen of Luschka C. Foramen of Magendie **D. Lamina terminalis** E. Velum interpositum ## Footnote Th is is a list of st r u ct u res t h at se p a r at e p or t ion s of t h e ve n t r icu la r syst e m from the subarachnoid cisterns. The crural cistern and tem poral horn of the lateral ventricle m eet at the choroid ssure (A), w h ere t h ey are sep arated by the arachnoid and a single pial layer—the anterior and lateral posterior choroidal arteries traverse the choroid ssure to supply the choroid plexus. The lateral recess of the fourth ventricle opens into the lateral cerebellom edullary cistern through the foram en of Luschka (B); a ne incomplete arachnoid membrane is present here. The fourth ventricle opens in the midline into the cisterna m agna via the foram en of Magendie (C). A t h in m em bran e containing neural elem ents, the lamina terminalis (D), sep arates th e lam in a terminalis cistern from the anterior part of the third ventricle. The cistern of the velum interpositum and third ventricle are separated by arachnoid and ependyma (the velum interpositum [E]). Th e velu m in ter p osit u m cister n contains the m edial posterior choroidal arteries and internal cerebral veins. 10

Answer 244

**A. Choroid ssure** B. Foramen of Luschka C. Foramen of Magendie D. Lamina terminalis E. Velum interpositum ## Footnote Th is is a list of st r u ct u res t h at se p a r at e p or t ion s of t h e ve n t r icu la r syst e m from the subarachnoid cisterns. The crural cistern and tem poral horn of the lateral ventricle m eet at the choroid ssure (A), w h ere t h ey are sep arated by the arachnoid and a single pial layer—the anterior and lateral posterior choroidal arteries traverse the choroid ssure to supply the choroid plexus. The lateral recess of the fourth ventricle opens into the lateral cerebellom edullary cistern through the foram en of Luschka (B); a ne incomplete arachnoid membrane is present here. The fourth ventricle opens in the midline into the cisterna m agna via the foram en of Magendie (C). A t h in m em bran e containing neural elem ents, the lamina terminalis (D), sep arates th e lam in a terminalis cistern from the anterior part of the third ventricle. The cistern of the velum interpositum and third ventricle are separated by arachnoid and ependyma (the velum interpositum [E]). Th e velu m in ter p osit u m cister n contains the m edial posterior choroidal arteries and internal cerebral veins. 10

Answer 245

A. Choroid ssure B. Foramen of Luschka C. Foramen of Magendie D. Lamina terminalis **E. Velum interpositum** ## Footnote Th is is a list of st r u ct u res t h at se p a r at e p or t ion s of t h e ve n t r icu la r syst e m from the subarachnoid cisterns. The crural cistern and tem poral horn of the lateral ventricle m eet at the choroid ssure (A), w h ere t h ey are sep arated by the arachnoid and a single pial layer—the anterior and lateral posterior choroidal arteries traverse the choroid ssure to supply the choroid plexus. The lateral recess of the fourth ventricle opens into the lateral cerebellom edullary cistern through the foram en of Luschka (B); a ne incomplete arachnoid membrane is present here. The fourth ventricle opens in the midline into the cisterna m agna via the foram en of Magendie (C). A t h in m em bran e containing neural elem ents, the lamina terminalis (D), sep arates th e lam in a terminalis cistern from the anterior part of the third ventricle. The cistern of the velum interpositum and third ventricle are separated by arachnoid and ependyma (the velum interpositum [E]). Th e velu m in ter p osit u m cister n contains the m edial posterior choroidal arteries and internal cerebral veins. 10

Answer 246

A. Choroid ssure **B. Foramen of Luschka** C. Foramen of Magendie D. Lamina terminalis E. Velum interpositum ## Footnote Th is is a list of st r u ct u res t h at se p a r at e p or t ion s of t h e ve n t r icu la r syst e m from the subarachnoid cisterns. The crural cistern and tem poral horn of the lateral ventricle m eet at the choroid ssure (A), w h ere t h ey are sep arated by the arachnoid and a single pial layer—the anterior and lateral posterior choroidal arteries traverse the choroid ssure to supply the choroid plexus. The lateral recess of the fourth ventricle opens into the lateral cerebellom edullary cistern through the foram en of Luschka (B); a ne incomplete arachnoid membrane is present here. The fourth ventricle opens in the midline into the cisterna m agna via the foram en of Magendie (C). A t h in m em bran e containing neural elem ents, the lamina terminalis (D), sep arates th e lam in a terminalis cistern from the anterior part of the third ventricle. The cistern of the velum interpositum and third ventricle are separated by arachnoid and ependyma (the velum interpositum [E]). Th e velu m in ter p osit u m cister n contains the m edial posterior choroidal arteries and internal cerebral veins. 10

Answer 247

A. Choroid ssure B. Foramen of Luschka **C. Foramen of Magendie** D. Lamina terminalis E. Velum interpositum ## Footnote Th is is a list of st r u ct u res t h at se p a r at e p or t ion s of t h e ve n t r icu la r syst e m from the subarachnoid cisterns. The crural cistern and tem poral horn of the lateral ventricle m eet at the choroid ssure (A), w h ere t h ey are sep arated by the arachnoid and a single pial layer—the anterior and lateral posterior choroidal arteries traverse the choroid ssure to supply the choroid plexus. The lateral recess of the fourth ventricle opens into the lateral cerebellom edullary cistern through the foram en of Luschka (B); a ne incomplete arachnoid membrane is present here. The fourth ventricle opens in the midline into the cisterna m agna via the foram en of Magendie (C). A t h in m em bran e containing neural elem ents, the lamina terminalis (D), sep arates th e lam in a terminalis cistern from the anterior part of the third ventricle. The cistern of the velum interpositum and third ventricle are separated by arachnoid and ependyma (the velum interpositum [E]). Th e velu m in ter p osit u m cister n contains the m edial posterior choroidal arteries and internal cerebral veins. 10