Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Connection of posterior columns to thalamus
A. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
B. Lateral lemniscus
C. Medial lemniscus
D. Medial longitudinal fasciculus
A. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
B. Lateral lemniscus
C. Medial lemniscus
D. Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Carries bers involved with eye movements and has vestibular input
A. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
B. Lateral lemniscus
C. Medial lemniscus
D. Medial longitudinal fasciculus
A. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
B. Lateral lemniscus
C. Medial lemniscus
D. Medial longitudinal fasciculus
A part of the auditory pathway
A. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
B. Lateral lemniscus
C. Medial lemniscus
D. Medial longitudinal fasciculus
A. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
B. Lateral lemniscus
C. Medial lemniscus
D. Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Connects the periventricular hypothalamus and mammillary bodies to the midbrain’s central gray matter
A. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
B. Lateral lemniscus
C. Medial lemniscus
D. Medial longitudinal fasciculus
A. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
B. Lateral lemniscus
C. Medial lemniscus
D. Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Th e dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (A), or d orsolateral fascicu lu s, car r ies bers from the hypothalamus to the autonomic nuclei and reticular formation of the brainstem’s central gray matter to in uence activities such as chewing, swallow ing, and shivering. The lateral lemniscus (B) is part of the auditory pathway, carrying second-order bers arising from the cochlear nucleus that ascend to the inferior colliculus. The medial lemniscus (C) connects the second-order neurons of nucleus gracilis and cuneatus (dorsal columns) to the ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus. The medial longitudinal fasciculus (D) carries p roject ion s from th e su perior collicu lu s to th e ocu lom otor, trochlear, and abducens nuclei and contributes to re ex m ovem ents of the eyes in response to visual, auditory, and somatic stimuli.
Stimulation of caudal regions of the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) produces
A. Conjugate horizontal deviation of the eyes to the opposite side
B. Conjugate horizontal deviation of the eyes to the same side
C. Deviation of only the contralateral eye to the same side
D. Deviation of only the ipsilateral eye to the opposite side
E. Deviation of only the ipsilateral eye to the same side
A. Conjugate horizontal deviation of the eyes to the opposite side
B. Conjugate horizontal deviation of the eyes to the same side
C. Deviation of only the contralateral eye to the same side
D. Deviation of only the ipsilateral eye to the opposite side
E. Deviation of only the ipsilateral eye to the same side
Th e p ar a m e d ia n p on t in e ret icu lar for m at ion (PPRF) m e d iat es h or izon t al eye movements in response to head movement. Stimulation of the caudal PPRF causes conjugate horizontal deviation of the eyes to the same side (B).
Stimulation of the caudal PPRF
A. Conjugate horizontal deviation to the opposite side
B. Conjugate horizontal deviation to the same side
C. Vertical eye movements
D. None of the above
A. Conjugate horizontal deviation to the opposite side
B. Conjugate horizontal deviation to the same side
C. Vertical eye movements
D. None of the above
Stimulation of the rostral PPRF
A. Conjugate horizontal deviation to the opposite side
B. Conjugate horizontal deviation to the same side
C. Vertical eye movements
D. None of the above
A. Conjugate horizontal deviation to the opposite side
B. Conjugate horizontal deviation to the same side
C. Vertical eye movements
D. None of the above
Stimulation of the superior colliculus
A. Conjugate horizontal deviation to the opposite side
B. Conjugate horizontal deviation to the same side
C. Vertical eye movements
D. None of the above
A. Conjugate horizontal deviation to the opposite side
B. Conjugate horizontal deviation to the same side
C. Vertical eye movements
D. None of the above
Stimulation of the middle frontal gyrus
A. Conjugate horizontal deviation to the opposite side
B. Conjugate horizontal deviation to the same side
C. Vertical eye movements
D. None of the above
A. Conjugate horizontal deviation to the opposite side
B. Conjugate horizontal deviation to the same side
C. Vertical eye movements
D. None of the above
Th e ce n t e r for h or izon t al ga ze (t h e a b d u ce n s n u cle u s) a n d t h e ce n t e r for ve rtical gaze (the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus [RiMLF]) are joined physiologically by the param edian pontine reticular for m at ion (PPRF), w h ich lies rost ral to t h e abd u cen s n u cleu s. St im u lat ion of the caudal and rostral PPRF produces conjugate horizontal eye deviation (B) and vertical eye m ovem ents (C), resp ect ively. Fibers from th e cau dal PPRF project to the ipsilateral abducens nucleus, and bers from the rostral PPRF project uncrossed bers to the RiMLF, which in turn projects to the ipsilateral oculomotor nuclear complex. Lesions of the caudal PPRF may cause paralysis of horizontal eye movements, whereas lesions of the rostral PPRF can cause paralysis of vertical eye movements. Extensive lesions may a ect both types of eye movements. Stimulation of the frontal eye eld, located in the caudal part of the middle frontal gyrus, usually results in conjugate deviation of the eyes to the opposite side (A). St im u lat ion of t h e su p er ior collicu lu s resu lt s in contralateral conjugate deviation of the eyes (A)
Which of the following is true of th e occipital eyefield?
A. It is localized to a relatively small area.
B. It subserves pursuit eye movements that are largely voluntary.
C. Lesions in this area are associated with transient deviation of the eyes away from the side of the lesion.
D. The threshold for excitation in this area is lower than in the frontal eye elds.
E. With lesions in this area, the patient can direct the eyes to a particular location on command.
A. It is localized to a relatively small area.
B. It subserves pursuit eye movements that are largely voluntary.
C. Lesions in this area are associated with transient deviation of the eyes away from the side of the lesion.
D. The threshold for excitation in this area is lower than in the frontal eye elds.
E. With lesions in this area, the patient can direct the eyes to a particular location on com m and.
Th e occip it a l eye eld s a re n ot as w ell d e n e d a s t h e fron t al eye eld s a n d contribute to sm ooth pursuit m ovem ents w hen tracking objects. With lesions of the occipital eye elds, which are located near the junction of the occipital lobes w ith the posterior tem poral and parietal lobes, the patient can direct the eyes to a particular location on command (E). 2
The intracranial dura is innervated by
I. Cranial nere V
II. Upper cervical spinal nerves
III. Cranial nerve X
IV. Cranial nerve VII
A. I, II, III
B. I, III
C. II, IV
D. IV
E. All of the above
Th e su p r at e n t or ial d u ra is in n e r vat e d by CN V. V1 su p p lies th e an ter icranial fossa, V2 supplies the m iddle fossa, and V3 supplies the supratentorposterior fossa. The infratentorial dura is innervated by the upper cervicroots (C2, C3) an d CN X. 3
Descending bers of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) arise from all of the following structures except the
A. Inferior colliculus
B. Cajal’s interstitial nucleus
C. Medial vestibular nucleus
D. Pontine reticular formation
E. Superior colliculus
A. Inferior colliculus
B. Cajal’s interstitial nucleus
C. Medial vestibular nucleus
D. Pontine reticular formation
E. Superior colliculus
Th e MLF car r ies b e r s ar isin g from Ca ja l ’s i n t e r s t i t i a l n u c l e u s ( B) , t h e medial vestibular nucleus (C), t h e paramedian pontine reticular formation (D), as well as the superior colliculus (E). Project ion s from th e inferior colliculus (A) do not contribute the MLF. 1,2
Which structure does not p a s s t h r o u g h t h e o rb it a l t e n d in o u s r in g (Zin n ’s a n u lu s )?
A. Frontal nerve
B. Superior division of III
C. Abducens nerve
D. Nasociliary nerve
E. Inferior division of III
A. Frontal nerve
B. Superior division of III
C. Abducens nerve
D. Nasociliary nerve
E. Inferior division of III
Th e an n u lar t e n d on of Zin n d ivid es t h e su p e r ior or b it a l ssu re (SOF) in t o lateral, central, and inferior segm ents. The lateral sector contains the trochlear, frontal (A), an d lacrim al n er ves, w h ich all p ass ou t sid e th e an n u lar ten don of Zinn. The superior ophthalmic vein also passes inferior to the nerves in this portion of the ssure to reach the cavernous sinus. The central portion of the SOF (oculomotor foramen) contains the oculomotor nerve (B and E), nasociliary nerve (D), abducens nerve (C), an d root s of t h e ciliar y gan glion — all of which pass through the annulus of Zinn. The optic nerve and ophthalmic artery course medially to the oculomotor foramen through part of the annular tendon that is attached to the optic foramen. 4
All of the following can be seen in ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist except
A. Motor de cits in the adductor pollicis
B. Motor de cits in the deep head of the exor pollicis brevis
C. Motor de cits in the third and fourth lumbricals
D. Sensory de cits in the dorsum of the hand
E. Sensory de cits in the palmar surface of the hypothenar eminence
A. Motor de cits in the adductor pollicis
B. Motor de cits in the deep head of the exor pollicis brevis
C. Motor de cits in the third and fourth lumbricals
**D. Sensory de cits in the dorsum of the hand **
E. Sensory de cits in the palmar surface of the hypothenar eminence
Th e se n sor y b r an ch t o t h e d or su m of t h e h an d leaves t h e u ln ar n e r ve in t h e forear m an d is n ever involved in u ln ar n er ve en t rap m en t at t h e w r ist . Th e su per cial head of the abductor pollicis brevis is innervated by the median nerve. 5
The thalamus is fed by (the)
I. Med ial p oster ior ch oroid al ar t er y
II. An ter ior ch oroid al ar ter y
III. Basilar ar ter y bran ch es
IV. Middle cerebral ar ter y bran ch es
A. I, II, III
B. I, III
C. II, IV
D. IV
E. All of the above
Th e t h alam u s is a lso fe d by t h a la m op e r for at or s a r isin g fr om t h e p ost e r ior com m unication (PCom m ) arteries. There is generally no contribution to thalam ic blood supply by the m iddle cerebral artery or its branches.
The anterior choroidal artery supplies portions of each of the following structures except th e
A. Amygdala
B. Globus pallidus
C. Hippocampus
D. Hypothalamus
E. Internal capsule
A. Amygdala
B. Globus pallidus
C. Hippocampus
D. Hypothalamus
E. Internal capsule
Th e an t e r ior ch or oid a l ar t e r y is a b r a n ch of t h e in t e r n al carot id ar t e r y t h at arises 2–4 mm distal to the PComm artery. It courses posteromedially to supply several structures including the amygdala (A), hippocampus (C), internal capsule (E), an d globus pallidus (B). Th e an ter ior ch oroidal ar ter y d oes not provide blood supply to the hypothalamus (D), w h ich is su p p lied by p erforators ar isin g from t h e an ter ior cerebral ar t er y an d an t er ior com m u n icat in g (ACom m ) ar ter ies. 3
Connects the amygdala to the hypothalamus
A. Central tegmental tract
B. Lamina terminalis
C. Medial forebrain bundle
D. Stria medullaris
E. Stria terminalis
A. Central tegmental tract
B. Lamina terminalis
C. Medial forebrain bundle
D. Stria medullaris
E. Stria terminalis
he closed rostral end of the neural tube
A. Central tegmental tract
B. Lamina terminalis
C. Medial forebrain bundle
D. Stria medullaris
E. Stria terminalis
A. Central tegmental tract
B. Lamina terminalis
C. Medial forebrain bundle
D. Stria medullaris
E. Stria terminalis
Connects the gustatory brainstem nucleus to the thalamus
A. Central tegmental tract
B. Lamina terminalis
C. Medial forebrain bundle
D. Stria medullaris
E. Stria terminalis
A. Central tegmental tract
B. Lamina terminalis
C. Medial forebrain bundle
D. Stria medullaris
E. Stria terminalis
Connects the septal area, hypothalamus, olfactory area, and anterior thalamus to the habenula
A. Central tegmental tract
B. Lamina terminalis
C. Medial forebrain bundle
D. Stria medullaris
E. Stria terminalis
A. Central tegmental tract
B. Lamina terminalis
C. Medial forebrain bundle
D. Stria medullaris
E. Stria terminalis
Connects the septal area, hypothalamus, olfactory area, and hippocampus to the midbrain, pons, and medulla
A. Central tegmental tract
B. Lamina terminalis
C. Medial forebrain bundle
D. Stria medullaris
E. Stria terminalis
A. Central tegmental tract
B. Lamina terminalis
C. Medial forebrain bundle
D. Stria medullaris
E. Stria terminalis
Th e central tegmental tract (A) connects the gustatory brainstem nucleus (rostral nucleus solitarius) to the thalam us. The medial forebrain bundle (C) is a bidirectional pathway between the hypothalam us/septal area and the midbrain, pons, and medulla that is thought to be involved in motivation and sense of smell. The stria medullaris thalami (D) con n ect s t h e h yp ot h alam u s, septal area, and olfactory area to the habenula. The bers of the stria terminalis (E) project from the amygdala to the hypothalamus. The lamina terminalis (B) represen ts th e rostral boun dar y of th e n eu ral t ube. 1,3
Efferent fibers from the dentate nuclei
A. Are somatopically arranged in the thalamus with the head represented laterally and caudal body parts medially
B. Influence activity of motor neurons in the contralateral cerebral cortex
C. Leave the cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle
D. Mainly terminate in the red nucleus
E. Project to the ipsilateral ventral lateral thalamic nuclei
A. Are somatopically arranged in the thalamus with the head represented laterally and caudal body parts medially
**B. Influence activity of motor neurons in the contralateral cerebral cortex **
C. Leave the cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle
D. Mainly terminate in the red nucleus
E. Project to the ipsilateral ventral lateral thalamic nuclei
Th e b u lk of t h e b e r s fr om t h e d e n t at e n u cle u s p a ss arou n d t h e re d n u cle u s and project to the contralateral thalamus via the superior cerebellar peduncle, w hereas the bulk of bers from the interposed nuclei project to the caudal two thirds of the red nucleus. In the thalamic nuclei, the head is represented medially and the caudal parts of the body laterally. 1
The pulvinar has well-defined projections to the
I. Occipital cortex
II. Pariet al cortex
III. Temporal cortex
IV. Frontal cortex
A. I, II, III
B. I, III
C. II, IV
D. IV
E. All of the above
Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h alam u s is in volve d in t h e in t egr at ion of visu al, a u d it or y, and somatosensory information. For this reason, it necessarily shares projections with the association areas of the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes. Th ey in clu d e p roje ct ion s t o t h e occip it a l cor t ex (ar eas 1 7 , 1 8 , a n d 1 9 ), t h e inferior parietal lobule (areas 39 and 40), and the superior temporal gyrus. 1,2
Each of the following is true of the fornix except
A. It is the main efferent fiber system of the hippocampus.
B. Postcommissural fibers of the fornix project to the mammillary bodies.
C. The columns of the fornix lie anterior to the anterior commissure.
D. The body of the fornix runs to the rostral margin of the thalamus.
E. The fornical commissure (psalterium) is rostral to the anterior commissure.
A. It is the main efferent fiber system of the hippocampus.
B. Postcommissural fibers of the fornix project to the mammillary bodies.
C. The columns of the fornix lie anterior to the anterior commissure.
D. The body of the fornix runs to the rostral margin of the thalamus.
E. The fornical commissure (psalterium) is rostral to the anterior commissure.
Th e for n ix is t h e main e erent pathway from the hippocampal form ation (A). At t h e level of th e an ter ior com m issu re, th e forn ix is d ivided into a precommissural and postcommissural part, which lie anterior and posterior to the anterior commissure, respectively (C is false). Th e p recom missural bers arise primarily from the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and project to the septal area and basal forebrain while the postcommissural bers arise from the subiculum and project primarily to the mammillary bodies (B). Th e body of the fornix runs to the rostral margin of the thalamus (D); the crura of the fornix meet in the midline at the forniceal com missure (psalterium), which is rostral to the anterior commissure (E). 1,2
The e erent projections of the arcuate nucleus are most closely associated with the
A. Mammillary bodies
B. Median eminence
C. Nucleus of the diagonal band
D. Posterior hypophysis
E. Supraoptic nucleus
A. Mammillary bodies
B. Median eminence
C. Nucleus of the diagonal band
D. Posterior hypophysis
E. Supraoptic nucleus
Th e e e re n t p roje ct ion s of t h e a rcu at e n u cle u s h ave b e e n t ra ce d t o t h e external layer of the median eminence. Chemical substances from the arcuate nucleus (including dopamine) play a major role in the regulation of hormonal output from the anterior pituitary. 2
Regions of the striate cortex that do not contain ocular dominance columns are those representing the
I. Fovea
II. Blind spot of t h e retina
III. Macula
IV. Monocular temporal crescent of the visual feld
A. I, II, III
B. I, III
C. II, IV
D. IV
E. All of the above
Th e b lin d sp ot of t h e ret in a a n d t h e m on ocu lar t e m p ora l cresce n t , b ot h re ce iving only m onocular visual input, do not contain ocular dom inance colum ns. 2
Each of the following is true of the supplemental motor cortex (MII) except
A. Some of the neurons project directly to the spinal cord.
B. The body is somatopically represented.
C. The neurons in this area exhibit movement-related activity only if the motor task is performed with the contralateral limbs.
D. The threshold for stimulation is higher than for the primary motor cortex (MI).
E. Unilateral ablations produce no permanent de cit in the maintenance of posture or capacity for movement.
A. Some of the neurons project directly to the spinal cord.
B. The body is somatopically represented.
**C. The neurons in this area exhibit movement-related activity only if the motor task is performed with the contralateral limbs. **
D. The threshold for stimulation is higher than for the primary motor cortex (MI).
E. Unilateral ablations produce no permanent de cit in the maintenance of posture or capacity for movement.
Motor tasks performed with either the ipsilateral or the contralateral limbs can elicit m ovem ent-related activity in the supplem entary area (C is false). Th e ot h e r resp on ses a re cor re ct : some neurons of the SMA project directly to the spinal cord (A), the body is somatopically represented (B), the threshold for stimulation is higher than for primary motor cortex (D), an d unilateral ablations produce no permanent de cit in the maintenance of posture or capacity for movement (E). 2
Each of the following is true of dorsolateral fibers entering the dorsolateral spinal cord except
A. Root bers of spinal ganglia separate into a medial and lateral bundle.
B. The central processes of each dorsal root ganglion divide into both ascending and descending branches.
C. The lateral bundle conveys impulses from free nerve endings.
D. The medial bundle consists of thinly myelinated or unmyelinated bers, whereas the lateral bundle is thickly myelinated.
E. The medial bundle conveys impulses from Golgi tendon organs.
A. Root bers of spinal ganglia separate into a medial and lateral bundle.
B. The central processes of each dorsal root ganglion divide into both ascending and descending branches.
C. The lateral bundle conveys impulses from free nerve endings.
**D. The medial bundle consists of thinly myelinated or unmyelinated bers, whereas the lateral bundle is thickly myelinated. **
E. The medial bundle conveys impulses from Golgi tendon organs.
Th e dorsal roots separate into a lateral and medial bundle (A). Th e m ed ial
bundle of dorsal root a erents entering the dorsolateral spinal cord consists
of large myelinated bers while the lateral bundle consists of thin, unmyelinated
bers (D is false). Th e lateral bundle conveys information from
free nerve endings (C) while the medial bundle transmits impulses from
encapsulated receptors, such as Golgi tendon organs (E), to th e p osterior
colum ns.
2,3
Which of the following does the ulnar nerve innervate?
I. Pronator quadrat s
II. Flexor pollicis longus
III. Opponens pollicis
IV. Adductor pollicis
A. I, II, III
B. I, III
C. II, IV
D. IV
E. All of the above
Th e p ron at or qu a d r at u s a n d exor p ollicis lon gu s are in n e r vat e d by t h e an terior interosseous nerve (a purely motor branch of the median nerve). The opponens pollicis (a thenar muscle) is innervated by the median nerve. The adductor pollicis is innervated by the ulnar nerve.
Anterior nuclear group
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1
Lateral dorsal nucleus
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1
Lateral geniculate nucleus
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1
Lateral posterior nucleus
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1
Medial geniculate nucleus
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1
Mediodorsal nucleus
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1
Pulvinar
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1
Centromedian nucleus
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1
Ventral lateral nucleus
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
A. Areas 1, 2, 3
B. Area 4
C. Striatum
D. Areas 5, 7
E. Area 17
F. Areas 18, 19
G. Areas 41, 42
H. Cingulate gyrus
I. Prefrontal cortex
Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1
Eferent fibers project to the neurohypophysis.
A. Supraopticohypophysial tract
B. Tuberoinfundibular tract
C. Both
D. Neither
A. Supraopticohypophysial tract
B. Tuberoinfundibular tract
C. Both
D. Neither
Efferent fibers project to the anterior pituitary.
A. Supraopticohypophysial tract
B. Tuberoinfundibular tract
C. Both
D. Neither
A. Supraopticohypophysial tract
B. Tuberoinfundibular tract
C. Both
D. Neither
Eferent fibers project to the hypophyseal portal vessels.
A. Supraopticohypophysial tract
B. Tuberoinfundibular tract
C. Both
D. Neither
A. Supraopticohypophysial tract
B. Tuberoinfundibular tract
C. Both
D. Neither
Th e ve n t r a l p ost e rom e d ia l (VPM) an d ve n t r al p ost e rolat e r al (VPL) n u cle i of the thalamus are part of the lateral tier of the lateral thalamic nuclei and are part of the sensory thalamus. They receive input from the trigeminothalamic (VPM) and lateral spinothalam ic tracts (VPL) and relay this inform ation to the primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, Bro dm an n’s areas 1, 2, an d 3 (A). Th e ven t ral lateral n u cleu s of th e t h alam u s (VL) is also part of the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group and receives a erents from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The VL nucleus in uences somatic motor activity via projections to the supplementary motor area (Brodm ann’s area 6) as well as the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4 (B). Th e cen t rom ed ian n u cleu s is classi ed w ith t h e in t ralam in ar nuclei of the thalamus, which represent the rostral continuation of the brainstem reticular activating system into the thalamus. The centromedian nucleus is primarily concerned with sensorimotor integration receiving a erents from the globus pallidus, prem otor, and prim ar y m otor area and sending the majority of its projections to the striatum (C). Th e lateral p osterior n u cleu s (LP) of the thalam us is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, is closely related to the pulvinar, and is involved w ith sensory integration. The LP s e n d s p r o j e c t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e superior parietal lobule, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 (D). Th e lateral gen icu late n u cleu s (LGN) receives bers of th e optic tract and projects to primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17 (E). Th e p u lvin ar of t h e t h a lam u s is a m e m b e r of t h e d or sal t ie r of t h e lat e r al nuclear group and integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information, projecting to association areas of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes—Brodmann’s areas 18 and 19 (F). Th e m ed ial gen icu late n u cleu s (MGN) receives auditory pathway input and projects to primary auditory cortex, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 (G). Th e an ter ior n u clear grou p of t h e thalamus is closely associated with the limbic system, and as such sends its projections to the cingulate gyrus (H). Th e lateral d orsal (LD) n u cleu s of th e thalamus is part of the dorsal tier of the lateral nuclear group, but represents the caudal continuation of the anterior nuclear group, and may be involved in the expression of em otions, projecting to the cingulate gyrus (H) of the lim bic system . The m edial dorsal (MD) or dorsom edial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus is a member of the medial nuclear group and functions in the processing of em otion. The MD nucleus sends its projections prim arily to the prefrontal cortex (I). 1
Connects the globus pallidus interna to the thalamus (travels around the internal capsule)
A. Ansa lenticularis
B. Fasciculus retro exus
C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2)
D. Postcommissural fornix
E. Precommissural fornix
F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1)
A. Ansa lenticularis
B. Fasciculus retro exus
C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2)
D. Postcommissural fornix
E. Precommissural fornix
F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1)
Th e ansa lenticularis (A) represents a bundle of pallidothalamic bers that courses posteriorly, looping around the posterior lim b of the internal capsule from the globus pallidus to the thalam us. Another group of pallidothalam ic bers, the lenticular fasciculus (C), p roject s from t h e globu s p allid u s an d traverses the posterior limb of the internal capsule to reach the thalamus. The thalamic fasciculus (F) r e p r e s e n t s t h e co n u e n ce o f t h e ansa lenticularis (A) and the lenticular fasciculus (C) as they reach the thalam us. The fasciculus retro exus (B) connects the habenula to the midbrain and interpeduncular nuclei. Th e for n ix is t h e m ain e e re n t p at h w ay from t h e h ip p oca m p al for m at ion . At t h e le ve l o f t h e a n t e r io r co m m is s u r e , t h e fo r n ix is d iv id e d in t o a precommissural and postcommissural part, which lie anterior and posterior to the anterior commissure, respectively. The precommissural bers (E) arise primarily from the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and project to the septal area and basal forebrain while the postcommissural bers (D) arise from the subiculum of the hippocampus and project primarily to the mammillary bodies and hypothalamus. 1,3
Connects the globus pallidus interna to the thalamus (travels through the internal capsule)
A. Ansa lenticularis
B. Fasciculus retro exus
C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2)
D. Postcommissural fornix
E. Precommissural fornix
F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1)
A. Ansa lenticularis
B. Fasciculus retro exus
C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2)
D. Postcommissural fornix
E. Precommissural fornix
F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1)
Th e ansa lenticularis (A) represents a bundle of pallidothalamic bers that courses posteriorly, looping around the posterior lim b of the internal capsule from the globus pallidus to the thalam us. Another group of pallidothalam ic bers, the lenticular fasciculus (C), p roject s from t h e globu s p allid u s an d traverses the posterior limb of the internal capsule to reach the thalamus. The thalamic fasciculus (F) r e p r e s e n t s t h e co n u e n ce o f t h e ansa lenticularis (A) and the lenticular fasciculus (C) as they reach the thalam us. The fasciculus retro exus (B) connects the habenula to the midbrain and interpeduncular nuclei. Th e for n ix is t h e m ain e e re n t p at h w ay from t h e h ip p oca m p al for m at ion . At t h e le ve l o f t h e a n t e r io r co m m is s u r e , t h e fo r n ix is d iv id e d in t o a precommissural and postcommissural part, which lie anterior and posterior to the anterior commissure, respectively. The precommissural bers (E) arise primarily from the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and project to the septal area and basal forebrain while the postcommissural bers (D) arise from the subiculum of the hippocampus and project primarily to the mammillary bodies and hypothalamus. 1,3
Combination of the ansa lenticularis, lenticular fasciculus, and cerebellothalamic tract
A. Ansa lenticularis
B. Fasciculus retro exus
C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2)
D. Postcommissural fornix
E. Precommissural fornix
F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1)
A. Ansa lenticularis
B. Fasciculus retro exus
C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2)
D. Postcommissural fornix
E. Precommissural fornix
F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1)
Th e ansa lenticularis (A) represents a bundle of pallidothalamic bers that courses posteriorly, looping around the posterior lim b of the internal capsule from the globus pallidus to the thalam us. Another group of pallidothalam ic bers, the lenticular fasciculus (C), p roject s from t h e globu s p allid u s an d traverses the posterior limb of the internal capsule to reach the thalamus. The thalamic fasciculus (F) r e p r e s e n t s t h e co n u e n ce o f t h e ansa lenticularis (A) and the lenticular fasciculus (C) as they reach the thalam us. The fasciculus retro exus (B) connects the habenula to the midbrain and interpeduncular nuclei. Th e for n ix is t h e m ain e e re n t p at h w ay from t h e h ip p oca m p al for m at ion . At t h e le ve l o f t h e a n t e r io r co m m is s u r e , t h e fo r n ix is d iv id e d in t o a precommissural and postcommissural part, which lie anterior and posterior to the anterior commissure, respectively. The precommissural bers (E) arise primarily from the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and project to the septal area and basal forebrain while the postcommissural bers (D) arise from the subiculum of the hippocampus and project primarily to the mammillary bodies and hypothalamus. 1,3
Connects the habenula to the midbrain and interpeduncular nuclei
A. Ansa lenticularis
B. Fasciculus retro plexus
C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2)
D. Postcommissural fornix
E. Precommissural fornix
F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1)
A. Ansa lenticularis
B. Fasciculus retro plexus
C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2)
D. Postcommissural fornix
E. Precommissural fornix
F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1)
Th e ansa lenticularis (A) represents a bundle of pallidothalamic bers that courses posteriorly, looping around the posterior lim b of the internal capsule from the globus pallidus to the thalam us. Another group of pallidothalam ic bers, the lenticular fasciculus (C), p roject s from t h e globu s p allid u s an d traverses the posterior limb of the internal capsule to reach the thalamus. The thalamic fasciculus (F) r e p r e s e n t s t h e co n u e n ce o f t h e ansa lenticularis (A) and the lenticular fasciculus (C) as they reach the thalam us. The fasciculus retro exus (B) connects the habenula to the midbrain and interpeduncular nuclei. Th e for n ix is t h e m ain e e re n t p at h w ay from t h e h ip p oca m p al for m at ion . At t h e le ve l o f t h e a n t e r io r co m m is s u r e , t h e fo r n ix is d iv id e d in t o a precommissural and postcommissural part, which lie anterior and posterior to the anterior commissure, respectively. The precommissural bers (E) arise primarily from the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and project to the septal area and basal forebrain while the postcommissural bers (D) arise from the subiculum of the hippocampus and project primarily to the mammillary bodies and hypothalamus. 1,3
Connects the hippocampus to the septal nuclei
A. Ansa lenticularis
B. Fasciculus retro plexus
C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2)
D. Postcommissural fornix
E. Precommissural fornix
F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1)
A. Ansa lenticularis
B. Fasciculus retro exus
C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2)
D. Postcommissural fornix
E. Precommissural fornix
F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1)
Th e ansa lenticularis (A) represents a bundle of pallidothalamic bers that courses posteriorly, looping around the posterior lim b of the internal capsule from the globus pallidus to the thalam us. Another group of pallidothalam ic bers, the lenticular fasciculus (C), p roject s from t h e globu s p allid u s an d traverses the posterior limb of the internal capsule to reach the thalamus. The thalamic fasciculus (F) r e p r e s e n t s t h e co n u e n ce o f t h e ansa lenticularis (A) and the lenticular fasciculus (C) as they reach the thalam us. The fasciculus retro exus (B) connects the habenula to the midbrain and interpeduncular nuclei. Th e for n ix is t h e m ain e e re n t p at h w ay from t h e h ip p oca m p al for m at ion . At t h e le ve l o f t h e a n t e r io r co m m is s u r e , t h e fo r n ix is d iv id e d in t o a precommissural and postcommissural part, which lie anterior and posterior to the anterior commissure, respectively. The precommissural bers (E) arise primarily from the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and project to the septal area and basal forebrain while the postcommissural bers (D) arise from the subiculum of the hippocampus and project primarily to the mammillary bodies and hypothalamus. 1,3
Connects the hippocampus to the hypothalamus, mammillary bodies, anterior
thalamus, septal nuclei, and cingulate gyrus
A. Ansa lenticularis
B. Fasciculus retro plexus
C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2)
D. Postcommissural fornix
E. Precommissural fornix
F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1)
A. Ansa lenticularis
B. Fasciculus retro exus
C. Lenticular fasciculus (FF H2)
D. Postcommissural fornix
E. Precommissural fornix
F. Thalamic fasciculus (FF H1)
Th e ansa lenticularis (A) represents a bundle of pallidothalamic bers that courses posteriorly, looping around the posterior lim b of the internal capsule from the globus pallidus to the thalam us. Another group of pallidothalam ic bers, the lenticular fasciculus (C), p roject s from t h e globu s p allid u s an d traverses the posterior limb of the internal capsule to reach the thalamus. The thalamic fasciculus (F) r e p r e s e n t s t h e co n u e n ce o f t h e ansa lenticularis (A) and the lenticular fasciculus (C) as they reach the thalam us. The fasciculus retro exus (B) connects the habenula to the midbrain and interpeduncular nuclei. Th e for n ix is t h e m ain e e re n t p at h w ay from t h e h ip p oca m p al for m at ion . At t h e le ve l o f t h e a n t e r io r co m m is s u r e , t h e fo r n ix is d iv id e d in t o a precommissural and postcommissural part, which lie anterior and posterior to the anterior commissure, respectively. The precommissural bers (E) arise primarily from the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and project to the septal area and basal forebrain while the postcommissural bers (D) arise from the subiculum of the hippocampus and project primarily to the mammillary bodies and hypothalamus. 1,3
Which of the following structures is not present on a transverse section of the medulla taken at midolive?
A. Accessory cuneate nucleus
B. Dorsal nucleus of X
C. Nucleus ambiguus
D. Nucleus of the solitary tract
E. Superior vestibular nucleus
A. Accessory cuneate nucleus
B. Dorsal nucleus of X
C. Nucleus ambiguus
D. Nucleus of the solitary tract
E. Superior vestibular nucleus
Th e su p e r ior vest ib u lar n u cle u s is fou n d at t h e level of t h e p on s.
Which of the following fiber tracts is not a part of th e lim bic system ?
A. Diagonal band of Broca
B. Fornix
C. Mammillothalamic tract
D. Medial forebrain bundle
E. Thalamic fasciculus
A. Diagonal band of Broca
B. Fornix
C. Mammillothalamic tract
D. Medial forebrain bundle
E. Thalamic fasciculus
Th e t h alam ic fa scicu lu s con t a in s p allid ot h ala m ic b e r s an d asce n d in g b e r s from the contralateral deep cerebellar nuclei. It is not a com ponent of the lim bic system
The secondary somatic sensory area (SII) is located on the
A. Medial surface of the superior frontal gyrus
B. Medial surface of the superior parietal lobule
C. Superior bank of the lateral sulcus
D. Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus
E. Same area as the primary somatic sensory area
A. Medial surface of the superior frontal gyrus
B. Medial surface of the superior parietal lobule
C. Superior bank of the lateral sulcus
D. Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus
E. Same area as the primary somatic sensory area
Th e se con d a r y som at ose n sor y cor t ex (SII, Brod m an n ’s area 4 3 ) is locat e d on the superior bank of the lateral ssure at the inferior extent of the primary motor and sensory areas. 1
Which of the following is not seen w ith a lesion of the facial nerve im m ediately distal to the geniculate ganglion?
A. Hyperacusis
B. Impairment of lacrimation
C. Impairment of salivary secretions
D. Loss of taste in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
E. Paralysis of ipsilateral facial muscles
A. Hyperacusis
B. Impairment of lacrimation
C. Impairment of salivary secretions
D. Loss of taste in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
E. Paralysis of ipsilateral facial muscles
Fib e r s in n e r vat in g t h e la cr im a l gla n d a r ise fr o m p o st ga n glio n ic b e r s fr o m the pterygopalatine ganglion, which is linked to the geniculate ganglion via the greater super cial petrosal nerve. A lesion distal to the geniculate ganglion would not impair lacrimation (B is false). A lesion to t h e facial n er ve ju st distal to the geniculate ganglion would cause paralysis of ipsilateral facial muscles due to disruption of somatic motor neurons (E), hyperacusis due to disruption of the facial nerve proximal to the take-o of the nerve to the stapedius muscle (A), an d impairment of salivary secretions and loss of taste in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue d u e t o d isr u p t ion of t h e facial nerve proximal to the take-o of the chorda tympani nerve (C and D). 1
The external urethral sphincter is innervated by
A. Parasympathetic pelvic nerves
B. Somatic pudendal nerves
C. Sympathetic hypogastric nerves
D. A an d B
E. B an d C
A. Parasympathetic pelvic nerves
B. Somatic pudendal nerves
C. Sympathetic hypogastric nerves
D. A an d B
E. B an d C
Th e ext e r n al u ret h ra l sp h in ct e r is in n e r vat e d by som at ic m ot or b e r s su p p lie d by the pudendal nerve (S2–S4). The internal urinary sphincter is innervated by sympathetic bers supplied by the vesical (pelvic) nerve plexus. 6
Regions of the brain devoid of a blood–brain barrier (circumventricular organs) include each of the follow ing except
A. Indusium griseum
B. Median eminence
C. Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis
D. Pineal gland
E. Subfornical organ
A. Indusium griseum
B. Median eminence
C. Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis
D. Pineal gland
E. Subfornical organ
Re g io n s o f t h e b r a in d e vo id o f a b lo o d – b r a in b a r r ie r in clu d e t h e median eminence (B), the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (C), the pineal gland (D), the subfornical organ (E), t h e area p ost rem a, an d t h e neurohypophysis. The indusium griseum (or supracallosal gyrus) is a vestigial convolution of the dentate gyrus. 1,2,3
Uncrossed fibers of the optic tract terminate on which layers of the lateral geniculate?
A. 1, 3, and 5
B. 1, 4, and 6
C. 2, 3, and 5
D. 2, 4, and 6
E. 2, 5, and 6
A. 1, 3, and 5
B. 1, 4, and 6
C. 2, 3, and 5
D. 2, 4, and 6
E. 2, 5, and 6
Un crosse d b e r s of t h e op t ic t ract t e r m in at e in layers 2, 3, and 5 (C) of the lateral geniculate nucleus while crossed bers terminate in layers 1, 4, and 6 (B). 2,3
Substances can cross theblood–brain barrier via
I. Act ive t ran sp or t
II. Car r ier-m ed iated t ran sp or t
III. Di u sion
IV. Vesicular t ransport
A. I, II, III
B. I, III
C. II, IV
D. IV
E. All of the above
Su bst an ces can cross t h e b lood –b rain b ar r ie r (for m e d by cap illar y e n d ot h elial tight junctions) via active transport, carrier-mediated transport, or di usion. Su bst an ces d o n ot cross t h e blood –brain bar r ie r via vesicu lar t ran sp or t mechanisms. 2,3
Connects septal nuclei to the amygdala
A. Arcuate fasciculus
B. Diagonal band of Broca
C. Tapetum
D. Uncinate fasciculus
A. Arcuate fasciculus
B. Diagonal band of Broca
C. Tapetum
D. Uncinate fasciculus
The arcuate fasciculus (A) connects Wernicke’s to Broca’s area. The diagonal
band of Broca (B) connects the septal (paraolfactory) area to the amygdala.
The tapetum (C) is a posterior sect ion of the corpus callosum connect ing
the temporal and occipital lobes. The uncinate fasciculus (D) connects the
anterior temporal lobe to the orbitofrontal gyrus.
Connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area
A. Arcuate fasciculus
B. Diagonal band of Broca
C. Tapetum
D. Uncinate fasciculus
A. Arcuate fasciculus
B. Diagonal band of Broca
C. Tapetum
D. Uncinate fasciculus
The arcuate fasciculus (A) connects Wernicke’s to Broca’s area. The diagonal
band of Broca (B) connects the septal (paraolfactory) area to the amygdala.
The tapetum (C) is a posterior sect ion of the corpus callosum connect ing
the temporal and occipital lobes. The uncinate fasciculus (D) connects the
anterior temporal lobe to the orbitofrontal gyrus.
Connects temporal and occipital lobes
A. Arcuate fasciculus
B. Diagonal band of Broca
C. Tapetum
D. Uncinate fasciculus
A. Arcuate fasciculus
B. Diagonal band of Broca
C. Tapetum
D. Uncinate fasciculus
The arcuate fasciculus (A) connects Wernicke’s to Broca’s area. The diagonal
band of Broca (B) connects the septal (paraolfactory) area to the amygdala.
The tapetum (C) is a posterior sect ion of the corpus callosum connect ing
the temporal and occipital lobes. The uncinate fasciculus (D) connects the
anterior temporal lobe to the orbitofrontal gyrus.
Connects the temporal lobe to the frontal lobe
A. Arcuate fasciculus
B. Diagonal band of Broca
C. Tapetum
D. Uncinate fasciculus
A. Arcuate fasciculus
B. Diagonal band of Broca
C. Tapetum
D. Uncinate fasciculus
The arcuate fasciculus (A) connects Wernicke’s to Broca’s area. The diagonal
band of Broca (B) connects the septal (paraolfactory) area to the amygdala.
The tapetum (C) is a posterior sect ion of the corpus callosum connect ing
the temporal and occipital lobes. The uncinate fasciculus (D) connects the
anterior temporal lobe to the orbitofrontal gyrus.
Located in the supraoptic region
A. Paraventricular nucleus
B. Supraoptic nucleus
C. Both
D. Neither
A. Paraventricular nucleus
B. Supraoptic nucleus
C. Both
D. Neither
Located in the tuberal region
A. Paraventricular nucleus
B. Supraoptic nucleus
C. Both
D. Neither
A. Paraventricular nucleus
B. Supraoptic nucleus
C. Both
D. Neither
Consists of several distinct cell groups
A. Paraventricular nucleus
B. Supraoptic nucleus
C. Both
D. Neither
A. Paraventricular nucleus
B. Supraoptic nucleus
C. Both
D. Neither
Composed mainly of uniformly large cells
A. Paraventricular nucleus
B. Supraoptic nucleus
C. Both
D. Neither
A. Paraventricular nucleus
B. Supraoptic nucleus
C. Both
D. Neither
Immunohistocytochemically large cells in this nucleus contain either vasopressin or oxytocin.
A. Paraventricular nucleus
B. Supraoptic nucleus
C. Both
D. Neither
A. Paraventricular nucleus
B. Supraoptic nucleus
C. Both
D. Neither
Regions of this nucleus give rise to descending axons projecting to the brainstemand all levels of the spinal cord.
A. Paraventricular nucleus
B. Supraoptic nucleus
C. Both
D. Neither
A. Paraventricular nucleus
B. Supraoptic nucleus
C. Both
D. Neither
Th e supraoptic (B) and paraventricular (A) nuclei of the hypothalamus are both located in the supraoptic region and synthesize vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone [ADH], arginine vasopressin [AVP]) and oxytocin. The supraoptic nucleus is comprised of uniformly large cells (magnocellular). The paraventricular nucleus contains a diverse group or neurons, some of which project to the brainstem and spinal cord. Neither of these structures is located in the tuberal region, which contains the arcuate nucleus, the dorsomedial nucleus, the ventromedial nucleus, and the lateral hypothalamic nucleus. 1
Each of the following is true of corticobulbar bers except
A. Fibers projecting to the posterior column nuclei leave the pyramids and enter these nuclei via the medial lemniscus or reticular formation.
B. Fibers projecting to trigeminal sensory nuclei and the nucleus solitarius are derived predominantly from frontoparietal cortical areas.
C. Pseudobulbar palsy can result from unilateral lesions involving corticobulbar fibers.
D. The supranuclear innervation of motor cranial nerve nuclei is largely bilateral.
E. Unilateral lesions involving corticobulbar bers produce paralysis of contralateral lower facial muscles only.
A. Fibers projecting to the posterior column nuclei leave the pyramids and enter these nuclei via the medial lemniscus or reticular formation.
B. Fibers projecting to trigeminal sensory nuclei and the nucleus solitarius are derived predominantly from frontoparietal cortical areas.
**C. Pseudobulbar palsy can result from unilateral lesions involving corticobulbar bers. **
D. The supranuclear innervation of motor cranial nerve nuclei is largely bilateral.
E. Unilateral lesions involving corticobulbar bers produce paralysis of contralateral lower facial muscles only.
Pseudobulbar palsy (characterized by weakness of the m uscles involved in chew ing, swallow ing, breathing, and speaking, w ith loss of em otional control) results from bilateral lesions of the corticobulbar bers. 1
The palmar interosseus muscles
A. Abduct the fingers
B. Adduct the fingers
C. Extend the metacarpophalangeal joints and ex the interphalangeal joints
D. Flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints
E. Perform none of the above
A. Abduct the fingers
B. Adduct the fingers
C. Extend the metacarpophalangeal joints and ex the interphalangeal joints
D. Flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints
E. Perform none of the above
Ad d u c t io n o f t h e n g e rs (B) is performed by the palmar interosseus muscles, innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. Fi n g e r a b d u c t i o n (A) is perform ed by the dorsal interossei, also innervated by the ulnar nerve. The lum bricals (m edian nerve) ex the metacarpophalangeal joints while extending the interphalangeal joints (D) of th e 2n d–5th digits. 6
The sciatic nerve supplies each of the following muscles in part or in whole except t h e
A. Adductor magnus
B. Biceps femoris (short head)
C. Gluteus maximus
D. Semimembranosus
E. Semitendinosus
A. Adductor magnus
B. Biceps femoris (short head)
C. Gluteus maximus
D. Semimembranosus
E. Semitendinosus
Th e gluteus maximus (C) is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve. A portion of the adductor magnus (A) is also innervated by the obturator nerve. Th e sciat ic n e r ve in n e r vat es a ll m u scles o f t h e p ost e r ior com p a r t m e n t of the thigh including biceps femoris (B), semimembranosus (D), an d semitendinosus (E). 6
The syndrome of posteroinferior cerebellar artery (PICA) occlusion consists of each of the following except
A. Contralateral loss of pain and temperature in the body
B. Contralateral loss of pain and temperature in the face
C. Ipsilateral paralysis of the pharynx and larynx
D. Ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome
E. Persistent hiccup
A. Contralateral loss of pain and temperature in the body
B. Contralateral loss of pain and temperature in the face
C. Ipsilateral paralysis of the pharynx and larynx
D. Ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome
E. Persistent hiccup
Th e syn d rom e of PICA occlu sion , or Walle n b e r g lat e ra l m e d u llar y syn d r om e, is characterized by contralateral pain and temperature loss over the body (A), ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome (D), ipsilateral paralysis of the pharynx and larynx (C), an d hiccup (E). Ip silateral, n ot con t ralateral, loss of p ain an d temperature in the face occurs in the syndrome of posteroinferior cerebellar artery (PICA) occlusion (B is false). 7
Location of the corticobulbar fibers
A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule
B. Genu of the internal capsule
C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule
D. None of the above
A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule
B. Genu of the internal capsule
C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule
D. None of the above
Location of corticospinal fibers
A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule
B. Genu of the internal capsule
C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule
D. None of the above
A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule
B. Genu of the internal capsule
C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule
D. None of the above
Location of anterior thalamic radiation
A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule
B. Genu of the internal capsule
C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule
D. None of the above
A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule
B. Genu of the internal capsule
C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule
D. None of the above
Location of superior thalamic radiation
A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule
B. Genu of the internal capsule
C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule
D. None of the above
A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule
B. Genu of the internal capsule
C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule
D. None of the above
Location of medial forebrain bundle fibers
A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule
B. Genu of the internal capsule
C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule
D. None of the above
A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule
B. Genu of the internal capsule
C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule
D. None of the above
Location of corticofugal fibers
A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule
B. Genu of the internal capsule
C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule
D. None of the above
A. Anterior limb of the internal capsule
B. Genu of the internal capsule
C. Posterior limb of the internal capsule
D. None of the above
Th e anterior limb of the internal capsule (A) contains the anterior thalam ic radiation and the prefrontal corticopontine tract. The genu of the internal capsule (B) con t ain s cort icobu lbar an d cor t icoret icu lar bers. Th e posterior limb of the internal capsule (C) con t ain s th e su p erior th alam ic rad iat ion , th e fron topontine tract, corticospinal bers, as well as corticorubral and corticotectal projections. The medial forebrain bundle is not part of the internal capsule. 3
Auditory system
A. Ciliary ganglion
B. Gasserian ganglion
C. Geniculate ganglion
D. Otic ganglion
E. Scarpa’s ganglion
F. Sphenopalatine ganglion
G. Spiral ganglion
H. Submandibular ganglion
A. Ciliary ganglion
B. Gasserian ganglion
C. Geniculate ganglion
D. Otic ganglion
E. Scarpa’s ganglion
F. Sphenopalatine ganglion
G. Spiral ganglion
H. Submandibular ganglion
Th e ciliary ganglion (A) receives parasym pathetic bers of CN III and projects to the pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscle mediating the e erent limb of the pupillary light and accommodation re exes. The gasserian ganglion (B) is also known as the semilunar or trigeminal ganglion and is associated with CN V, w h i c h p r o v i d e s s e n s o r y i n n e r v a t i o n t o t h e f a c e . Th e geniculate ganglion (C) is associated w ith the facial nerve, and transm its inform ation regarding taste (chorda tympani) and visceral sensation from the m iddle ear, nasal cavity, and soft palate, as well as a small area of skin over the external auditory meatus. Th e otic ganglion (D) co n ve ys p a r a sym p at h e t ic m e ssage s t r a n s m it t e d b y CN IX to the parotid gland. Scarpa’s ganglio n (E) includes the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia and is involved in equilibrium . The sphenopalatine ganglion (F) is also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion and transm its parasym pathetics from the facial nerve (via the greater super cial petrosal nerve and vidian nerve) to the lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal cavity and palate. Th e spiral ganglion (G) is associated w ith the organ of Corti and transm its infor m at ion regard in g sou n d to t h e d orsal an d ven t ral coch lear n u clei via CN XIII. Th e submandibular ganglion (H) t ran sm it s p arasym p at h et ic sign als from t h e facial n er ve (ch orda t ym p an i) to t h e su bm an d ibu lar an d su blingu al glan d s. 1
Vestibular system
A. Ciliary ganglion
B. Gasserian ganglion
C. Geniculate ganglion
D. Otic ganglion
E. Scarpa’s ganglion
F. Sphenopalatine ganglion
G. Spiral ganglion
H. Submandibular ganglion
A. Ciliary ganglion
B. Gasserian ganglion
C. Geniculate ganglion
D. Otic ganglion
E. Scarpa’s ganglion
F. Sphenopalatine ganglion
G. Spiral ganglion
H. Submandibular ganglion
Th e ciliary ganglion (A) receives parasym pathetic bers of CN III and projects to the pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscle mediating the e erent limb of the pupillary light and accommodation re exes. The gasserian ganglion (B) is also known as the semilunar or trigeminal ganglion and is associated with CN V, w h i c h p r o v i d e s s e n s o r y i n n e r v a t i o n t o t h e f a c e . Th e geniculate ganglion (C) is associated w ith the facial nerve, and transm its inform ation regarding taste (chorda tympani) and visceral sensation from the m iddle ear, nasal cavity, and soft palate, as well as a small area of skin over the external auditory meatus. Th e otic ganglion (D) co n ve ys p a r a sym p at h e t ic m e ssage s t r a n s m it t e d b y CN IX to the parotid gland. Scarpa’s ganglio n (E) includes the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia and is involved in equilibrium . The sphenopalatine ganglion (F) is also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion and transm its parasym pathetics from the facial nerve (via the greater super cial petrosal nerve and vidian nerve) to the lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal cavity and palate. Th e spiral ganglion (G) is associated w ith the organ of Corti and transm its infor m at ion regard in g sou n d to t h e d orsal an d ven t ral coch lear n u clei via CN XIII. Th e submandibular ganglion (H) t ran sm it s p arasym p at h et ic sign als from t h e facial n er ve (ch orda t ym p an i) to t h e su bm an d ibu lar an d su blingu al glan d s. 1
Parotid gland
A. Ciliary ganglion
B. Gasserian ganglion
C. Geniculate ganglion
D. Otic ganglion
E. Scarpa’s ganglion
F. Sphenopalatine ganglion
G. Spiral ganglion
H. Submandibular ganglion
A. Ciliary ganglion
B. Gasserian ganglion
C. Geniculate ganglion
D. Otic ganglion
E. Scarpa’s ganglion
F. Sphenopalatine ganglion
G. Spiral ganglion
H. Submandibular ganglion
Th e ciliary ganglion (A) receives parasym pathetic bers of CN III and projects to the pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscle mediating the e erent limb of the pupillary light and accommodation re exes. The gasserian ganglion (B) is also known as the semilunar or trigeminal ganglion and is associated with CN V, w h i c h p r o v i d e s s e n s o r y i n n e r v a t i o n t o t h e f a c e . Th e geniculate ganglion (C) is associated w ith the facial nerve, and transm its inform ation regarding taste (chorda tympani) and visceral sensation from the m iddle ear, nasal cavity, and soft palate, as well as a small area of skin over the external auditory meatus. Th e otic ganglion (D) co n ve ys p a r a sym p at h e t ic m e ssage s t r a n s m it t e d b y CN IX to the parotid gland. Scarpa’s ganglio n (E) includes the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia and is involved in equilibrium . The sphenopalatine ganglion (F) is also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion and transm its parasym pathetics from the facial nerve (via the greater super cial petrosal nerve and vidian nerve) to the lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal cavity and palate. Th e spiral ganglion (G) is associated w ith the organ of Corti and transm its infor m at ion regard in g sou n d to t h e d orsal an d ven t ral coch lear n u clei via CN XIII. Th e submandibular ganglion (H) t ran sm it s p arasym p at h et ic sign als from t h e facial n er ve (ch orda t ym p an i) to t h e su bm an d ibu lar an d su blingu al glan d s. 1
Parasympathetic to eye
A. Ciliary ganglion
B. Gasserian ganglion
C. Geniculate ganglion
D. Otic ganglion
E. Scarpa’s ganglion
F. Sphenopalatine ganglion
G. Spiral ganglion
H. Submandibular ganglion
A. Ciliary ganglion
B. Gasserian ganglion
C. Geniculate ganglion
D. Otic ganglion
E. Scarpa’s ganglion
F. Sphenopalatine ganglion
G. Spiral ganglion
H. Submandibular ganglion
Th e ciliary ganglion (A) receives parasym pathetic bers of CN III and projects to the pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscle mediating the e erent limb of the pupillary light and accommodation re exes. The gasserian ganglion (B) is also known as the semilunar or trigeminal ganglion and is associated with CN V, w h i c h p r o v i d e s s e n s o r y i n n e r v a t i o n t o t h e f a c e . Th e geniculate ganglion (C) is associated w ith the facial nerve, and transm its inform ation regarding taste (chorda tympani) and visceral sensation from the m iddle ear, nasal cavity, and soft palate, as well as a small area of skin over the external auditory meatus. Th e otic ganglion (D) co n ve ys p a r a sym p at h e t ic m e ssage s t r a n s m it t e d b y CN IX to the parotid gland. Scarpa’s ganglio n (E) includes the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia and is involved in equilibrium . The sphenopalatine ganglion (F) is also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion and transm its parasym pathetics from the facial nerve (via the greater super cial petrosal nerve and vidian nerve) to the lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal cavity and palate. Th e spiral ganglion (G) is associated w ith the organ of Corti and transm its infor m at ion regard in g sou n d to t h e d orsal an d ven t ral coch lear n u clei via CN XIII. Th e submandibular ganglion (H) t ran sm it s p arasym p at h et ic sign als from t h e facial n er ve (ch orda t ym p an i) to t h e su bm an d ibu lar an d su blingu al glan d s. 1
Majority of facial sensation
A. Ciliary ganglion
B. Gasserian ganglion
C. Geniculate ganglion
D. Otic ganglion
E. Scarpa’s ganglion
F. Sphenopalatine ganglion
G. Spiral ganglion
H. Submandibular ganglion
A. Ciliary ganglion
B. Gasserian ganglion
C. Geniculate ganglion
D. Otic ganglion
E. Scarpa’s ganglion
F. Sphenopalatine ganglion
G. Spiral ganglion
H. Submandibular ganglion
Th e ciliary ganglion (A) receives parasym pathetic bers of CN III and projects to the pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscle mediating the e erent limb of the pupillary light and accommodation re exes. The gasserian ganglion (B) is also known as the semilunar or trigeminal ganglion and is associated with CN V, w h i c h p r o v i d e s s e n s o r y i n n e r v a t i o n t o t h e f a c e . Th e geniculate ganglion (C) is associated w ith the facial nerve, and transm its inform ation regarding taste (chorda tympani) and visceral sensation from the m iddle ear, nasal cavity, and soft palate, as well as a small area of skin over the external auditory meatus. Th e otic ganglion (D) co n ve ys p a r a sym p at h e t ic m e ssage s t r a n s m it t e d b y CN IX to the parotid gland. Scarpa’s ganglio n (E) includes the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia and is involved in equilibrium . The sphenopalatine ganglion (F) is also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion and transm its parasym pathetics from the facial nerve (via the greater super cial petrosal nerve and vidian nerve) to the lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal cavity and palate. Th e spiral ganglion (G) is associated w ith the organ of Corti and transm its infor m at ion regard in g sou n d to t h e d orsal an d ven t ral coch lear n u clei via CN XIII. Th e submandibular ganglion (H) t ran sm it s p arasym p at h et ic sign als from t h e facial n er ve (ch orda t ym p an i) to t h e su bm an d ibu lar an d su blingu al glan d s. 1
Taste
A. Ciliary ganglion
B. Gasserian ganglion
C. Geniculate ganglion
D. Otic ganglion
E. Scarpa’s ganglion
F. Sphenopalatine ganglion
G. Spiral ganglion
H. Submandibular ganglion
A. Ciliary ganglion
B. Gasserian ganglion
C. Geniculate ganglion
D. Otic ganglion
E. Scarpa’s ganglion
F. Sphenopalatine ganglion
G. Spiral ganglion
H. Submandibular ganglion
Th e ciliary ganglion (A) receives parasym pathetic bers of CN III and projects to the pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscle mediating the e erent limb of the pupillary light and accommodation re exes. The gasserian ganglion (B) is also known as the semilunar or trigeminal ganglion and is associated with CN V, w h i c h p r o v i d e s s e n s o r y i n n e r v a t i o n t o t h e f a c e . Th e geniculate ganglion (C) is associated w ith the facial nerve, and transm its inform ation regarding taste (chorda tympani) and visceral sensation from the m iddle ear, nasal cavity, and soft palate, as well as a small area of skin over the external auditory meatus. Th e otic ganglion (D) co n ve ys p a r a sym p at h e t ic m e ssage s t r a n s m it t e d b y CN IX to the parotid gland. Scarpa’s ganglio n (E) includes the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia and is involved in equilibrium . The sphenopalatine ganglion (F) is also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion and transm its parasym pathetics from the facial nerve (via the greater super cial petrosal nerve and vidian nerve) to the lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal cavity and palate. Th e spiral ganglion (G) is associated w ith the organ of Corti and transm its infor m at ion regard in g sou n d to t h e d orsal an d ven t ral coch lear n u clei via CN XIII. Th e submandibular ganglion (H) t ran sm it s p arasym p at h et ic sign als from t h e facial n er ve (ch orda t ym p an i) to t h e su bm an d ibu lar an d su blingu al glan d s. 1
Lacrimation
A. Ciliary ganglion
B. Gasserian ganglion
C. Geniculate ganglion
D. Otic ganglion
E. Scarpa’s ganglion
F. Sphenopalatine ganglion
G. Spiral ganglion
H. Submandibular ganglion
A. Ciliary ganglion
B. Gasserian ganglion
C. Geniculate ganglion
D. Otic ganglion
E. Scarpa’s ganglion
F. Sphenopalatine ganglion
G. Spiral ganglion
H. Submandibular ganglion
Th e ciliary ganglion (A) receives parasym pathetic bers of CN III and projects to the pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscle mediating the e erent limb of the pupillary light and accommodation re exes. The gasserian ganglion (B) is also known as the semilunar or trigeminal ganglion and is associated with CN V, w h i c h p r o v i d e s s e n s o r y i n n e r v a t i o n t o t h e f a c e . Th e geniculate ganglion (C) is associated w ith the facial nerve, and transm its inform ation regarding taste (chorda tympani) and visceral sensation from the m iddle ear, nasal cavity, and soft palate, as well as a small area of skin over the external auditory meatus. Th e otic ganglion (D) co n ve ys p a r a sym p at h e t ic m e ssage s t r a n s m it t e d b y CN IX to the parotid gland. Scarpa’s ganglio n (E) includes the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia and is involved in equilibrium . The sphenopalatine ganglion (F) is also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion and transm its parasym pathetics from the facial nerve (via the greater super cial petrosal nerve and vidian nerve) to the lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal cavity and palate. Th e spiral ganglion (G) is associated w ith the organ of Corti and transm its infor m at ion regard in g sou n d to t h e d orsal an d ven t ral coch lear n u clei via CN XIII. Th e submandibular ganglion (H) t ran sm it s p arasym p at h et ic sign als from t h e facial n er ve (ch orda t ym p an i) to t h e su bm an d ibu lar an d su blingu al glan d s. 1
Salivation (nonparotid)
A. Ciliary ganglion
B. Gasserian ganglion
C. Geniculate ganglion
D. Otic ganglion
E. Scarpa’s ganglion
F. Sphenopalatine ganglion
G. Spiral ganglion
H. Submandibular ganglion
A. Ciliary ganglion
B. Gasserian ganglion
C. Geniculate ganglion
D. Otic ganglion
E. Scarpa’s ganglion
F. Sphenopalatine ganglion
G. Spiral ganglion
H. Submandibular ganglion
Th e ciliary ganglion (A) receives parasym pathetic bers of CN III and projects to the pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscle mediating the e erent limb of the pupillary light and accommodation re exes. The gasserian ganglion (B) is also known as the semilunar or trigeminal ganglion and is associated with CN V, w h i c h p r o v i d e s s e n s o r y i n n e r v a t i o n t o t h e f a c e . Th e geniculate ganglion (C) is associated w ith the facial nerve, and transm its inform ation regarding taste (chorda tympani) and visceral sensation from the m iddle ear, nasal cavity, and soft palate, as well as a small area of skin over the external auditory meatus. Th e otic ganglion (D) co n ve ys p a r a sym p at h e t ic m e ssage s t r a n s m it t e d b y CN IX to the parotid gland. Scarpa’s ganglio n (E) includes the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia and is involved in equilibrium . The sphenopalatine ganglion (F) is also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion and transm its parasym pathetics from the facial nerve (via the greater super cial petrosal nerve and vidian nerve) to the lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal cavity and palate. Th e spiral ganglion (G) is associated w ith the organ of Corti and transm its infor m at ion regard in g sou n d to t h e d orsal an d ven t ral coch lear n u clei via CN XIII. Th e submandibular ganglion (H) t ran sm it s p arasym p at h et ic sign als from t h e facial n er ve (ch orda t ym p an i) to t h e su bm an d ibu lar an d su blingu al glan d s. 1
Each of the following characterizes a pathway involved in the pupillary light re ex except
A. Crossed and uncrossed fibers of the optic tract terminate on the lateral geniculate body.
B. Efferent bers from the pretectal olivary nucleus cross in the posterior com m issure and end in visceral cell colum ns of the oculom otor nerve com plex.
C. Efferent bers from the pretectal olivary nucleus cross ventral to the cerebral aqueduct and end in the visceral cell colum ns of the oculom otor com plex.
D. Postganglionic bers from the ciliary ganglion project to the sphincter of the iris.
E. Preganglionic bers from the nuclei of the oculomotor complex travel with bers of the third nerve and synapse in the ciliary ganglion.
**A. Crossed and uncrossed fibers of the optic tract terminate on the lateral geniculate body. **
B. Efferent bers from the pretectal olivary nucleus cross in the posterior com m issure and end in visceral cell colum ns of the oculom otor nerve com plex.
C. E erent bers from the pretectal olivary nucleus cross ventral to the cerebral aqueduct and end in the visceral cell colum ns of the oculom otor com plex.
D. Postganglionic bers from the ciliary ganglion project to the sphincter of the iris.
E. Preganglionic bers from the nuclei of the oculomotor complex travel with bers of the third nerve and synapse in the ciliary ganglion.
Th e lat e r a l ge n icu lat e b od y is n ot in volve d in t h e p u p illar y ligh t re ex. 1
The choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle can be found
I. In t h e cau d al asp ect of t h e roof (in fer ior m ed u llar y velu m )
II. In t h e cran ial asp ect of t h e roof (su p er ior m ed u llar y velu m )
III. In t h e lat eral recess (of Lu sch ka)
IV. On th e floor
A. I, II, III
B. I, III
C. II, IV
D. IV
E. All of the above
Ch o r o id p le x u s is lo c a t e d in t h e ca u d a l a s p e c t o f t h e r o o f o f t h e fo u r t h ve n t r icle
near the midline, and laterally extends through the lateral recesses of Luschka.
4
The median nerve innervates each of the following muscles except th e
A. Adductor pollicis
B. Flexor carpi radialis
C. Opponens pollicis
D. Palmaris longus
E. Pronator teres
A. Adductor pollicis
B. Flexor carpi radialis
C. Opponens pollicis
D. Palmaris longus
E. Pronator teres
Th e adductor pollicis (A) is innervated by the ulnar nerve. The other structures listed are innervated by the median nerve: exor carpi radialis (B), opponens pollicis (C), palmaris longus (D), an d pronator teres (E). 6
A erent sources of ber pathways to the septal nuclei include the
I. Am ygd ala
II. Haben u lar n u clei
III. Hip p ocam p u s
IV. Basal ganglia
A. I, II, III
B. I, III
C. II, IV
D. IV
E. All of the above
Th e amygdala p ar t icip ates in lim bic m od u lat ion of t h e hyp oth alam u s by t w o
major pathways that project to the septal nuclei: the stria terminalis and the
ventral am ygdalofugal pathway. The habenular nuclei send projections to
the septal nuclei via the stria medullaris thalami. The hippocampus projects
to the septal area via the fornix.
1
The anterior choroidal artery supplies parts of the
I. Cau d ate n u cleu s
II. Op t ic t ract
III. Th alam u s
IV. An terior lim b of th e in tern al capsule
A. I, II, III
B. I, III
C. II, IV
D. IV
E. All of the above
Th e an t e r ior ch oroid a l a r t e r y su p p lies ve n t rolat e r al p a r t s of t h e p ost e r ior lim b of the internal capsule and the retrolenticular internal capsule, not the anterior limb. Th e an terior lim b of t h e in tern al cap su le is su p p lied by t h e lateral striate branches of the m iddle cerebral artery and the m edial striate artery. The anterior choroidal artery may supply a portion of the tail of the caudate and a portion of the thalamus as well as the optic tract. Th e syn drome of anterior choroidal artery infarction consists of contralateral hemiplegia, hemihypesthesia, and homonymous hemianopia. 3,7
A lesion a ecting the left optic tract will be manifested by a deficit in the
A. Nasal half of the visual eld of both eyes
B. Nasal half of the right visual eld and temporal half of the left visual eld
C. No de cit unless the right optic tract was also a ected
D. Temporal half of the visual eld of both eyes
E. Temporal half of the right visual eld and nasal half of the left visual field
A. Nasal half of the visual eld of both eyes
B. Nasal half of the right visual eld and temporal half of the left visual eld
C. No de cit unless the right optic tract was also a ected
D. Temporal half of the visual eld of both eyes
E. Temporal half of the right visual eld and nasal half of the left visual eld
A le s io n t o t h e o p t ic t r a c t r e s u lt s in a co n t r a la t e r a l h o m o n ym o u s h e m ia n o p sia (E), w h ich w ou ld a ect th e tem p oral h alf of th e con t ralateral visu al eld and the nasal half of the ipsilateral visual eld. B describes a left-sided hom onymous hemianopsia, which would occur with a lesion to the right optic tract. D d escr ib es a b it e m p oral h e m ian op sia a s t yp ically occu r s w it h ch iasm al lesions w ith com pression of crossing bers from the nasal retina (temporal eld). A lesion of the occipital cortex typically results in a homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing. 1
Which of the following is not an a eren t con n ection of th e basal ganglia?
A. Cerebral cortex to globus pallidus
B. Cerebral cortex to putamen
C. Substantia nigra to caudate nucleus
D. Subthalamic nucleus to globus pallidus
E. Thalamus to caudate nucleus
A. Cerebral cortex to globus pallidus
B. Cerebral cortex to putamen
C. Substantia nigra to caudate nucleus
D. Subthalamic nucleus to globus pallidus
E. Thalamus to caudate nucleus
Th e st r iat u m (cau d at e an d p u t am e n ) re p rese n t t h e m ajor in p u t ce n t e r s for t h e basal ganglia. There are no direct cortical projections from the cerebral cortex to the globus pallidus (A is false). Co r t i c a l i n p u t s t o t h e b a s a l g a n g l i a ( c o r ticostriate bers) terminate in the caudate and putamen (B) and represent the principle input to the basal ganglia. Thalamostriate bers are the second major input to the basal ganglia arising in the intralaminar nucleus of the thalamus and projecting to the striatum (E). Su bcor t ical st r u ct u res su ch as the subthalamic nucleus project to the globus pallidus (D). Dop am in ergic n igrostriatal bers project from the substantia nigra to the caudate nucleus (C) and have been implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. 1
Most of the fibers of the stria terminalis originate from the
A. Amygdala
B. Anterior hypothalamus
C. Arcuate nucleus
D. Habenula
E. Septal nuclei
Th e amygdala (A) projects to the hypothalamus via two pathways, the stria terminalis and the ventral amygdalohypothalamic tract. This is not to be confused w ith the stria m edullaris w hich projects from the habenula (D) to the septal nuclei and anterior hypothalamus. 1
Connects inferior colliculi
A. Trapezoid body
B. Probst’s commissure
C. Inferior collicular commissure
A. Trapezoid body
B. Probst’s commissure
C. Inferior collicular commissure
Th e trapezoid body (A) co n n e ct s t h e ve n t r a l co ch le a r n u cle i t o t h e co n t r a la t e r a l superior olive. Probst’s com m issure (B) con n ects th e n uclei of th e lateral lem niscus. The inferior collicular commissure (C) connects th e in ferior colliculi. 3
Connects nuclei of lateral lemniscus
A. Trapezoid body
B. Probst’s commissure
C. Inferior collicular commissure
A. Trapezoid body
B. Probst’s commissure
C. Inferior collicular commissure
Th e trapezoid body (A) co n n e ct s t h e ve n t r a l co ch le a r n u cle i t o t h e co n t r a la t e r a l superior olive. Probst’s com m issure (B) con n ects th e n uclei of th e lateral lem niscus. The inferior collicular commissure (C) connects th e in ferior colliculi. 3
Connects ventral cochlear nucleus to superior olive
A. Trapezoid body
B. Probst’s commissure
C. Inferior collicular commissure
A. Trapezoid body
B. Probst’s commissure
C. Inferior collicular commissure
Th e trapezoid body (A) co n n e ct s t h e ve n t r a l co ch le a r n u cle i t o t h e co n t r a la t e r a l superior olive. Probst’s com m issure (B) con n ects th e n uclei of th e lateral lem niscus. The inferior collicular commissure (C) connects th e in ferior colliculi. 3
Bilateral lesions here produce hyperphagia.
A. Anterior hypothalamus
B. Lateral hypothalamus
C. Posterior hypothalamus
D. Ventromedial hypothalamus
A. Anterior hypothalamus
B. Lateral hypothalamus
C. Posterior hypothalamus
D. Ventromedial hypothalamus
Th e p re op t ic an d an t e r ior h yp ot h alam u s is in volve d in re gu lat ion of b od y temperature. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can result in hyperthermia. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can also result in decreased parasympathetic tone. The lateral hypothalamus (B), or “feed in g center,” causes an increase in appetite w hen stim ulated. The posterior hypothalamus (C) is responsible for sympathetic tone; lesions to this area can result in inability to regulate temperature (poikilotherm ia), decreased sympathetic tone, lethargy, and sleepiness. The ventrom edial nucleus (D) of the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety—lesions here may produce hyperphagia and weight gain.
Bilateral lesions here produce poikilothermia.
A. Anterior hypothalamus
B. Lateral hypothalamus
C. Posterior hypothalamus
D. Ventromedial hypothalamus
A. Anterior hypothalamus
B. Lateral hypothalamus
C. Posterior hypothalamus
D. Ventromedial hypothalamus
Th e p re op t ic an d an t e r ior h yp ot h alam u s is in volve d in re gu lat ion of b od y temperature. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can result in hyperthermia. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can also result in decreased parasympathetic tone. The lateral hypothalamus (B), or “feed in g center,” causes an increase in appetite w hen stim ulated. The posterior hypothalamus (C) is responsible for sympathetic tone; lesions to this area can result in inability to regulate temperature (poikilotherm ia), decreased sympathetic tone, lethargy, and sleepiness. The ventrom edial nucleus (D) of the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety—lesions here may produce hyperphagia and weight gain.
Tumors in this region can result in hyperthermia.
A. Anterior hypothalamus
B. Lateral hypothalamus
C. Posterior hypothalamus
D. Ventromedial hypothalamus
A. Anterior hypothalamus
B. Lateral hypothalamus
C. Posterior hypothalamus
D. Ventromedial hypothalamus
Th e p re op t ic an d an t e r ior h yp ot h alam u s is in volve d in re gu lat ion of b od y temperature. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can result in hyperthermia. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can also result in decreased parasympathetic tone. The lateral hypothalamus (B), or “feed in g center,” causes an increase in appetite w hen stim ulated. The posterior hypothalamus (C) is responsible for sympathetic tone; lesions to this area can result in inability to regulate temperature (poikilotherm ia), decreased sympathetic tone, lethargy, and sleepiness. The ventrom edial nucleus (D) of the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety—lesions here may produce hyperphagia and weight gain.
Together with the lateral region, this area controls sympathetic responses.
A. Anterior hypothalamus
B. Lateral hypothalamus
C. Posterior hypothalamus
D. Ventromedial hypothalamus
A. Anterior hypothalamus
B. Lateral hypothalamus
C. Posterior hypothalamus
D. Ventromedial hypothalamus
Th e p re op t ic an d an t e r ior h yp ot h alam u s is in volve d in re gu lat ion of b od y temperature. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can result in hyperthermia. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can also result in decreased parasympathetic tone. The lateral hypothalamus (B), or “feed in g center,” causes an increase in appetite w hen stim ulated. The posterior hypothalamus (C) is responsible for sympathetic tone; lesions to this area can result in inability to regulate temperature (poikilotherm ia), decreased sympathetic tone, lethargy, and sleepiness. The ventrom edial nucleus (D) of the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety—lesions here may produce hyperphagia and weight gain.
Lesions here produce emotional lethargy and sleepiness.
A. Anterior hypothalamus
B. Lateral hypothalamus
C. Posterior hypothalamus
D. Ventromedial hypothalamus
A. Anterior hypothalamus
B. Lateral hypothalamus
C. Posterior hypothalamus
D. Ventromedial hypothalamus
Th e p re op t ic an d an t e r ior h yp ot h alam u s is in volve d in re gu lat ion of b od y temperature. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can result in hyperthermia. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can also result in decreased parasympathetic tone. The lateral hypothalamus (B), or “feed in g center,” causes an increase in appetite w hen stim ulated. The posterior hypothalamus (C) is responsible for sympathetic tone; lesions to this area can result in inability to regulate temperature (poikilotherm ia), decreased sympathetic tone, lethargy, and sleepiness. The ventrom edial nucleus (D) of the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety—lesions here may produce hyperphagia and weight gain.
The feeding center
A. Anterior hypothalamus
B. Lateral hypothalamus
C. Posterior hypothalamus
D. Ventromedial hypothalamus
A. Anterior hypothalamus
B. Lateral hypothalamus
C. Posterior hypothalamus
D. Ventromedial hypothalamus
Th e p re op t ic an d an t e r ior h yp ot h alam u s is in volve d in re gu lat ion of b od y temperature. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can result in hyperthermia. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can also result in decreased parasympathetic tone. The lateral hypothalamus (B), or “feed in g center,” causes an increase in appetite w hen stim ulated. The posterior hypothalamus (C) is responsible for sympathetic tone; lesions to this area can result in inability to regulate temperature (poikilotherm ia), decreased sympathetic tone, lethargy, and sleepiness. The ventrom edial nucleus (D) of the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety—lesions here may produce hyperphagia and weight gain.
Together with the medial region, this area controls parasympathetic responses.
A. Anterior hypothalamus
B. Lateral hypothalamus
C. Posterior hypothalamus
D. Ventromedial hypothalamus
A. Anterior hypothalamus
B. Lateral hypothalamus
C. Posterior hypothalamus
D. Ventromedial hypothalamus
Th e p re op t ic an d an t e r ior h yp ot h alam u s is in volve d in re gu lat ion of b od y temperature. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can result in hyperthermia. Lesions to the anterior hypothalamus (A) can also result in decreased parasympathetic tone. The lateral hypothalamus (B), or “feed in g center,” causes an increase in appetite w hen stim ulated. The posterior hypothalamus (C) is responsible for sympathetic tone; lesions to this area can result in inability to regulate temperature (poikilotherm ia), decreased sympathetic tone, lethargy, and sleepiness. The ventrom edial nucleus (D) of the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety—lesions here may produce hyperphagia and weight gain.
Ear sensation to CN IX
A. Nodose ganglion
B. Jugular ganglion
C. Petrosal ganglion
D. Superior ganglion of cranial nerve (CN) IX
A. Nodose ganglion
B. Jugular ganglion
C. Petrosal ganglion
D. Superior ganglion of cranial nerve (CN) IX
Th e in fe r ior ga n glion of CN IX is calle d t h e petrosal ganglion (B) an d re ce ives input from the carotid sinus and body as well as from taste receptors in the posterior one-third of the tongue. The superior ganglion of CN IX (D) contains the cell bodies of neurons that provide general somatic sensory innervation to the pinna of the ear and a portion of the external acoustic meatus. The inferior ganglion of cranial nerve CN X is called the nodose ganglion (A) and receives taste and other visceral information. The superior ganglion of CN X is called the jugular ganglion (B) an d h ou ses th e cell bodies of gen eral som atic a erent neurons innervating a portion of the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane via the vagus nerve. Both superior ganglia are involved with somatic sensation. 1,3
Ear sensation to CN X
A. Nodose ganglion
B. Jugular ganglion
C. Petrosal ganglion
D. Superior ganglion of cranial nerve (CN) IX
A. Nodose ganglion
B. Jugular ganglion
C. Petrosal ganglion
D. Superior ganglion of cranial nerve (CN) IX
Th e in fe r ior ga n glion of CN IX is calle d t h e petrosal ganglion (B) an d re ce ives input from the carotid sinus and body as well as from taste receptors in the posterior one-third of the tongue. The superior ganglion of CN IX (D) contains the cell bodies of neurons that provide general somatic sensory innervation to the pinna of the ear and a portion of the external acoustic meatus. The inferior ganglion of cranial nerve CN X is called the nodose ganglion (A) and receives taste and other visceral information. The superior ganglion of CN X is called the jugular ganglion (B) an d h ou ses th e cell bodies of gen eral som atic a erent neurons innervating a portion of the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane via the vagus nerve. Both superior ganglia are involved with somatic sensation. 1,3
Carotid sinus and body input
A. Nodose ganglion
B. Jugular ganglion
C. Petrosal ganglion
D. Superior ganglion of cranial nerve (CN) IX
A. Nodose ganglion
B. Jugular ganglion
C. Petrosal ganglion
D. Superior ganglion of cranial nerve (CN) IX
Th e in fe r ior ga n glion of CN IX is calle d t h e petrosal ganglion (B) an d re ce ives input from the carotid sinus and body as well as from taste receptors in the posterior one-third of the tongue. The superior ganglion of CN IX (D) contains the cell bodies of neurons that provide general somatic sensory innervation to the pinna of the ear and a portion of the external acoustic meatus. The inferior ganglion of cranial nerve CN X is called the nodose ganglion (A) and receives taste and other visceral information. The superior ganglion of CN X is called the jugular ganglion (B) an d h ou ses th e cell bodies of gen eral som atic a erent neurons innervating a portion of the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane via the vagus nerve. Both superior ganglia are involved with somatic sensation. 1,3
Visceral input to CN X
A. Nodose ganglion
B. Jugular ganglion
C. Petrosal ganglion
D. Superior ganglion of cranial nerve (CN) IX
A. Nodose ganglion
B. Jugular ganglion
C. Petrosal ganglion
D. Superior ganglion of cranial nerve (CN) IX
Th e in fe r ior ga n glion of CN IX is calle d t h e petrosal ganglion (B) an d re ce ives input from the carotid sinus and body as well as from taste receptors in the posterior one-third of the tongue. The superior ganglion of CN IX (D) contains the cell bodies of neurons that provide general somatic sensory innervation to the pinna of the ear and a portion of the external acoustic meatus. The inferior ganglion of cranial nerve CN X is called the nodose ganglion (A) and receives taste and other visceral information. The superior ganglion of CN X is called the jugular ganglion (B) an d h ou ses th e cell bodies of gen eral som atic a erent neurons innervating a portion of the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane via the vagus nerve. Both superior ganglia are involved with somatic sensation. 1,3
The telencephalon gives rise to each of the following except the
A. Amygdala
B. Caudate
C. Claustrum
D. Globus pallidus
E. Putamen
A. Amygdala
B. Caudate
C. Claustrum
D. Globus pallidus
E. Putamen
Th e t ele n ce p h alon is t h e an t e r ior - m ost p or t ion of t h e p rose n ce p h alon a n d gives rise to the cerebral hem ispheres. The hippocampal form ation, cerebral hemispheres and cortex, as well as the amygdala (A), caudate (B), putamen (E), an d claustrum (C) are telen cep h alic st r u ct u res. Th e cau dal p or t ion of t h e prosencephalon, the diencephalon, gives rise to the thalamus, globus pallidus (D), p oster ior hyp op hysis, in fu n d ibu lu m , opt ic n er ve, ret in a, p oster ior com missure, and habenular commissure. 1,3
