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Neuroscience > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Central sulcus - divides what

A

Frontal lobe and parietal lobe

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2
Q

Precentral gyrus

  1. Part of what
  2. Function
A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Primary motor cortex
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3
Q

Postcentral gyrus

  1. Part of what
  2. Function
A
  1. Parietal lobe
  2. Primary sensory cortex
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4
Q

What divides frontal and temporal lobes

A

Lateral sulcus (aka Sylvian fissure)

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5
Q

Insula

  1. Location
  2. Function
A
  1. Within lateral sulcus (aka Sylvian fissure)
  2. Primary gustatory cortex
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6
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

  1. Location
  2. Function
A
  1. Middle frontal gyrus - in between superior and inferior frontal sulci
  2. Executive functions
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7
Q

Anterior cingulate gyrus

  1. Location on which lobe
  2. Function
A
  1. Medial frontal lobe
  2. Motivation
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8
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

  1. Which sulci involved (2)
  2. Location on which lobe
  3. Function
A
  1. Olfactory and orbital sulci
  2. Inferior surface of the frontal lobe
  3. Associative learning and decision-making.
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9
Q

Primary auditory cortex - location

A

Superior temporal gyrus - function

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10
Q

What separates superior and inferior parietal lobes

A

Interparietal sulcus

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11
Q

Angular and submarginal gyri

  1. Location on which lobe
  2. Function
A
  1. Inferior parietal lobe
  2. Visuospatial attention
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12
Q

Calcarine sulcus

  1. Location on which lobe
  2. Function
A
  1. Medial occipital cortex
  2. Primary visual (striate) cortex
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13
Q

Language comprehension localisation

A

Left temporal cortex

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14
Q

Prosody

  1. Definition
  2. Localisation
A
  1. Tone modulation of speech
  2. Right hemisphere
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15
Q

Two methods of testing dominance

A

Annette’s handedness scale, and Edinburgh handedness inventory

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16
Q

Right handed people

  1. % that are left hemisphere dominant
  2. % that are right hemisphere dominant
A
  1. 90%
  2. 10%
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17
Q

Left handed people

  1. % that are right hemisphere dominant
  2. % that are left hemisphere dominant
  3. % that have mixed dominance
A
  1. 20%
  2. 64%
  3. 10%
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18
Q

Planum temorale

  1. Location on which gyrus
  2. Important for what
  3. Bigger (by up to 5x) on which side in 65% of brains
  4. In which condition is this asymmetry reduced or reversed
A
  1. Upper surface of the
    superior temporal gyrus
  2. Language processing
  3. Left
  4. Schizophrenia
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19
Q

Aphasia - caused by lesion on which hemisphere

A

Left

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20
Q

Right-left disorientation - caused by lesion on which hemisphere

A

Left

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21
Q

Finger agnosia - caused by lesion on which hemisphere

A

Left

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22
Q

Aphasic dysgraphia - caused by lesion on which hemisphere

A

Left

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23
Q

Number alexia dyscalculia - caused by lesion on which hemisphere

A

Left

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24
Q

Limb apraxia - caused by lesion on which hemisphere

A

Left

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25
Q

Visuospatial deficits - caused by lesion on which hemisphere

A

Right

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26
Q

Anosognosia

  1. Meaning
  2. Caused by lesion on which hemisphere
A
  1. Lack of insight
  2. Right
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27
Q

Neglect - caused by lesion on which hemisphere

A

Right

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28
Q

Dysgraphia (spatial, neglect) - caused by lesion on which hemisphere

A

Right

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29
Q

Dyscalculia (spatial) - caused by lesion on which hemisphere

A

Right

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30
Q

Constructional apraxia - caused by lesion on which hemisphere

A

Right

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31
Q

Dressing apraxia - caused by lesion on which hemisphere

A

Right

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32
Q

Who first described the limbic lobe

A

Broca

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33
Q

Who assigned the function of emotional
processing to limbic structures

A

Papez, and later Maclean

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34
Q

What is the route of the Papez circuit, which starts and ends at the hypocampus (11 steps)

A

Hippocampus → fornix → mammillary bodies → mammillothalamic tract → anterior thalamic nucleus → genu of the internal capsule → cingulate gyrus → para-hippocampal gyrus → entorhinal cortex → perforant pathway → back to
hippocampus

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35
Q

Which other 5 structures (in addition to those in the Papez circuit) are considered part of the limbic system

A

Amygdala, septum, basal forebrain, nucleus accumbens, and orbitofrontal cortex

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36
Q

Limbic system functions due to which parts:

  1. Fear conditioning and emotional regulation
  2. Influencing neuroendocrine responses
  3. Reward system regulation
A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Nucleus accumbens
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37
Q

The hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal and parahippocampal cortex are all where on which lobe

A

Medial temporal lobe

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38
Q

Which structure is involved in the planning and programming of movement, and also in the processes by which an abstract thought is converted into voluntary action

A

Basal ganglia

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39
Q

Striatum in basal ganglia is made up of what

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

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40
Q

Pallidum made up of what

A

Globus pallidus

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41
Q

Globus pallidus and putamen together called what

A

Lenticular (or lentiform) nucleus

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42
Q

Which two structures are both functionally related to the basal ganglia
but are not considered to be a part of this structure

A

Subthalamic nuclei, and substantia nigra

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43
Q

Which projection sends inputs to the basal ganglia, and via which neurotransmitter

A

Corticostriatal projection, via glutamate

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44
Q

How many circuits did Alexander describe in the basal ganglia, and what are they called

A

5
Motor, oculomotor, dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, lateral orbitofrontal

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45
Q

Which basal ganglia circuit is related to executive functioning

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal circuit

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46
Q

Which basal ganglia circuit is related to motivation

A

Anterior cingulate circuit

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47
Q

Which basal ganglia circuit is related to social intelligence

A

Lateral orbitofrontal

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48
Q

Which disorder is noted to have volumetric changes and higher blood flow to the caudate nuclei. Increased caudate
metabolism in untreated subjects reduces after effective treatment

A

OCD

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49
Q

Which disorder is noted to have Striatal dopaminergic dysfunction

A

Tourette’s

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50
Q

Which disorder is noted to have degeneration of the striatum (mainly caudate nucleus) & selective loss of GABAergic
neurons

A

Huntington’s chorea

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51
Q

Which disorder leads to copper deposits in the lenticular nuclei (putamen and globus pallidus)

A

Wilson’s disease

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52
Q

Which disorder leads to acute bilateral anoxic damage to basal ganglia

A

Carbon monoxide poisoning

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53
Q

Which disorder is noted to have subthalamic nucleus damage (especially infarction)

A

Hemiballismus

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54
Q

Which disorder is noted to have depigmentation of Substantia Nigra, with Lewy bodies seen

A

Parkinson’s disease

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55
Q

Which basal ganglia dysfunction leads to bradykinesia in Parkinson’s disease

A

Striatal overactivity

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56
Q
  1. Which disorder is caused by progressive calcium deposition in the basal ganglia

b. How does an early onset case present

c. How does a later onset case present

A
  1. Fahr’s disease

b. Shizophreniform psychoses and catatonia

c. Dementia and choreoathetosis

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57
Q

The thalamus relays all types of sensory
information onto cortex, except:

A

Olfaction

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58
Q

Which structure relays cerebellar and basal ganglia inputs to the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

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59
Q

Thalamus made up of what type of matter nuclei

A

Grey

60
Q

Which subcortical structure plays a crucial role of filtering sensory information in preparation for cortical processing

A

Thalamus

61
Q

Hippocampus (in medial temporal lobe) important for what

A

Learning and memory

62
Q

Which thalamic nucleus is associated with visual attention

A

Pulvinar

63
Q

Which thalamic nucleus generates sleep spindles

A

Reticular nucleus

64
Q

Which thalamic nucleus is part of the limbic system (receiving information from fornix and mamillothalamic tract, and relaying it to cingulate gyrus)

A

Anterior thalamic nucleus

65
Q

Which structure regulates physiological
functions such as eating, drinking, sleeping,
and temperature regulation

A

Hypothalamus

66
Q

Which part of the hypothalamus acts as the satiety centre, and therefore what happens when there is a lesion there

A

Ventromedial; hyperphagia and obesity

67
Q

Which part of the hypothalamus acts as the feeding centre

A

Lateral

68
Q

A lesion where in the brainstem leads to contralateral appendicular ataxia

A

Inferior olivary nucleus

69
Q

Where would a lesion be to lead to ipsilateral limb ataxia

A

Cerebellum

70
Q

Which produce ataxia and coarse
intentional tremors, along with hypotonia, past pointing and pendular knee jerk

A

Cerebellar

71
Q
  1. What is the term for difficulty in coordinating and monitoring the process of receiving, processing, and expressing information
  2. Who coined this term
  3. Which condition is this found in
A
  1. Cognitive dysmetria
  2. Andreasen
  3. Schizophrenia
72
Q

Which three structures make up the brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla

73
Q

What narrows at the level of the midbrain to form the cerebral aqueduct

A

Fourth ventricle

74
Q

Which part of the midbrain lies:

  1. Posterior to the cerebral aqueduct
  2. Anterior to the cerebral aqueduct
  3. Anterolateral to the cerebral aqueduct (2)
A
  1. Tectum
  2. Tegmentum
  3. Basis pedunculi
75
Q

Superior and inferior colliculi are where

A

Tectum of midbrain

76
Q

Which structure in midbrain controls conjugate gaze (in response to environment)

A

Superior colliculi on tectum

77
Q

Which structure in midbrain is involved in localisation of auditory sources

A

Inferior colliculi on tectum

78
Q

Where in the midbrain are anterolateral tracks, medial lemniscus, superior cerebellar peduncles, and red nuclei

A

Tegmentum

79
Q

Tegmentum contains nuclei for which two cranial nerves

A

3 (oculomotor) and 4 (trochlear)

80
Q

Tegmentum contains neurons part of raphe nuclei, which do what

A

Produce serotonin

81
Q

Tegmentum contains ventral tegmental area, which contains neurons that do what

A

Produce dopamine

82
Q

What is the name for the two bundles of axons in the basis pedunculi that contain fibres from corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

A

Crura cerebri

83
Q
  1. Substantia nigra is where in midbrain
  2. What hormone is produced by the SN
A
  1. Basis pedunculi
  2. Dopamine
84
Q
  1. What is the name for the part of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct
  2. What is its function
A
  1. Periaqueductal grey matter
  2. Pain suppression, and vocalisation/freezing responses to threat
85
Q
  1. What is the name for the part of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct
  2. What is its function
A
  1. Periaqueductal grey matter
  2. Pain suppression, and vocalisation/freezing responses to threat
86
Q
  1. What is the name of the anterior part of the pons
  2. What is the name of the structure behind this part
A
  1. Basal pons
  2. Pontine tegmentum / dorsal pons
87
Q

Cerebellar peduncles

  1. Which carry information from brainstem to cerebellum
  2. Which carry information from cerebellum to brainstem
A
  1. Inferior
  2. Superior
88
Q

Pons forms the floor of which structure

A

Fourth ventricle

89
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei are in the pons

A

5 (trigeminal), 6 (abducens), 7 (facial), 8 (vestibular)

90
Q

Which brainstem structure contains the largest amount of noradrenaline containing neurons

A

Locus coeruleus

91
Q

Raphe nuclei are in which two structures

A

Midbrain and pons

92
Q

Which tract is involved with voluntary movement

A

Corticospinal

93
Q

Which tract is involved with tactile and proprioceptive sensations

A

Medial lemniscus

94
Q

Which tract is involved with voluntary movement

A

Corticospinal

95
Q

Which tract is involved in pain and temperature sensations

A

Spinothalamic

96
Q

Which part of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord

A

Medulla

97
Q

Which cranial nerve runs on the basal surface of frontal cortex without passing through the thalamus, and is formed as an outgrowth of forebrain

A

Olfactory (1)

98
Q

Which cranial nerve is an outgrowth of the forebrain and relays via the geniculate body of the thalamus

A

Optic (2)

99
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies 4 of the 6 ocular muscles

A

Oculomotor (3)

100
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the superior oblique muscle

A

Trochlear (4)

101
Q

Which cranial nerve transmits facial sensation and controls jaw muscles

A

Trigeminal (5)

102
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the lateral abducens (ocular muscle)

A

Abducens (6)

103
Q

Which cranial nerve transmits taste sensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue, and controls facial muscles

A

Facial (7)

104
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies motor control of pharynx; parasympathetic control of the parotid gland; taste from the back of
the tongue

A

Glossopharyngeal (9)

105
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies motor control of larynx and pharynx; parasympathetic control of the viscera; visceral
sensations

A

Vagus (10)

106
Q

In the spinal cord, what forms an H-shaped column around CSF

A

Grey matter

107
Q

What type of matter forms anterior, lateral and dorsal columns in spinal cord

A

White matter

108
Q

Dorsal column in spinal cord carries what

A

Proprioceptive fibres

109
Q

Anterior and lateral columns in spinal cord carry what

A

Spinothalamic tract - touch, pressure, pain and temperature sensations

110
Q

CSF

  1. Secreted by what, from where
  2. How much secreted per day
A
  1. Ependymal cells in on choroid plexus in ventricles
  2. 300ml/day
111
Q

CSF travels between lateral and third ventricles via

A

Interventricular foramina of monroe

112
Q

CSF travels between third and fourth ventricles via

A

Cerebrial aqueduct of Sylvius

113
Q

CSF travels from fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space via (1 and 2)

A

Foramen of Magendie and foramina of Luschka

114
Q

Two lateral ventricles separated by

A

Septum pellucidum

115
Q

Third ventricle lies between which two structures

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

116
Q

Non-communicating hydocephalus caused by

A

Blockage between third and 4th ventricles (foramen of monroe)

117
Q

Communicating hydrocephalus caused by

A

Impaired CSF resorption in subarachnoid space due to partial occlusion of arachnoid villi

118
Q

Internal carotid artery enters the circle of Willis and divides to form

A

Anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries

119
Q

Which artery supplies the medial and superior strip of the lateral aspect of the cerebral cortex up to the parietal/occipital border (ventromedial
frontal lobe, the cingulum, the
premotor cortex, and medial
motor strip)

A

Anterior cerebral artery

120
Q

Which artery supplies most of the lateral aspect of the cerebral cortex

A

Middle cerebral artery

121
Q

Which artery supplies Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas in the dominant hemispheres

A

Middle cerebral artery

122
Q

Posterior cerebral artery arises from what

A

Basilar artery

123
Q

Which artery supplies the
inferomedial temporal lobe and the
occipital lobe

A

Posterior cerebral artery

124
Q

Which structure in midbrain is supplied by posterior inferior cerebellar arteries and anterior spinal branches of vertebral arteries

A

Medulla

125
Q

Which artery supplies the pons

A

Basilar artery

126
Q

Bilateral infarct of which artery produces quadriparesis (legs weaker
than arms) and akinetic mutism (ventromedial or cingulate syndrome)

A

Anterior cerebral artery

127
Q

Recurrent artery of
Huebner (branch of ACA) supplies what

A

Head of the caudate nucleus

128
Q

Infarct where causes initially an agitated, confused state; evolves to
akinesia, abulia, with mutism and personality changes

A

Head of the caudate nucleus

129
Q

Anterior branches of the
upper division of the
Middle Cerebral Artery supply what

A

Lateral prefrontal cortex

130
Q

Lesion in lateral prefrontal cortex leads to what

A

Planning deficits, impairment of working memory, and apathy. (DLPFC dysfunction)

131
Q

Basal forebrain supplied by which artery

A

Anterior communicating
artery

132
Q

Infarct where leads to Akinesia and personality change (orbitofrontal
dysfunction) with a confabulatory amnesia
resembling Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

A

Basal forebrain

133
Q

Posterior inferior
cerebellar artery (PICA) supplies what

A

Lateral medulla

134
Q

Lesion in which area leads to Wallenberg’s lateral medullary syndrome. Acute
vertigo with cerebellar signs. Ipsilateral face
numbness, diplopia, nystagmus, Horner’s syndrome and IX/X nerve palsy with contralateral spinothalamic sensory loss and mild hemiparesis

A

Lateral medulla

135
Q

Which type of white matter pathway runs vertically connecting higher and
lower centres of the brain

A

Projection fibres

136
Q

Which type of white matter pathway interconnect different regions within the same hemisphere of the brain

A

Association fibres

137
Q
  1. Which type of white matter pathway interconnect similar regions in the opposite hemisphere
  2. Which is the largest bundle of this kind
A
  1. Commissural fibres
  2. Corpus callosum
138
Q

Which commissure connects olfactory bulbs

A

Anterior commissure

139
Q

Which commissure connects midbrain pretectal nuclei

A

Posterior commissure

140
Q

Which two commissures interconnect posterior dorsal thalamic nuclei

A

Hippocampal commissure and habenular commissure

141
Q

Pericallosal artery

  1. Derived from
  2. Supplies what
  3. Infarct leads to what
A
  1. Anterior cerebral artery
  2. Anterior and body of corpus callosum
  3. Left sided apraxia and agnosia
142
Q
  1. Name for posterior aspect of corpus callosum
  2. Supplied by what
  3. Infarct leads to what
A
  1. Splenium
  2. Posterior cerebral artery
  3. Alexia and colour anomia but with preserved ability to copy words (as motor
    information is relayed via anterior corpus callosum)
143
Q
  1. Which white matter tract connects Broca and Wernicke’s areas
  2. Damage to this tract results in what
A
  1. Arcuate fasciculus
  2. Conduction aphasia
144
Q
  1. Which frontotemporal white matter tract connects orbitofrontal cortex to the anterior
    temporal lobes
  2. What role does it play
A
  1. Uncinate fasciculus
  2. Social cognition and language
145
Q

How many areas did Brodman divide the cortex into

A

47

146
Q

How many layers make up the neocortex (most of the cerebrum)

A

6

Neuroscience (9 decks)

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