Neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Central sulcus - divides what
A
Frontal lobe and parietal lobe
2
Q
Precentral gyrus
- Part of what
- Function
A
- Frontal lobe
- Primary motor cortex
3
Q
Postcentral gyrus
- Part of what
- Function
A
- Parietal lobe
- Primary sensory cortex
4
Q
What divides frontal and temporal lobes
A
Lateral sulcus (aka Sylvian fissure)
5
Q
Insula
- Location
- Function
A
- Within lateral sulcus (aka Sylvian fissure)
- Primary gustatory cortex
6
Q
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- Location
- Function
A
- Middle frontal gyrus - in between superior and inferior frontal sulci
- Executive functions
7
Q
Anterior cingulate gyrus
- Location on which lobe
- Function
A
- Medial frontal lobe
- Motivation
8
Q
Orbitofrontal cortex
- Which sulci involved (2)
- Location on which lobe
- Function
A
- Olfactory and orbital sulci
- Inferior surface of the frontal lobe
- Associative learning and decision-making.
9
Q
Primary auditory cortex - location
A
Superior temporal gyrus - function
10
Q
What separates superior and inferior parietal lobes
A
Interparietal sulcus
11
Q
Angular and submarginal gyri
- Location on which lobe
- Function
A
- Inferior parietal lobe
- Visuospatial attention
12
Q
Calcarine sulcus
- Location on which lobe
- Function
A
- Medial occipital cortex
- Primary visual (striate) cortex
13
Q
Language comprehension localisation
A
Left temporal cortex
14
Q
Prosody
- Definition
- Localisation
A
- Tone modulation of speech
- Right hemisphere
15
Q
Two methods of testing dominance
A
Annette’s handedness scale, and Edinburgh handedness inventory
16
Q
Right handed people
- % that are left hemisphere dominant
- % that are right hemisphere dominant
A
- 90%
- 10%
17
Q
Left handed people
- % that are right hemisphere dominant
- % that are left hemisphere dominant
- % that have mixed dominance
A
- 20%
- 64%
- 10%
18
Q
Planum temorale
- Location on which gyrus
- Important for what
- Bigger (by up to 5x) on which side in 65% of brains
- In which condition is this asymmetry reduced or reversed
A
- Upper surface of the
superior temporal gyrus - Language processing
- Left
- Schizophrenia
19
Q
Aphasia - caused by lesion on which hemisphere
A
Left
20
Q
Right-left disorientation - caused by lesion on which hemisphere
A
Left
21
Q
Finger agnosia - caused by lesion on which hemisphere
A
Left
22
Q
Aphasic dysgraphia - caused by lesion on which hemisphere
A
Left
23
Q
Number alexia dyscalculia - caused by lesion on which hemisphere
A
Left
24
Q
Limb apraxia - caused by lesion on which hemisphere
A
Left
25
Visuospatial deficits - caused by lesion on which hemisphere
Right
26
Anosognosia
1. Meaning
2. Caused by lesion on which hemisphere
1. Lack of insight
2. Right
27
Neglect - caused by lesion on which hemisphere
Right
28
Dysgraphia (spatial, neglect) - caused by lesion on which hemisphere
Right
29
Dyscalculia (spatial) - caused by lesion on which hemisphere
Right
30
Constructional apraxia - caused by lesion on which hemisphere
Right
31
Dressing apraxia - caused by lesion on which hemisphere
Right
32
Who first described the limbic lobe
Broca
33
Who assigned the function of emotional
processing to limbic structures
Papez, and later Maclean
34
What is the route of the Papez circuit, which starts and ends at the hypocampus (11 steps)
Hippocampus → fornix → mammillary bodies → mammillothalamic tract → anterior thalamic nucleus → genu of the internal capsule → cingulate gyrus → para-hippocampal gyrus → entorhinal cortex → perforant pathway → back to
hippocampus
35
Which other 5 structures (in addition to those in the Papez circuit) are considered part of the limbic system
Amygdala, septum, basal forebrain, nucleus accumbens, and orbitofrontal cortex
36
Limbic system functions due to which parts:
1. Fear conditioning and emotional regulation
2. Influencing neuroendocrine responses
3. Reward system regulation
1. Amygdala
2. Hypothalamus
3. Nucleus accumbens
37
The hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal and parahippocampal cortex are all where on which lobe
Medial temporal lobe
38
Which structure is involved in the planning and programming of movement, and also in the processes by which an abstract thought is converted into voluntary action
Basal ganglia
39
Striatum in basal ganglia is made up of what
Caudate nucleus and putamen
40
Pallidum made up of what
Globus pallidus
41
Globus pallidus and putamen together called what
Lenticular (or lentiform) nucleus
42
Which two structures are both functionally related to the basal ganglia
but are not considered to be a part of this structure
Subthalamic nuclei, and substantia nigra
43
Which projection sends inputs to the basal ganglia, and via which neurotransmitter
Corticostriatal projection, via glutamate
44
How many circuits did Alexander describe in the basal ganglia, and what are they called
5
Motor, oculomotor, dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, lateral orbitofrontal
45
Which basal ganglia circuit is related to executive functioning
Dorsolateral prefrontal circuit
46
Which basal ganglia circuit is related to motivation
Anterior cingulate circuit
47
Which basal ganglia circuit is related to social intelligence
Lateral orbitofrontal
48
Which disorder is noted to have volumetric changes and higher blood flow to the caudate nuclei. Increased caudate
metabolism in untreated subjects reduces after effective treatment
OCD
49
Which disorder is noted to have Striatal dopaminergic dysfunction
Tourette's
50
Which disorder is noted to have degeneration of the striatum (mainly caudate nucleus) & selective loss of GABAergic
neurons
Huntington's chorea
51
Which disorder leads to copper deposits in the lenticular nuclei (putamen and globus pallidus)
Wilson's disease
52
Which disorder leads to acute bilateral anoxic damage to basal ganglia
Carbon monoxide poisoning
53
Which disorder is noted to have subthalamic nucleus damage (especially infarction)
Hemiballismus
54
Which disorder is noted to have depigmentation of Substantia Nigra, with Lewy bodies seen
Parkinson's disease
55
Which basal ganglia dysfunction leads to bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease
Striatal overactivity
56
1. Which disorder is caused by progressive calcium deposition in the basal ganglia
b. How does an early onset case present
c. How does a later onset case present
1. Fahr's disease
b. Shizophreniform psychoses and catatonia
c. Dementia and choreoathetosis
57
The thalamus relays all types of sensory
information onto cortex, except:
Olfaction
58
Which structure relays cerebellar and basal ganglia inputs to the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
59
Thalamus made up of what type of matter nuclei
Grey
60
Which subcortical structure plays a crucial role of filtering sensory information in preparation for cortical processing
Thalamus
61
Hippocampus (in medial temporal lobe) important for what
Learning and memory
62
Which thalamic nucleus is associated with visual attention
Pulvinar
63
Which thalamic nucleus generates sleep spindles
Reticular nucleus
64
Which thalamic nucleus is part of the limbic system (receiving information from fornix and mamillothalamic tract, and relaying it to cingulate gyrus)
Anterior thalamic nucleus
65
Which structure regulates physiological
functions such as eating, drinking, sleeping,
and temperature regulation
Hypothalamus
66
Which part of the hypothalamus acts as the satiety centre, and therefore what happens when there is a lesion there
Ventromedial; hyperphagia and obesity
67
Which part of the hypothalamus acts as the feeding centre
Lateral
68
A lesion where in the brainstem leads to contralateral appendicular ataxia
Inferior olivary nucleus
69
Where would a lesion be to lead to ipsilateral limb ataxia
Cerebellum
70
Which produce ataxia and coarse
intentional tremors, along with hypotonia, past pointing and pendular knee jerk
Cerebellar
71
1. What is the term for difficulty in coordinating and monitoring the process of receiving, processing, and expressing information
2. Who coined this term
3. Which condition is this found in
1. Cognitive dysmetria
2. Andreasen
3. Schizophrenia
72
Which three structures make up the brainstem
Midbrain, pons and medulla
73
What narrows at the level of the midbrain to form the cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
74
Which part of the midbrain lies:
1. Posterior to the cerebral aqueduct
2. Anterior to the cerebral aqueduct
3. Anterolateral to the cerebral aqueduct (2)
1. Tectum
2. Tegmentum
3. Basis pedunculi
75
Superior and inferior colliculi are where
Tectum of midbrain
76
Which structure in midbrain controls conjugate gaze (in response to environment)
Superior colliculi on tectum
77
Which structure in midbrain is involved in localisation of auditory sources
Inferior colliculi on tectum
78
Where in the midbrain are anterolateral tracks, medial lemniscus, superior cerebellar peduncles, and red nuclei
Tegmentum
79
Tegmentum contains nuclei for which two cranial nerves
3 (oculomotor) and 4 (trochlear)
80
Tegmentum contains neurons part of raphe nuclei, which do what
Produce serotonin
81
Tegmentum contains ventral tegmental area, which contains neurons that do what
Produce dopamine
82
What is the name for the two bundles of axons in the basis pedunculi that contain fibres from corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts
Crura cerebri
83
1. Substantia nigra is where in midbrain
2. What hormone is produced by the SN
1. Basis pedunculi
2. Dopamine
84
1. What is the name for the part of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct
2. What is its function
1. Periaqueductal grey matter
2. Pain suppression, and vocalisation/freezing responses to threat
85
1. What is the name for the part of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct
2. What is its function
1. Periaqueductal grey matter
2. Pain suppression, and vocalisation/freezing responses to threat
86
1. What is the name of the anterior part of the pons
2. What is the name of the structure behind this part
1. Basal pons
2. Pontine tegmentum / dorsal pons
87
Cerebellar peduncles
1. Which carry information from brainstem to cerebellum
2. Which carry information from cerebellum to brainstem
1. Inferior
2. Superior
88
Pons forms the floor of which structure
Fourth ventricle
89
Which cranial nerve nuclei are in the pons
5 (trigeminal), 6 (abducens), 7 (facial), 8 (vestibular)
90
Which brainstem structure contains the largest amount of noradrenaline containing neurons
Locus coeruleus
91
Raphe nuclei are in which two structures
Midbrain and pons
92
Which tract is involved with voluntary movement
Corticospinal
93
Which tract is involved with tactile and proprioceptive sensations
Medial lemniscus
94
Which tract is involved with voluntary movement
Corticospinal
95
Which tract is involved in pain and temperature sensations
Spinothalamic
96
Which part of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord
Medulla
97
Which cranial nerve runs on the basal surface of frontal cortex without passing through the thalamus, and is formed as an outgrowth of forebrain
Olfactory (1)
98
Which cranial nerve is an outgrowth of the forebrain and relays via the geniculate body of the thalamus
Optic (2)
99
Which cranial nerve supplies 4 of the 6 ocular muscles
Oculomotor (3)
100
Which cranial nerve supplies the superior oblique muscle
Trochlear (4)
101
Which cranial nerve transmits facial sensation and controls jaw muscles
Trigeminal (5)
102
Which cranial nerve supplies the lateral abducens (ocular muscle)
Abducens (6)
103
Which cranial nerve transmits taste sensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue, and controls facial muscles
Facial (7)
104
Which cranial nerve supplies motor control of pharynx; parasympathetic control of the parotid gland; taste from the back of
the tongue
Glossopharyngeal (9)
105
Which cranial nerve supplies motor control of larynx and pharynx; parasympathetic control of the viscera; visceral
sensations
Vagus (10)
106
In the spinal cord, what forms an H-shaped column around CSF
Grey matter
107
What type of matter forms anterior, lateral and dorsal columns in spinal cord
White matter
108
Dorsal column in spinal cord carries what
Proprioceptive fibres
109
Anterior and lateral columns in spinal cord carry what
Spinothalamic tract - touch, pressure, pain and temperature sensations
110
CSF
1. Secreted by what, from where
2. How much secreted per day
1. Ependymal cells in on choroid plexus in ventricles
2. 300ml/day
111
CSF travels between lateral and third ventricles via
Interventricular foramina of monroe
112
CSF travels between third and fourth ventricles via
Cerebrial aqueduct of Sylvius
113
CSF travels from fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space via (1 and 2)
Foramen of Magendie and foramina of Luschka
114
Two lateral ventricles separated by
Septum pellucidum
115
Third ventricle lies between which two structures
Thalamus and hypothalamus
116
Non-communicating hydocephalus caused by
Blockage between third and 4th ventricles (foramen of monroe)
117
Communicating hydrocephalus caused by
Impaired CSF resorption in subarachnoid space due to partial occlusion of arachnoid villi
118
Internal carotid artery enters the circle of Willis and divides to form
Anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries
119
Which artery supplies the medial and superior strip of the lateral aspect of the cerebral cortex up to the parietal/occipital border (ventromedial
frontal lobe, the cingulum, the
premotor cortex, and medial
motor strip)
Anterior cerebral artery
120
Which artery supplies most of the lateral aspect of the cerebral cortex
Middle cerebral artery
121
Which artery supplies Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas in the dominant hemispheres
Middle cerebral artery
122
Posterior cerebral artery arises from what
Basilar artery
123
Which artery supplies the
inferomedial temporal lobe and the
occipital lobe
Posterior cerebral artery
124
Which structure in midbrain is supplied by posterior inferior cerebellar arteries and anterior spinal branches of vertebral arteries
Medulla
125
Which artery supplies the pons
Basilar artery
126
Bilateral infarct of which artery produces quadriparesis (legs weaker
than arms) and akinetic mutism (ventromedial or cingulate syndrome)
Anterior cerebral artery
127
Recurrent artery of
Huebner (branch of ACA) supplies what
Head of the caudate nucleus
128
Infarct where causes initially an agitated, confused state; evolves to
akinesia, abulia, with mutism and personality changes
Head of the caudate nucleus
129
Anterior branches of the
upper division of the
Middle Cerebral Artery supply what
Lateral prefrontal cortex
130
Lesion in lateral prefrontal cortex leads to what
Planning deficits, impairment of working memory, and apathy. (DLPFC dysfunction)
131
Basal forebrain supplied by which artery
Anterior communicating
artery
132
Infarct where leads to Akinesia and personality change (orbitofrontal
dysfunction) with a confabulatory amnesia
resembling Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
Basal forebrain
133
Posterior inferior
cerebellar artery (PICA) supplies what
Lateral medulla
134
Lesion in which area leads to Wallenberg's lateral medullary syndrome. Acute
vertigo with cerebellar signs. Ipsilateral face
numbness, diplopia, nystagmus, Horner’s syndrome and IX/X nerve palsy with contralateral spinothalamic sensory loss and mild hemiparesis
Lateral medulla
135
Which type of white matter pathway runs vertically connecting higher and
lower centres of the brain
Projection fibres
136
Which type of white matter pathway interconnect different regions within the same hemisphere of the brain
Association fibres
137
1. Which type of white matter pathway interconnect similar regions in the opposite hemisphere
2. Which is the largest bundle of this kind
1. Commissural fibres
2. Corpus callosum
138
Which commissure connects olfactory bulbs
Anterior commissure
139
Which commissure connects midbrain pretectal nuclei
Posterior commissure
140
Which two commissures interconnect posterior dorsal thalamic nuclei
Hippocampal commissure and habenular commissure
141
Pericallosal artery
1. Derived from
2. Supplies what
3. Infarct leads to what
1. Anterior cerebral artery
2. Anterior and body of corpus callosum
3. Left sided apraxia and agnosia
142
1. Name for posterior aspect of corpus callosum
2. Supplied by what
3. Infarct leads to what
1. Splenium
2. Posterior cerebral artery
3. Alexia and colour anomia but with preserved ability to copy words (as motor
information is relayed via anterior corpus callosum)
143
1. Which white matter tract connects Broca and Wernicke's areas
2. Damage to this tract results in what
1. Arcuate fasciculus
2. Conduction aphasia
144
1. Which frontotemporal white matter tract connects orbitofrontal cortex to the anterior
temporal lobes
2. What role does it play
1. Uncinate fasciculus
2. Social cognition and language
145
How many areas did Brodman divide the cortex into
47
146
How many layers make up the neocortex (most of the cerebrum)
6
